List of animals by number of legs explained

The following is a list of selected animals in order of increasing number of legs, from 0 legs to 653 pairs of legs, the maximum recorded in the animal kingdom.[1] Each entry provides the relevant taxa up to the rank of phylum. Each entry also provides the common name of the animal. If the relevant taxon includes different animals with different common names, then the entry provides the common name of a familiar example.

If juveniles have fewer legs than adults, then the animal is listed by the number of legs recorded in mature adults. If this number varies among adults within the taxon, then this variation is described in parenthetical note. In counting legs, this list follows the conventions adopted in the relevant literature. For example, millipedes with gonopods are listed by numbers that exclude leg pairs that become gonopods.[2] [3] [4]

Animals have been selected so that each number from 0 to 55 leg pairs has one example listed. Each of these examples is listed by a number closely associated with the relevant taxon, either because that number is the one most commonly observed in that taxon or because it is one of only a few numbers recorded for the taxon. Beyond 55 leg pairs, intraspecific variation in leg number increases, and the association between species and any particular number breaks down.[5] [6]

List of animals by number of legs

0 legs: Serpentes (suborder), Squamata (order), Reptilia (class), Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum); snake[7]

1 pair: Aves (class), Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum); bird[8]

2 pairs: Tetrapoda (superclass), Vertebrata (subpylum), Chordata (phylum); e.g., mammal (2 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[9]

3 pairs: Hexapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); e.g., ant[10]

4 pairs: Arachnida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); e.g., spider

5 pairs: Decolopoda (genus), Colossendeidae (family), Pantopoda (order), Pycnogonida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sea spider[11]

6 pairs: Dodecolopoda mawsoni (monotypic genus & species), Colossendeidae (family), Pantopoda (order), Pycnogonida (class), Chelicerata (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sea spider[12]

7 pairs: Isopoda (order), Malacostraca (class), Crustacea (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); e.g., woodlouse (7 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[13]

8 pairs: Zygopauropus hesperius (monotypic genus & species), Brachypauropodidae (family), Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod

9 pairs: Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod (9 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[14]

10 pairs: Decapauropus cuenoti (genus & type species), Pauropodidae (family), Tetramerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod (9 or 10 in females, usually 9; 9 in males)[15]

11 pairs: Hexamerocerata (order), Pauropoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); pauropod

12 pairs: Symphyla (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); symphylan (12 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[16]

13 pairs: Polyxenida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); bristly millipede (13 in most species; some taxa deviate from this number)[17]

14 pairs: Ooperipatellus nickmayeri (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm[18]

15 pairs: Scutigeromorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); house centipede

16 pairs: Peripatoides suteri (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm[19]

17 pairs: Glomerida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); northern pill millipede (17 in females; 19 in males, including 1 pair or 2 pairs of telopods)[20]

18 pairs: Peripatopsis alba (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm[21]

19 pairs: Typhloperipatus williamsoni (monotypic genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (19 or 20 in males, usually 19; 20 in females)[22] (minimum in family)[23]

20 pairs: Peripatopsis collarium (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm[24]

21 pairs: Sphaerotheriida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); giant pill millipede (21 in females; 23 in males, including 2 pairs of telopods)

22 pairs: Metaperipatus inae (genus & species), Peripatopsidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (22 in females; 20 in males)

23 pairs: Scolopocryptopidae (family), Scolopendromorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); bark centipede

24 pairs: Eoperipatus totoro (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (24 in females; 23 in males)[25]

25 pairs: Eoperipatus horsti (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (24 or 25 in females; 23 or 24 in males, usually 23)[26] [27]

26 pairs: Agenodesmus reticulatus (genus & type species), Fuhrmannodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (26 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; 27 in females)

27 pairs: Schendylops ramirezi (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (27 in males; 29 in females) (minimum in order)[28]

28 pairs: Prosopodesmus panporus (genus & species), Haplodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (28 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; 31 in females)

