In the late 19th century, the German Imperial Navy (German: Kaiserliche Marine) experimented with a variety of cruiser types, including small avisos and larger protected cruisers. Due to budget constraints, the navy was unable to build cruisers designed solely for fleet service or for overseas duties. As a result, the naval construction department attempted to design vessels that could fulfill both roles. The protected cruisers, the first of which were the two vessels, were laid down starting in 1886. The protected cruisers evolved into more powerful vessels, culminating in, Germany's first armored cruiser. German: Fürst Bismarck was laid down in 1896, a decade after the first German protected cruiser.
German: Fürst Bismarck proved to be "ideally suited" to overseas duties and formed the basis for subsequent armored cruiser designs. followed in 1898 and incorporated several alterations, including a reduced primary armament, a thinner but more comprehensive armor system, and a higher top speed. The two vessels, laid down in 1900 and 1901, were designed with incremental improvements over German: Prinz Heinrich. and, two sister ships laid down in 1902 and 1903, respectively, were similar to the two German: Prinz Adalbert-class cruisers and incorporated only minor improvements. The two armored cruisers, laid down in 1904 and 1905, were marked improvements over the previous designs; they carried a much heavier armament and were more than faster than the earlier vessels. The last German armored cruiser,, bridged the development of larger, more powerful battlecruisers. The ship was significantly larger, better armed, and faster than the German: Scharnhorst class, though she remained inferior to the new s then being built by the British Royal Navy.
German armored cruisers followed the pattern set by the corresponding battleships; as compared to foreign equivalents, German warships mounted smaller main battery guns, but a heavier secondary battery. This armament has been compared unfavorably against their British and other counterparts. Naval historian David Lyon remarked that the armored cruisers built by Germany were the "worst designed and least battle-worthy ships" in the navy. Conversely, the German battlecruisers, into which the armored cruiser evolved, were very highly regarded; naval historian John Campbell stated that was "a considerably better fighting ship than any of the 6 British 12 in gun battlecruisers."
| Armament | The number and type of the primary armament | |
|---|---|---|
| Armor | The maximum thickness of the armored belt | |
| Displacement | Ship displacement at full combat load | |
| Propulsion | Number of shafts, type of propulsion system, and top speed generated | |
| Cost | Cost of the ship's construction | |
| Service | The dates work began and finished on the ship and its ultimate fate | |
| Laid down | The date the keel began to be assembled | |
| Commissioned | The date the ship was commissioned |
See main article: SMS Fürst Bismarck.
German: Fürst Bismarck was the first armored cruiser constructed for the Imperial Navy. The ship was the only member of its class, and was designed primarily to serve in Germany's colonial fleet. The design for German: Fürst Bismarck was an improvement over the previous protected cruiser—German: Fürst Bismarck was significantly larger and better armed than her predecessors. She was equipped with four 24sp=usNaNsp=us guns mounted in twin gun turrets fore and aft, and with twelve 15cm (06inches) casemated guns as secondary armament. German: Fürst Bismarck was fitted with Krupp armor; the ship's main armor belt was up to 20cm (10inches) thick over the vessel's machinery spaces, and the deck was armored to a thickness of 3to.
Assigned to the East Asia Squadron, German: Fürst Bismarck assisted in suppressing the Boxer Uprising before being replaced in 1909 by . Modernized upon arriving in Germany, she acted in a coast-defense role early in World War I, but was soon relegated to service as a stationary training ship. Following the war, German: Fürst Bismarck was scrapped in 1919–1920.
See main article: SMS Prinz Heinrich.
SMS German: Prinz Heinrich was built at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel. She was laid down in 1898 and completed in March 1902 at a cost of 16,588,000 Marks. German: Prinz Heinrichs design was a modification of German: Fürst Bismarck, and traded a smaller main battery for higher speed and more comprehensive armor protection. The ship set a precedent for subsequent German armored cruisers by concentrating her secondary armament amidships, as opposed to German: Fürst Bismarck, which spread the secondary armament along the length of the ship.
German: Prinz Heinrich served with the German fleet for the majority of her career. After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the ship participated in an operation against the British coast in December 1914, after which she was transferred to the Baltic Sea. Here, she operated against the Russian navy and was involved in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915, where she damaged a Russian destroyer. In 1916, the ship was withdrawn from active duty and was used in several secondary roles in Kiel, including acting as a floating office for naval staff. German: Prinz Heinrich was ultimately sold in 1920 and broken up for scrap later that year.
See main article: Prinz Adalbert-class cruiser.
The German: Prinz Adalbert class comprised two ships, and . German: Friedrich Carl was commissioned first, on 12 December 1903, and German: Prinz Adalbert followed on 12 January 1904. They were an improvement on the design of the previous armored cruiser, German: Prinz Heinrich. Their armor belts were the same thickness but were more extensive than that of their predecessor. The two ships were armed with four main guns in twin gun turrets, as opposed to the two single gun turrets of German: Prinz Heinrich.
