List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Germany explained

Poland and Germany have been in many armed conflicts against each other. These include conflicts such as Polish–Teutonic Wars, Silesian Uprisings and World War II. This does include Polish and German intervention in wars such as the Lithuanian Civil War or the Polish–Ukrainian conflict.

Polish or Polish–Lithuanian victory

German, Brandenburger, Teutonic or Prussian victory

Another result (Result unknown or indecisive, Status quo ante bellum, treaty or peace without a clear result or an internal conflict inside Poland or Germany in which the other intervened)

Civitas Schinesghe against the Holy Roman Empire (972–1018)

See also: List of wars involving the Holy Roman Empire and History of Poland during the Piast dynasty.

!Year!Conflict!Polish side!German side!Result

972	Battle of Cedynia^[1] Location: Cedynia, present–day Poland	Civitas Schinesghe	Saxon Eastern March	Polish victory^[2]
979–980	Otto II's raid on Poland^[3] Part of the German-Polish Wars Location: Poznań, Greater Poland	Civitas Schinesghe	Holy Roman Empire	Polish victory^[4]
1003–1005	^[5] Part of the German–Polish War (1003–1018) Location: Bohemia, Lusatia, Margravate of Meissen, Upper Lusatia	Civitas Schinesghe	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia Veleti	German victory^[6] Peace of Poznań (1005) Civitas Schinesghe loses Bohemia, Upper Lusatia and Lower Lusatia
1007–1013	^[7] Part of the German–Polish War (1003–1018) Location: Lubusz Land, Lusatia, Elbe Valley	Civitas Schinesghe	Holy Roman Empire	Polish victory (1013)
1015–1018	^[8] Part of the German–Polish War (1003–1018) Location: Lusatia, Meissen, Bohemia, Greater Poland, Silesia	Civitas Schinesghe Moravians	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia Margraviate of Austria Veleti	Polish victory Peace of Bautzen (1018) Poland is granted control over Lusatia and Upper Lusatia The Duchy of Bohemia becomes an Imperial Estate of the Holy Roman Empire

Kingdom of Poland against the Holy Roman Empire (1028–1348)

See also: Feudal fragmentation of Poland.

!Year!Conflict!Polish side!German side!Result

1028–1031	German–Polish War^[9] Part of the German-Polish Wars Location: Lusatia, Moravia, Saxony, Poland, Red Ruthenia	Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Hungary (1029–1031)	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Saxony Duchy of Bohemia (from 1029) Kievan Rus' (from 1030) Kingdom of Hungary (1031)	German–Rus' victory
1109	Henry V's expedition to Poland^[10] Part of the German-Polish Wars Location: Oder River, Silesia	Kingdom of Poland	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia	Polish victory^[11]
1157	Frederick I's expedition to Głogów^[12] Part of the German-Polish Wars Location: Głogów, Poznań, Greater Poland	Kingdom of Poland Cumania Old Prussians	Holy Roman Empire Duchy of Bohemia	German victory^[13] (1157)
1345–1348	Polish–Bohemian War^[14] Location: Silesia, Lesser Poland	Kingdom of Poland	Kingdom of Bohemia Holy Roman Empire	Inconclusive^[15] Treaty of Namysłów (1348)

Kingdom of Poland against the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1209–1427)

See also: History of Poland during the Piast dynasty and Feudal fragmentation of Poland.

Kingdom of Poland against the Teutonic Order (1308–1521)

See also: History of Poland during the Piast dynasty and Polish-Teutonic Wars.