29 pairs: Dinogeophilus oligopodus (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede

30 pairs: Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (usually 30 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; usually 31 in females; some taxa deviate from these numbers)

31 pairs: Schendyla antici (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (31 in females; 29 in males)[29]

32 pairs: Devillea tuberculata (genus & type species), Xystodesmidae (family), Polydesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); flat-backed millipede (32 in males, excluding 1 pair of gonopods; 35 in females)[30]

33 pairs: Geophilus hadesi (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[31]

34 pairs: Mongeperipatus solorzanoi (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (34 in males; 39 to 41 in females, usually 41)[32]

35 pairs: Mecophilus tupiniquim (genus & species), Geophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[33]

36 pairs: Glomeridesmida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); slug millipede (usually 36 in females; usually 35 in males, including 1 pair of telepods; some taxa deviate from these numbers)[34] [35]

37 pairs: Escaryus vitimicus (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[36]

38 pairs: Oroperipatus lankesteri (genus & species), Peripatidae (family), Onychophora (phylum); velvet worm (37 or 38 in females; 33 to 35 in males)

39 pairs: Tasmanophilus spenceri (genus & species), Zelanophilidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[37]

40 pairs: Chamaesoma broelemanni (monotypic genus & species), Chamaesomatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (40 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; 42 in females)[38]

41 pairs: Nannarrup hoffmani (monotypic genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[39]

42 pairs: Opisthocheiron canayerensis (genus & species), Opisthocheiridae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (42 in females; 40 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[40]

43 pairs: Dicellophilus carniolensis (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[41]

44 pairs: Haasea hungarica (genus & species), Haaseidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (44 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; 46 in females)

45 pairs: Mecistocephalus nannocornis (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[42]

46 pairs: Lipseuma (genus), Kashmireumatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (46 in females; 44 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[43]

47 pairs: Mecistocephalus angusticeps (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede

48 pairs: Tianella (genus), Entomobielziidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (usually 48 in females; usually 46 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; some species deviate from these numbers)[44]

49 pairs: Mecistocephalus (genus), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (49 in most species; some species deviate from this number)[45]

50 pairs: Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (usually 50 in females; usually 48 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods; some taxa deviate from these numbers)

51 pairs: Mecistocephalus evansi (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[46]

52 pairs: Metamastigophorophyllon (genus), Anthroleucosomatidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (52 in females; 50 in males, excluding 2 pairs of gonopods)[47]

53 pairs: Krateraspis sselivanovi (genus & species), Mecistocephalidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede

54 pairs: Neocambrisoma raveni (genus & type species), Metopidiotrichidae (family), Chordeumatida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); sausage millipede (54 in females; 51 in males, excluding three pairs modified as gonopods or paragonopods)[48] (maximum in class fixed by species)

55 pairs: Mesoschendyla cribrifera (genus & species), Schendylidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede[49]

191 pairs: Gonibregmatus plurimipes (genus & species), Gonibregmatidae (family), Geophilomorpha (order), Chilopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); soil centipede (based on one specimen)[50] (maximum in class)

653 pairs: Eumillipes persephone (monotypic genus & species), Siphonotidae (family), Polyzoniida (order), Diplopoda (class), Myriapoda (subphylum), Arthropoda (phylum); camphor millipede (499 to 653 in females; 389 to 409 in males) (maximum in kingdom)