Both ships saw extensive service with the German Navy; German: Prinz Adalbert was used as a gunnery training ship for her entire peacetime career, while German: Friedrich Carl served with the fleet until 1909, when she was withdrawn to act as a torpedo training vessel. At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, both vessels were mobilized and assigned to the cruiser squadron in the Baltic. German: Friedrich Carl was sunk by Russian naval mines off Memel in November 1914, though most of her crew was safely evacuated. German: Prinz Adalbert was torpedoed twice by British submarines operating in the Baltic; the first, on 1 July 1915, caused serious damage that was ultimately repaired. The second, on 23 October 1915, caused a catastrophic explosion in the ship's ammunition magazines that destroyed the vessel. Six hundred and seventy-two men were killed, the greatest single loss of life for the German Navy in the Baltic during the war.
| Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Cost | Service | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||||
| 4 × 21cm (08inches) SK L/40 10 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns | 10cm (00inches) | 9875MT | 3 screws, triple expansion engines, 20.4kn, 17,272 ihp | 16,371,000 marks | 1900 | 12 January 1904 | Sunk on 23 October 1915 by | ||
| 4 × 21cm (08inches) SK L/40 10 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns | 10cm (00inches) | 9875MT | 3 screws, triple expansion engines, 20.5kn | 15,665,000 marks | 1901 | 12 December 1903 | Sunk on 17 November 1914 by Russian mines | ||
See main article: Roon-class cruiser.
The German: Roon class comprised and, which closely resembled the earlier German: Prinz Adalbert-class ships, but incorporated incremental improvements. The ships were easily distinguished from their predecessors by the addition of a fourth funnel. Like all of the armored cruisers built by Germany, they were intended to serve as station ships in Germany's overseas possessions. The ships displaced up to 9875MT and were armed with a main battery of four 21cm (08inches) guns. Their top speed was 21kn.
The two ships served with the High Seas Fleet in the reconnaissance squadrons after they joined the fleet in 1905–1906. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the ships served alongside the more powerful battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group. While returning to port after a raid of the English coast on 3–4 November 1914, German: Yorck struck German mines and sank with heavy loss of life. German: Roon was disarmed in 1916 and intended to be converted into a seaplane carrier, though this was never carried out. The ship was eventually broken up for scrap in 1921.
| Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Cost | Service | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||||
| 4 × 21 cm SK L/40 10 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns | 10cm (00inches) | 10266MT | 3 screws, triple expansion engines, 21.1kn | 15,345,000 marks | 1902 | 5 April 1906 | Broken up for scrap in 1921 | ||
| 4 × 21 cm SK L/40 10 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns | 10cm (00inches) | 10266MT | 3 screws, triple expansion engines, 21.4kn, 20,031 ihp | 16,241,000 marks | 1903 | 21 November 1905 | Sunk on 4 November 1914 by German mines | ||
See main article: Scharnhorst-class cruiser.
The German: Scharnhorst class was the last traditional class of armored cruisers built by the Imperial Navy. The class comprised two ships, German: Scharnhorst and . They were larger than the German: Roon class that preceded them; the extra size was used primarily to increase the main armament of 21 cm (8.2 inch) guns from four to eight. The ships were the first German cruisers to equal their British counterparts.
Built for overseas service, German: Scharnhorst and German: Gneisenau were assigned to the East Asia Squadron in 1909 and 1910, respectively. Both ships had brief careers; shortly before the outbreak of World War I, the ships departed the German colony at Qingdao. On 1 November 1914, the ships destroyed a British force at the Battle of Coronel and inflicted upon the Royal Navy its first defeat since the Battle of Plattsburgh in 1814. The East Asia Squadron, including both German: Scharnhorst-class ships, was subsequently annihilated at the Battle of the Falkland Islands on 8 December.
| Ship | Armament | Armor | Displacement | Propulsion | Cost | Service | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laid down | Commissioned | Fate | |||||||
| 8 × 21 cm SK L/40 6 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns | 15cm (06inches) | 12985MT | 3 screws, triple expansion engines, 23.5kn | 20,319,000 marks | 1905 | 24 October 1907 | Sunk on 8 December 1914 at the Battle of the Falkland Islands | ||
| 8 × 21cm (08inches) SK L/40 6 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns | 15cm (06inches) | 12985MT | 3 screws, triple expansion engines, 23.6kn, 30,396 ihp | 19,243,000 marks | 1904 | 6 March 1908 | Sunk on 8 December 1914 at the Battle of the Falkland Islands | ||
See main article: SMS Blücher.
SMS German: Blücher was the last armored cruiser to be built by the Imperial Navy. She was designed to match what German intelligence incorrectly believed to be the specifications of the British s. German: Blücher was larger than preceding armored cruisers and carried more heavy guns, but was unable to match the size and armament of the battlecruisers which replaced armored cruisers in the British and German navies. Her primary armament of twelve 21cm (08inches) guns was greatly inferior to the eight 12inches guns of the British battlecruisers.
The ship initially served as a gunnery training ship, but joined the I Scouting Group after the outbreak of World War I. She took part in the operation to bombard Yarmouth and the raid on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in 1914. At the Battle of Dogger Bank on 24 January 1915, German: Blücher was slowed significantly after being hit by gunfire from the British battlecruiser squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Sir David Beatty. Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper, the commander of the German squadron, decided to abandon German: Blücher to the pursuing enemy ships in order to save his more valuable battlecruisers. Under heavy fire from the British ships, she was sunk with heavy loss of life.