!Year!Conflict!Polish side!German side!Result

1308	Teutonic takeover of Danzig^[26] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Danzig (Gdańsk)	Kingdom of Poland	Teutonic Order	Teutonic victory^[27] Expansion of the Teutonic Order Start of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Poland landlocked from the Baltic Sea Massacre of inhabitants by Teutonic Order Germanisation of the region
1326–1332	Polish–Teutonic War^[28] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Kuyavia, Kulmerland	Kingdom of Poland Kingdom of Hungary	Teutonic Order Kingdom of Bohemia Duchy of Masovia Holy Roman Empire	Inconclusive^[29] Treaty of Kalisz (1343)
1389–1392	Lithuanian Civil War^[30] Part of the Vytautas–Jogaila power struggle Location: Prussia, Grand Duchy of Lithuania	Kingdom of Poland	Teutonic Order Samogitia Rus' principalities	Inconclusive^[31] Ostrów Agreement (1392) Władysław II Jagiełło was designated Supreme Duke of Lithuania Vytautas was designated Grand Duke of Lithuania
1409–1411	Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War^[32] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Baltic coast	Kingdom of Poland Golden Horde		Polish–Lithuanian victory^[33] Peace of Thorn (1411) Decline of the Teutonic Order
1414	Hunger War^[34] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: State of the Teutonic Order	Kingdom of Poland		Mediation at the Council of Constance^[35] Treaty of Strasburg (1414)
1419	^[36]	Kingdom of Poland		Initial Polish victoryCancelling of invasion afterwards^[37]
1422	Golub War^[38] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars and the Lithuanian Crusade Location: Chełmno Land in the State of the Teutonic Order	Kingdom of Poland Principality of Moldavia	Mercenaries Various knights from the rest of Europe	Polish victory^[39] Treaty of Melno (1422)
1431–1435	Polish–Teutonic War^[40] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: State of the Teutonic Order	Kingdom of Poland Duchy of Stolp Orphans (Hussite mercenaries) Principality of Moldavia	Teutonic Order Bohemian mercenaries	Polish victory^[41] Peace of Brześć Kujawski (1435) Further decline of the Teutonic Order
1432–1438	Lithuanian Civil War^[42] Location: Grand Duchy of Lithuania	(Švitrigaila's supporters) Golden Horde Principality of Moldavia	(Sigismund's supporters) Kingdom of Poland Orphans (Hussite mercenaries)	Švitrigaila's defeat^[43] Švitrigaila withdraws to Moldavia (1438)^[44]
1454–1466	Thirteen Years' War^[45] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Pomerelia, Prussia, Baltic Sea	Kingdom of Poland Prussian Confederation	Teutonic Order Denmark Livonian Order Amsterdam Duchy of Żagań	Polish victory^[46] Second Peace of Thorn (1466)^[47] Teutonic Order becomes a vassal of Kingdom of Poland Teutonic Order returns Eastern Pomerania to Poland Teutonic Order cedes the bishopric of Warmia Both lands become Royal Prussia under direct rule of Kingdom of Poland
1467–1479	War of the Priests^[48] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: Warmia	Kingdom of Poland	Diocese of Warmia	Polish victory^[49] Treaty of Piotrków (1479)
1519–1521	Polish–Teutonic War^[50] ^[51] Part of the Polish–Teutonic Wars Location: State of the Teutonic Order	Kingdom of Poland		Polish victory^[52] Treaty of Kraków (1525)

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against Prussia (1794)

See also: Partitions of Poland, Second Partition of Poland and History of Prussia.

!Year!Conflict!Polish side!German side!Result

1794

Kościuszko Uprising^[53] Greater Poland Uprising (1794) Part of the Partitions of Poland and Polish-Russian Wars Location: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Prussian Partition (Greater Poland and Kuyavia), Russian Partition

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Prussian–Russian victory^[54] Third Partition of Poland Disappearance of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Duchy of Warsaw against Prussia (1806–1815)

See also: Napoleonic Wars and Treaty of Paris (1815).