Notes and References

  1. Marek . Paul E. . Buzatto . Bruno A. . Shear . William A. . Means . Jackson C. . Black . Dennis G. . Harvey . Mark S. . Rodriguez . Juanita . 2021-12-16 . The first true millipede—1306 legs long . Scientific Reports . en . 11 . 1 . 23126 . 10.1038/s41598-021-02447-0 . 2045-2322. 8677783 .
  2. Book: Blower, J. Gordon . Millipedes : keys and notes for the identification of the species . 1985 . Published for the Linnean Society of London and the Estuarine and Brackish-Water Sciences Association by E.J. Brill . Linnean Society of London, Estuarine and Brackish-water Sciences Association . 90-04-07698-0 . London . 13439686.
  3. Enghoff . Henrik . Dohle . Wolfgang . Blower . J. Gordon . 1993 . Anamorphosis in Millipedes (Diplopoda) — The Present State of Knowledge with Some Developmental and Phylogenetic Considerations . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . 109 . 2 . 103–234 . 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x.
  4. Web site: Mesibov . Robert . Robert Mesibov . External Anatomy of Polydesmida: Body plans . 2022-02-20 . myriapodology.org.
  5. Fusco . Giuseppe . 2005 . Trunk segment numbers and sequential segmentation in myriapods . Evolution & Development . en . 7 . 6 . 608–617 [611] . 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2005.05064.x . 1520-541X . 16336414 . 21401688.
  6. Minelli . Alessandro . Chagas-Júnior . Amazonas . Edgecombe . Gregory D. . 2009 . Saltational evolution of trunk segment number in centipedes . Evolution & Development . en . 11 . 3 . 318–322 [319] . 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2009.00334.x . 19469859 . 40909871.
  7. Singarete . Marina E. . Grizante . Mariana B. . Milograna . Sarah R. . Nery . Mariana F. . Kin . Koryu . Wagner . Günter P. . Kohlsdorf . Tiana . 2015 . Molecular evolution of HoxA13 and the multiple origins of limbless morphologies in amphibians and reptiles . Genetics and Molecular Biology . en . 38 . 255–262 . 10.1590/S1415-475738320150039 . 1415-4757 . 4612600 . 26500429.
  8. Seki . Ryohei . Li . Cai . Fang . Qi . Hayashi . Shinichi . Egawa . Shiro . Hu . Jiang . Xu . Luohao . Pan . Hailin . Kondo . Mao . Sato . Tomohiko . Matsubara . Haruka . Kamiyama . Namiko . Kitajima . Keiichi . Saito . Daisuke . Liu . Yang . 2017-02-06 . Functional roles of Aves class-specific cis-regulatory elements on macroevolution of bird-specific features . Nature Communications . en . 8 . 1 . 14229 . 10.1038/ncomms14229 . 2041-1723. 5473641 .
  9. Book: Gauthier, Jacques . The hierarchy of life: molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis: proceedings from Nobel Symposium 70 held at Alfred Nobel's Björkborn, Karlskoga, Sweden, August 29-September 2, 1988 . Cannatella . David . de Queiroz . Kevin . Kluge . Arnold G. . Rowe . Timothy . 1989 . Excerpta Medica : Sole distributors for the USA and Canada, Elsevier Science Pub. Co . 978-0-444-81073-1 . Fernholm . Bo . International congress series . Amsterdam; New York : New York, NY, USA . 337–353 . Tetrapod phylogeny . Bremer . Kåre . Jörnvall . Hans . Nobelstiftelsen.
  10. Book: Ruppert, Edward E. . Invertebrate zoology . Barnes . Robert D. . Barnes . Robert D. . 1994 . Saunders College Pub . 978-0-03-026668-3 . 6th . Fort Worth.
  11. Jayasree . V. . Sreepada . R. A. . Parulekar . A. H. . 1993 . An unusual giant pycnogonid (Pycnogonida-Colossendeidae) Decolopoda qasimi sp. nov. from Antarctic waters . Current Science . en . 65 . 2 . 179–181 . NIO Digital Repository Service.
  12. Calman . William Thomas . Gordon . Isabella . 1933-06-01 . A dodecapodous pycnogonid . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Containing Papers of a Biological Character . 113 . 781 . 107–115 . 10.1098/rspb.1933.0034 . free.
  13. Brökeland . Wiebke . Brandt . Angelika . 2004 . Two new species of Ischnomesidae (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Southern Ocean displaying neoteny . Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography . 51 . 14-16 . 1769–1785 . 10.1016/j.dsr2.2004.06.034 . 0967-0645.
  14. Scheller . Ulf . 2011 . Pauropoda . Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 1 . en . 467–508 . 10.1163/9789004188266_022.
  15. Book: Scheller, Ulf . Progress in studies on myriapoda and onychophora: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Myriapodology, 20-24 July 1999, Białowieża, Poland . Adis . Joachim . 2000 . Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences . 978-83-85192-96-1 . Wytwer . Jolanta . Fragmenta faunistica . Warszawa . 171–77 . Possible parthenogenesis in Allopauropus (Myriapoda: Pauropoda) . Golovatch . Sergei.
  16. Book: Szucsich . Nikola . The Myriapoda. Volume 1 . Scheller . Ulf . Brill . 2011 . 978-90-04-18826-6 . Minelli . Alessandro . Leiden . 445–466 . Symphyla . 812207443.
  17. Nguyen Duy - Jacquemin . Monique . Uys, Charmaine . Geoffroy, Jean-Jacques . 2011 . Two remarkable new species of Penicillata (Diplopoda, Polyxenida) from Table Mountain National Park (Cape Town, South Africa) . ZooKeys . 156 . 85–103 . 10.3897/zookeys.156.2211 . 3253573 . 22303097 . free.
  18. Oliveira . Ivo de Sena . Mayer . Georg . 2017-06-01 . A new giant egg-laying onychophoran (Peripatopsidae) reveals evolutionary and biogeographical aspects of Australian velvet worms . Organisms Diversity & Evolution . en . 17 . 2 . 375–391 . 10.1007/s13127-016-0321-3 . 1618-1077 . 10859202.
  19. Trewick . Steven A. . Koot . Emily M. . Morgan-Richards . Mary . 2024 . Ngāokeoke Aotearoa: The Peripatoides Onychophora of New Zealand . . en . 15 . 4 . 248 . 10.3390/insects15040248 . 2075-4450 . 11050097 . 38667378 . free.
  20. Enghoff . Henrik . Golovatch . Sergei . Short . Megan . Stoev . Pavel . Wesener . Thomas . 2015-01-01 . Diplopoda — taxonomic overview . Treatise on Zoology - Anatomy, Taxonomy, Biology. The Myriapoda, Volume 2 . en . 363–453 . 10.1163/9789004188273_017 . 978-90-04-15612-8.
  21. Hamer . M.L. . Samways . M.J. . Ruhberg . H. . 1997 . A review of the Onychophora of South Africa, with discussion of their conservation . Annals of the Natal Museum . 38 . 1 . 283–312.
  22. Kemp, Stanley . 1914 . Onychophora. Zoological results of the Abor expedition, 1911-1912 . Records of the Indian Museum . 8 . 471–492 . 10.5962/bhl.part.1194 . 88237018 . free.
  23. Mayer . Georg . 2007-04-05 . Metaperipatus inae sp. nov. (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae) from Chile with a novel ovarian type and dermal insemination . Zootaxa . 1440 . 1 . 21–37 . 10.11646/zootaxa.1440.1.2 . 1175-5334 . ResearchGate.
  24. Barnes . Aaron . Daniels . Savel R. . 2024 . Molecular and Morphological Evidence for the Description of Three Novel Velvet Worm Species (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Peripatopsis sedgwicki s.s.) from South Africa . Diversity . en . 16 . 9 . 566 . 10.3390/d16090566 . 1424-2818 . free.
  25. Oliveira . Ivo de Sena . Schaffer . Stefan . Kvartalnov . Pavel V. . Galoyan . Eduard A. . Palko . Igor V. . Weck-Heimann . Andreas . Geissler . Peter . Ruhberg . Hilke . Mayer . Georg . 2013 . A new species of Eoperipatus (Onychophora) from Vietnam reveals novel morphological characters for the South-East Asian Peripatidae . Zoologischer Anzeiger . en . 252 . 4 . 495–510 . 2013ZooAn.252..495O . 10.1016/j.jcz.2013.01.001.