!Year!Conflict!Polish side!German side!Result

1806	Greater Poland Uprising^[55] Part of the War of the Fourth Coalition Location: Greater Poland	First French Empire Duchy of Warsaw	Kingdom of Prussia	Franco–Polish victory^[56] Treaties of Tilsit (1807)
1812–1814	War of the Sixth Coalition^[57] Part of the Napoleonic Wars and Coalition Wars Location: Central and Eastern Europe, the Low Countries, France	Original coalition Spain Mecklenburg-Schwerin Sardinia Sweden After the Armistice of Pläswitz After the Battle of Leipzig Baden After 20 November 1813 NetherlandsAfter January 1814 Denmark	Duchy of Warsaw Naples Until January 1814 Confederation of the Rhine (many member states defected after Battle of Leipzig) Denmark–Norway ----Co-belligerent: United States(War of 1812 only)	Coalition victory^[58] End of Napoleon's empire Napoleon sent into exile Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) Treaty of Paris (1814)

Polish insurgents against Prussia (1848)

See also: Resistance in partitioned Poland (1795–1918).

!Year!Conflict!Polish side!German side!Result

1848

Greater Poland Uprising^[59] Part of the Revolutions of 1848 Location: Prussian Partition (Grand Duchy of Posen and former West Prussia), Silesia

Polish independence movement

Prussian Army and German colonists militia

Prussian victory^[60] Autonomy of Grand Duchy of Posen removed, Posen transformed into the Province of Posen

Second Polish Republic against Weimar Republic (1918–1921)

See also: Aftermath of World War I, History of Poland (1918–1939) and Silesian Uprisings.

!Year!Conflict!Polish side!German side!Result

1918–1919	Greater Poland Uprising^[61] Part of the Aftermath of World War I Location: Greater Poland	Polish insurgents Second Polish Republic		Polish victory^[62] Poland gains provinces of Posen and West Prussia Poland gains eastern Upper Silesia and the area of Działdowo
1919	First Silesian Uprising^[63] Part of the Aftermath of World War I and Silesian Uprisings Location: Parts of Upper Silesia	Polish insurgents Second Polish Republic		German victory^[64] Rebellion suppressed
1920	Second Silesian UprisingPart of the Aftermath of World War I and Silesian Uprisings Location: Upper Silesia	Polish insurgents Second Polish Republic		Polish victory^[65]
1921	Third Silesian UprisingPart of the Aftermath of World War I and Silesian Uprisings Location: Upper Silesia	Polish insurgents Second Polish Republic		League of Nations forces a ceasefire^[66]

Polish Underground State against Nazi Germany (1939–1945)

See also: Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.

!Year!Conflict!Polish side!German side!Result

1939	Invasion of Poland^[67] Part of the European theatre of World War II Location: Second Polish Republic, eastern Germany, Free City of Danzig (modern-day Gdańsk)		Slovakia	German–Soviet–Slovak victory^[68] Polish territory divided among Germany, Lithuania, Soviet Union and Slovakia Danzig annexed by Nazi Germany Kresy annexed by the Soviet Union Vilnius region granted to Lithuania
1939–1945	World War II^[69] Location:	Allies of World War IIIncluding: Polish Underground State	Axis powersIncluding:	Allied victory^[70] Collapse of Nazi Germany

Communist Poland against Nazi Germany (1939–1947)

See also: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, Home Army and Operation Vistula.

!Year!Conflict!Polish side!German side!Result

1939–1947

Polish–Ukrainian conflict^[71] Part of World War II and the Cold War Location: Lublin Voivodeship, Lwów Voivodeship,

Polish Underground State General GovernmentAfter 1944:

Polish victory^[72] ^[73] ^[74] Liquidation of UPA in Polish territories Mass deportation of Ukrainian civilians

See also

• Greater Poland Uprising (1846)
• War of the Polish Succession - Loyal to Augustus III forces victory (including Prussia)
• December Uprising in Vilnius 1918 (Battles for Vilnius (1918–1919))
• List of wars involving Poland - Chronological list of wars involving Poland
• List of wars involving Germany - Chronological list of wars involving Germany
• List of wars involving Russia - Chronological list of wars involving Russia
• List of wars involving France - Chronological list of wars involving France
• List of wars involving Slovakia - Chronological list of wars involving Slovakia
• List of wars involving Lithuania - Chronological list of wars involving Lithuania
• List of wars involving Czechia - Chronological list of wars involving Czechia
• Russo-Polish Wars - Wars between Poland and Russia over their history
• Napoleonic Wars - Series of wars led by Napoleon
• Treaty of Versailles - Most important treaty ending World War I
• History of Poland
• History of Germany

Notes and References

1. Book: Terra Transoderana: zwischen Neumark und Ziemia Lubuska . 2008 . Be.bra Wissenschaft Verl . 978-3-937233-50-5 . Vogenbeck . Bernd . Almanach - europäische Grenzregionen neu entdecken . Berlin . Institut für Angewandte Geschichte.
2. Web site: THIETMARI CHRONICON . 17 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110717101230/http://hbar.phys.msu.ru/gorm/chrons/thietmar.htm#II . 2011-07-17 .
3. Web site: Janicki . Kamil . 2021-01-02 . Pierwsza inwazja Niemców na Polskę w dziejach. Najeźdźcy postarali się, by nikt o niej nie pamiętał . 2024-02-29 . WielkaHistoria . pl-PL.
4. Book: Labuda, Gerard . Mieszko I . 2002 . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich--Wydawn . 978-83-04-04619-1 . Wrocław . ocm51531686.
5. Book: The new Cambridge medieval history. 3: C. 900 - c. 1024 / ed. by Timothy Reuter . 2014 . Cambridge Univ. Pr . 978-0-521-36447-8 . Reuter . Timothy . 5. print . Cambridge.
6. Book: The new Cambridge medieval history. 3: C. 900 - c. 1024 / ed. by Timothy Reuter . 2014 . Cambridge Univ. Pr . 978-0-521-36447-8 . Reuter . Timothy . 5. print . Cambridge . 262.
7. Book: Polski słownik biograficzny. T. 34: Rząśnicki Adolf - Sapieha Jan . 1993 . Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk . 978-83-04-00148-0 . Achremczyk . Stanisław . Wrocław [etc.] . 251 . Markiewicz . Henryk . Polska Akademia Nauk.
8. Book: Zakrzewski, Stanisław . Bolesław Chrobry Wielki . 2006 . Universitas . 285, 288–289.
9. Web site: Mieszko II Lambert . zamki.name.
10. Book: Kosto, Adam J. . Hostages in the Middle Ages . 2012 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-965170-2 . Oxford . 778325914.
11. Book: Topolski, Jerzy . An outline history of Poland . 1986 . Interpress Publ . 978-83-223-2118-8 . Warsaw.
12. Web site: Fryderyk I Barbarossa . 2024-02-10 . zamki.name.
13. Book: Biniaś-Szkopek, Magdalena . Bolesław IV Kędzierzawy - książę Mazowsza i princeps . 2009 . Wydawnictwo Poznańskie . 978-83-7177-603-8 . Poznań.
14. Book: Kurtyka, Janusz . Tęczyńscy: studium z dziejów polskiej elity możnowładczej w średniowieczu . 1997 . Secesja . 978-83-86077-83-0 . Kraków . 156, 164.
15. Book: The Oxford encyclopedia of medieval warfare and military technology . 2010 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-533403-6 . Rogers . Clifford J. . New York . 288.
16. Web site: Bitwa pod Lubuszem 1209 . zamki.name.