  26. Monge-Nájera . Julián . 1994 . Reproductive trends, habitat type and body characteristcs in velvet worms (Onychophora) . Revista de Biología Tropical . en . 42 . 3 . 611–622 . 2215-2075.
  27. Evans . Richard . 1901 . On two new species of Onychophora from the Siamese Malay States . Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science . 44 . 473–538 .
  28. Pereira . Luis Alberto . 2013-01-01 . Discovery of a second geophilomorph species (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) having twenty-seven leg-bearing segments, the lowest number recorded up to the present in the centipede order Geophilomorpha . Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia . en . 53 . 13 . 163–185 . 10.1590/S0031-10492013001300001 . 1807-0205 . free . free . 11336/3449.
  29. Stojanović . Dalibor Z. . Šević . Mirko . Makarov . Slobodan E. . 2024-03-07 . A new dwarf schendylid centipede (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Schendylidae) with a low number of legs from Serbia, Balkan Peninsula . Zootaxa . en . 5419 . 3 . 401–418 . 10.11646/zootaxa.5419.3.5 . 1175-5334 . 38480317.
  30. Brölemann . H.-W. . 1902 . Myriapodes Cavericoles . Annales de la Société Entomologique de France . French . 71 . 448–460 . Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  31. Stoev . Pavel . Akkari . Nesrine . Komericki . Ana . Edgecombe . Gregory . Bonato . Lucio . 2015 . At the end of the rope: Geophilus hadesi sp. n. – the world's deepest cave-dwelling centipede (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae) . ZooKeys . 510 . 95–114 . 10.3897/zookeys.510.9614 . 4523767 . 26257537 . free.
  32. Morera-Brenes . B. . Monge-Nájera . J. . 2010 . A new giant species of placented worm and the mechanism by which onychophorans weave their nets (Onychophora: Peripatidae) . Revista de Biología Tropical . 58 . 4 . 1127–1142 . 1511.00983 . 10.15517/rbt.v58i4.5398 . 21246983 . free.
  33. Calvanese . Victor C. . Brescovit . Antonio D. . Bonato . Lucio . 2019-11-15 . Revision of the Neotropical species of Aphilodontinae (Geophilomorpha, Geophilidae), with eight new species and a first phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily . Zootaxa . en . 4698 . 1 . 1–72 . 10.11646/zootaxa.4698.1.1 . 1175-5334.
  34. Carl . J. . 1942 . Contribution à la connaissance des Limacomorpha -- Essai de morphologie comparée . Revue suisse de Zoologie . French . 49 . 133–167 . Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  35. Mauriès . Jean-Paul . 2019 . Les premiers Glomeridesmida découverts dans le département français de Guyane: nouvelles données sur leur ontogenèse et descriptions de nouveaux taxa: Glomeridesmoides n. g., et trois espèces nouvelles, dont une termitophile (Diplopoda, Glomeridesmida) . Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire naturelle de Toulouse . French . 155 . 47–64.
  36. Dyachkov . Yurii V. . Bonato . Lucio . 2024-04-23 . An updated synthesis of the Geophilomorpha (Chilopoda) of Asian Russia . ZooKeys . 1198 . 17–54 . 2024ZooK.1198...17D . 10.3897/zookeys.1198.119781 . 1313-2970 . 11061560 . 38693975 . free.
  37. Crabill . R.E. . 1962 . Concerning Chilopod Types in the British Museum (Natural History). Part I (Chilopoda : Geophilomorpha : Scolopendromorpha) . Annals and Magazine of Natural History . 5 . 56 . 505–510 . 10.1080/00222936208651277.
  38. David . Jean-François . 1989 . Le cycle biologique de Chamaesoma broelemanni Ribaut et Verhoeff, 1913 (Diplopoda, Craspedosomatida) en forêt d'Orléans (France) . Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (4) A, Zoologie . French . 11 . 639–647 . 10.5962/p.288286 . Biodiversity Heritage Library . free.