17. https://zamki.name/kraje/polska/henrykbroda.php Henryk I Brodaty
18. Web site: Walka o tron krakowski po śmierci Leszka Białego w 1227 r. . historia.interia.pl . pl.
19. Web site: 2018-10-29 . O tym jak Niemcy klucz do Polski zdobyć próbowali czyli Henryk Pobożny Lubusz ratuje . Chwała Zapomniana . pl-PL.
20. Book: Zientara, Benedykt . Henryk Brodaty i jego czasy . 1975 . 391–392 . Polish . Henryk Brodaty and his times.
21. Book: Rowell, S. C. . Lithuania ascending: a pagan empire within east-central Europe, 1295-1345 . 1994 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-45011-9 . Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought . Cambridge [England]; New York, NY . 235.
22. Decker . Leon . 1988 . OCLC-To-Go: The Portable OCLC, Crosstalk, and Other Miscellany . OCLC Micro . 4 . 3 . 38–41 . 10.1108/eb055894 . 8756-5196.
23. Book: Rowell, Stephen C. . Lithuania ascending: a pagan empire within east-central Europe, 1295 - 1345 . 2011 . Cambridge Univ. Press . 978-0-521-45011-9 . Transferred to digital print., [Nachdr.] . Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought . Cambridge . 235.
24. Book: Rymar, Edward . Wojny i spory pomorsko-brandenburskie w XV-XVI wieku.
25. Book: Szymański, J. W. . Książęcy ród Gryfitów . 338.
26. Web site: 2012-10-17 . History of the City Gdańsk - Gdańsk - en . https://web.archive.org/web/20121017123409/http://www.en.gdansk.gda.pl/about,2,12.html . 2012-10-17 .
27. Book: Halina, Wątróbska . "Holländische Spuren in der Danziger Geschichte" . 2003 . 369–400.
28. Book: Jurek, Tomasz . Dzieje średniowieczne: 1 - podręcznik dla klasy pierwszej szkół średnich . 1999 . Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne . 978-83-02-07370-0 . Warszawa.
29. Book: The Cambridge History of Poland . CUP Archive . 978-1-001-28802-4 . 170–172 . en.
30. Book: Kiaupa . Zigmantas . The history of Lithuania before 1795 . Kiaupienė . Jūratė . Kuncevičius . Albinas . 2000 . Arlila . Lietuvos Istorijos institutas (Lietuvos Mokslų akademija) . 978-9986-810-13-1 . Vilnius . 131–132.
31. Book: Urban, William L. . Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality . 2003 . Lithuanian Research and Studies Center . 978-0-929700-25-0 . Chicago . 1–50.
32. Book: Turnbull . Stephen R. . Tannenberg 1410: disaster for the Teutonic Knights . Hook . Richard . 2003 . Osprey . 978-1-84176-561-7 . Campaign . Oxford . 20 . ocm51779463.
33. Book: Christiansen, Eric . The northern Crusades . 1997 . Penguin . 978-0-14-026653-5 . London, England; New York, N.Y., USA . 228, 230–231.
34. Book: Christiansen, Eric . The northern Crusades . 1997 . Penguin . 978-0-14-026653-5 . London, England; New York, N.Y., USA . 228, 230–231.
35. Book: Kiaupa . Zigmantas . The history of Lithuania before 1795 . Kiaupienė . Jūratė . Kuncevičius . Albinas . 2000 . Lithuanian Institute of history . Lietuvos istorijos institutas . 978-9986-810-13-1 . Vilnius . 142–143.
36. Book: Baczkowski, K. . Dzieje Polski późnośredniowiecznej 1370-1506 . 116.
37. Ptak . Jan . 2018-12-30 . "Jest czas wojny i czas pokoju…" W jakich porach roku prowadzono najczęściej działania wojenne w Polsce średniowiecznej? . Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica . pl . 102 . 25 . 10.18778/0208-6050.102.02 . 2450-6990. 11089/27389 . free .
38. Book: Turnbull . Stephen R. . Tannenberg 1410: disaster for the Teutonic Knights . Hook . Richard . 2003 . Osprey . 978-1-84176-561-7 . Campaign . Oxford . 83 . ocm51779463.