  39. Foddai . Donatella . Bonato . Lucio . Pereira . Luis Alberto . Minelli . Alessandro . 2003 . Phylogeny and systematics of the Arrupinae (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) with the description of a new dwarfed species . Journal of Natural History . en . 37 . 10 . 1247–1267 . 2003JNatH..37.1247F . 10.1080/00222930210121672 . 0022-2933.
  40. Geoffroy . Jean-Jacques . 1984 . Particularités du Développement Post-embryonaire du Diplopode Craspedosomide Cavernicole Opisthocheiron canayerensis . Mémoires de Biospéologie . French . 11 . 211–220.
  41. Bonato . Lucio . DáNyi . LáSzló . Minelli . Alessandro . 2010 . Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae) . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society . en . 158 . 3 . 501–532 . 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00557.x.
  42. Bonato . Lucio . Foddai . Donatella . Minelli . Alessandro . 2003 . Evolutionary trends and patterns in centipede segment number based on a cladistic analysis of Mecistocephalidae (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha) . Systematic Entomology . en . 28 . 4 . 539–579 . 10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x . 0307-6970.
  43. Golovatch . Sergei I. . Geoffroy . Jean-Jacques . Mauries . Jean-Paul . 2006 . Four new Chordeumatida (Diplopoda) from caves in China . Zoosystema . en . 28 . 1 . 75–92.
  44. Mauriès . J P . 1988 . Myriapodes du Népal. II. Diplopodes Craspedosomides nouveaux de l'Himalaya et de la région indo-malaise (Craspedosomidea et Chordeumidea) . Revue suisse de zoologie . French . 95 . 3–49 [5–17] . 10.5962/bhl.part.79638 . Biodiversity Heritage Library . free.
  45. Bonato . L. . Minelli . A. . 2004 . The centipede genus Mecistocephalus Newport 1843 in the Indian Peninsula (Chilopoda Geophilomorpha Mecistocephalidae) . Tropical Zoology . en . 17 . 1 . 15–63 . 2004TrZoo..17...15B . 10.1080/03946975.2004.10531198 . 0394-6975 . 85304657.
  46. Evans . W. Edgar . Brolemann . Henry W. . 1923 . VI.—Myriapods collected in Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh . en . 42 . 54–74 . 10.1017/S0370164600023841 . 0370-1646.
  47. Antić . Dragan Ž . Makarov . Slobodan E. . 2016-12-22 . The Caucasus as a major hotspot of biodiversity: Evidence from the millipede family Anthroleucosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida) . Zootaxa . en . 4211 . 1 . zootaxa.4211.1.1 . 10.11646/zootaxa.4211.1.1 . 1175-5334 . 28006792.
  48. Mauries . Jean-Paul . 1987 . Craspedosomid millipedes discovered in Australia: Reginaterreuma, Neocambrisoma and Peterjohnsia, new genera (Myriapoda: Diplopoda: Craspedosomida) . Memoirs of the Queensland Museum . 25 . 1 . 107–133.
  49. 1937 . South African Geophilomorpha (Myriopoda) . Annals of the South African Museum. Annale van die Suid-Afrikaanse Museum . 32 . 95–116 [112–113] . Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  50. Tran . Binh Thi Thanh . Tran . Hoa Thi Xuan . Bonato . Lucio . 2019-04-15 . A new soil centipede from South-East Asia with a unique arrangement of ventral glands, and a revised synopsis of Gonibregmatidae (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha) . ZooKeys . en . 838 . 111–132 [121, 129] . 2019ZooK..838..111T . 10.3897/zookeys.838.33131 . 1313-2970 . 6477870 . 31048971 . free.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of animals by number of legs".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2025, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.