39. Book: Christiansen, Eric . The northern Crusades . 1997 . Penguin . 978-0-14-026653-5 . London, England; New York, N.Y., USA . 242.
40. Book: Urban, William L. . Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality . 2003 . Lithuanian Research and Studies Center . 978-0-929700-25-0 . Revised . Chicago . 306–308.
41. Book: Urban, William L. . Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality . 2003 . Lithuanian Research and Studies Center . 978-0-929700-25-0 . Revised . Chicago . 311.
42. Book: Rowell, S. C. . Lithuania ascending: a pagan empire within east-central Europe, 1295-1345 . 1994 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-45011-9 . Cambridge studies in medieval life and thought . Cambridge [England]; New York, NY . 69.
43. Book: Lietuvos valdovai: XIII-XVIII a.: enciklopedinis žinynas . 2004 . Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas . 978-5-420-01535-3 . Spečiūnas . Vytautas . Vilnius . 91–93.
44. Book: Urban, William L. . Tannenberg and after: Lithuania, Poland, and the Teutonic Order in search of immortality . 2003 . Lithuanian Research and Studies Center . 978-0-929700-25-0 . Revised . Chicago . 313.
45. Book: Stone, Daniel . The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386-1795 . 2001 . University of Washington Press . 978-0-295-98093-5 . 29–30 . en.
46. Book: Stone, Daniel . The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386-1795 . 2001 . University of Washington Press . 978-0-295-98093-5 . History of East Central Europe . Seattle . 30.
47. Web site: Drugi Pokój Toruński 1466 - Przewodnik Toruński Serwis Turystyczny . 2020-06-27 . www.turystyka.torun.pl . pl.
48. Web site: Jeziorany - castle of Warmian bishops . 2022-12-31 . Ancient and medieval architecture . en-GB.
49. Book: Szczur, Stanisław . Historia Polski: średniowiecze . 2002 . Wydaw. Literackie . 978-83-08-03272-5 . Kraków . 582–583.
50. Book: Lerski, Jerzy Jan . Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 . 1996 . Bloomsbury Academic . 978-0-313-26007-0 . 403 . en.
51. Book: Repcheck, Jack . Copernicus' Secret: How the Scientific Revolution Began . 2007-12-04 . Simon and Schuster . 978-1-4165-5356-4 . 66 . en.
52. Web site: 2012-02-06 . Modern Era (16-18th century) - Treaty of Krakow . https://web.archive.org/web/20120206141958/http://www.poland.pl/archives/modernera/article,,id,11555.htm . 2012-02-06 .
53. Book: Szyndler, Bartłomiej . Powstanie kościuszkowskie 1794 . 2001 . Wydawnictwo Ancher . 978-83-85576-10-5 . 1994 . Warszawa . 445.
54. Book: Encyclopedia of world geography . 2002 . Marshall Cavendish . 978-0-7614-7289-6 . Haggett . Peter . 2nd . New York . 1740.
55. Web site: 2021-11-14 . On this Day, in 1806: Jan Henryk Dąbrowski led an uprising against Prussian occupation . 2022-07-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211114085207/https://kafkadesk.org/2021/11/03/on-this-day-in-1806-jan-henryk-dabrowski-led-an-uprising-against-prussian-occupation/ . 2021-11-14 .
56. Zawadzki . Hubert . 2009 . Between Napoleon and Tsar Alexander: The Polish Question at Tilsit, 1807 . Central Europe . en . 7 . 2 . 110–124 . 10.1179/147909609X12490448067244 . 1479-0963.
57. Book: Leggiere, Michael V. . Napoleon and the struggle for Germany: the Franco-Prussian war of 1813 . 2015 . Cambridge university press . 978-1-107-08051-5 . Cambridge military histories . Cambridge . 105, 120.
58. Book: Handbuch der preussischen Geschichte . 1992 . De Gruyter . 978-3-11-014091-0 . Büsch . Otto . Berlin; New York . 72 . Neugebauer . Wolfgang . Kleinehagenbrock . Frank . Historische Kommission zu Berlin.
59. Book: Davies, Norman . Ahistory of Poland, God's playground . 1981 . New York : Columbia University Press . Internet Archive . 978-0-231-05350-1 . 341–342.
60. Book: 1848/49-Revolutionen in Ostmitteleuropa: Vorträge der Tagung des Collegium Carolinum in Bad Wiessee vom 30.Nov. bis 1.Dez. 1990 . 1996 . Oldenbourg . 978-3-486-56012-1 . Collegium Carolinum (Munich, Germany) . Bad Wiesseer Tagungen des Collegium Carolinum . München . Jaworski . Rudolf . Luft . Robert.
61. Book: Vogt . Dietrich . Der großpolnische Aufstand 1918/1919: Bericht, Erinnerungen, Dokumente . Rhode . Gotthold . 1980 . Herder-Institut . 978-3-87969-147-0 . Marburg, Lahn.
62. Book: Polacy i Niemcy: dziesięć wieków sąsiedztwa: studia ofiarowane profesorowi Januszowi Pajewskiemu w osiemdziesiątą rocznicę urodzin: praca zbiorowa . 1987 . Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk . 978-83-01-07535-4 . Pajewski . Janusz . Wyd. 1 . Warszawa . Czubiński . Antoni.
63. Web site: THE REBIRTH OF POLAND . 2024-07-01 . www.conflicts.rem33.com.
64. Book: Greenman . Kathryn . Revolutions in International Law: The Legacies of 1917 . Orford . Anne . Saunders . Anna . Tzouvala . Ntina . 2021-02-18 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-108-85236-4 . 297 . en.
65. Book: Gajda, Patricia A. . Postscript to victory: British policy and the German-Polish borderlands, 1919-1925 . 1982 . University Press of America . 978-0-8191-2204-9 . Washington, D.C. . 69.
66. Book: Wilson, Tim . Frontiers of violence: conflict and identity in Ulster and upper Silesia 1918-1922 . 2010 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-958371-3 . Oxford historical monographs . Oxford; New York . 83.
67. Web site: German-Soviet Pact . 2022-07-27 . encyclopedia.ushmm.org . en.
68. Book: Toppe, Andreas . Militär und Kriegsvölkerrecht: Rechtsnorm, Fachdiskurs und Kriegspraxis in Deutschland 1899 - 1940 . 2008 . Oldenbourg . 978-3-486-58206-2 . München . 398.
69. Book: Weinberg, Gerhard L. . A world at arms: a global history of World War II . 2005 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-85316-3 . 2nd . Cambridge New York.
70. Shepardson . Donald E. . 1998 . The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth . The Journal of Military History . 62 . 1 . 135–154 . 10.2307/120398. 120398 .
71. Book: Lotnik . Waldemar . Nine lives: ethnic conflict in the Polish-Ukrainian borderlands . Preece . Julian . 1999 . Serif . 978-1-897959-40-4 . London.
72. Book: Chwalba . Andrzej . Imperium korupcji: korupcja w Rosji i Królestwie Polskim w latach 1861-1917 . Smaga . Józef . 2001 . Volumen . 978-83-7233-065-9 . Wyd. 2 zm . Historia Najnowsza . Warszawa.
73. Book: Motyka, Grzegorz . Ukraińska partyzantka 1942-1960: działalność Organizacji Ukraińskich Nacjonalistów i Ukraińskiej Powstańczej Armii . 2006 . Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN : RYTM . 978-83-88490-58-3 . Wyd. 1 . Seria Wschodnia . Warszawa . ocm71208525.
74. Book: Motyka, Grzegorz . From the Volhynian massacre to Operation Vistula: the Polish-Ukrainian conflict 1943-1947 . 2023 . Brill, Schöningh . 978-3-657-79537-6 . Fokus . Paderborn.