List of ancient Roman speeches explained

In ancient Rome orators could become like celebrities, many were wealthy and well-respected. Public speaking became a popular form of entertainment and was central to Roman politics.

List

This list is in alphabetical order

data-sort-type="text"	Name	data-sort-type="text"	Translated name	data-sort-type="text"	Contents	data-sort-type="text"	Orator	data-sort-type="text"	Date	data-sort-type="text"	References
Ad Caesarem Senem de Re Publica Oratio	Speech on the State, Addressed to Caesar in His Later Years	Sallust discusses Caesar's conquests and wars.	Sallust	46 BCE	^[1] ^[2]
Ad Litis Censorias			Cato the Elder	184 BCE	^[3]
M. Tullii Ciceronis Orationes in Catilinam	Marcus Tullius Cicero's Orations against Catiline	Cicero denounces Catiline, who attempted a failed coup against the Roman Republic.	Cicero	63 BCE	^[4] ^[5]
Cato the Elder's speech directed towards the Seleucid king		Cato addresses the Seleucid King in Athens.	Cato the Elder	Uncertain date	^[6] ^[7] ^[8]
Cato the Younger's speech during the Catiline conspiracy		Cato the Younger argues for the execution of the Catiline conspirators.	Cato the Younger	63 BCE	^[9]
Contra Servium Galbam pro Direptis Lusitanis	Against Servius Galba for the Lusitanian plunders	Cato argues that Rome should treat its defeated enemies with moderation.	Cato the Elder	149 BCE	^[10]
De Bello Carthaginiensi		Speech written by Cato calling for a war against Carthage.	Cato the Elder	143 BCE	^[11]
De Domo Sua	On his House	Cicero discusses grief and sacrifice	Cicero	57 BCE	^[12] ^[13]
De Falsis Pugnis	On Falsified Battles	Speech written by Cato against general who sought triumphs for territories they had not conquered through war.	Cato the Elder	190 BCE	^[14] ^[15]
Defense speech by Domitius Afer		Domitius Afer provides a defense for Cloatilla	Domitius Afer	Uncertain date	^[16]
De Haruspicum Responsis	On the Responses of the Haruspices	Cicero discusses the haruspices.	Cicero	57 BCE	^[17]
De Lege Agraria contra Rullum	Opposing the Agrarian Law proposed by Rullus	Cicero argues that a land redistribution bill proposed by Publius Servilius Rullus was of poor quality	Cicero	63 BCE	^[18] ^[19]
De Macedonia Liberanda		Cato argues that Rome should not annex Macedonia as Rome was incapable of properly defending it.	Cato the Elder	167 BCE	^[20] ^[21] ^[22]
De Pecuni Regis Antiochi		Cato's commentary on potential corruption involved in Scipio's triumph due to his campaign in Africa.	Cato the Elder	Uncertain date	^[23] ^[24]
De Praeda militbus dividenda	On the Division of Spoils amongst Military Men	Speech written by Cato the Elder against for the criminalization of generals who take public land.	Cato the Elder	Uncertain date	^[25] ^[26]
De Provinciis Consularibus	On the Consular Provinces	Cicero discusses his tax policy	Cicero	56 BCE	^[27]
De Suis Virtutibus Contra L. Thermum post censuram	Concerning his virtues in Opposition to Thermus	Cato the Elder attacks the moral character of Lucius Minucius Thermus	Cato the Elder	183 BCE	^[28] ^[29] ^[30] ^[31]
De Sumpto Suo		Cato's defense against accusations of corruption.	Cato the Elder	164 BCE	^[32] ^[33]
Dierum Dictarum de Consulatu Suo		Speech written by Cato in defense of his war against the Spanish tribes.	Cato the Elder	191-190 BCE	^[34] ^[35]
Dissuasio Legio Junniae De Feneratione		Cato attacks Quintus Minucius Thermus.	Cato the Elder	193 BCE
Divinatio in Caecilium	Against Quintus Caecilius in the process for selecting a prosecutor of Gaius Verres	Cicero attacks Quintus Caecilius for the prosecutor he chose in the case against Gaius Verres	Cicero	70 BCE	^[36]
Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus's speech against Publius Vatinius		Calvus criticized Vatinius for accepting bribes.	Gaius Licinius Macer Calvus	54 BCE	^[37]
In M. Tullium Ciceronem Oratio	An Invective against Marcus Tullius	Sallust criticizes Cicero for his politics and character.	Sallust	Uncertain date	^[38]
In Pisonem	Against Piso	Cicero attacks Piso and his administration of Macedonia	Cicero	55 BCE	^[39] ^[40]
Interrupted speech by Domitius Afer		One of Domitius Afer's speeches was interrupted by the shouts of the crowd.	Domitus Afer	Uncertain date
In Toga Candida	Denouncing candidates for the consulship of 63 BC	Cicero argues that his opponents Catilina and Antonius would be inefficient Consuls.	Cicero	64 BCE	^[41] ^[42] ^[43] ^[44] ^[45]
In Vatinium testem	Against the witness Publius Vatinius at the trial of Sestius	Cicero's defense of Publius Vatinius	Cicero	56 BCE
In Verrem	Against Verres	Series of speeches made by Cicero against Gaius Verres' conduct in Sicily	Cicero	70 BCE	^[46]
Laudatio Iuliae amitae		Funeral oration Julius Caesar gave in honor of his aunt Julia.	Julius Caesar	68 BCE	^[47]
Mark Antony's eulogy for Caesar		Mark Antony read Caesar's will and listed his accomplishments in an attempt to gain the populace's favor.	Mark Antony	44 BCE (March 19)	^[48]
Philippicae		Collection of 14 speeches written by Cicero to denounce Mark Antony.	Cicero	43 BCE	^[49] ^[50] ^[51] ^[52] ^[53] ^[54] ^[55] ^[56]
Post Reditum in Quirites	To the Citizens after his recall from exile	Cicero addresses the citizenry following his exile.	Cicero	57 BCE
Post Reditum in Senatu	To the Senate after his recall from exile	Cicero addresses the Senate following his exile.	Cicero	57 BCE	^[57]
Pro Antonio	In Defense of Gaius Antonius	Cicero's defense of Gaius Antonius	Cicero	59 BCE	^[58]
Pro Archia Poeta	In Defense of Aulus Licinius Archias the poet	Cicero's defense of Aulus Licinius Archias	Cicero	62 BCE	^[59]
Pro Balbo	In Defense of Lucius Cornelius Balbus	Cicero's defense of Lucius Cornelius Balbus	Cicero	56 BCE	^[60] ^[61]
Pro Caecina	On behalf of Caecina	Cicero's defense of Caecina	Cicero	69 BCE	^[62] ^[63] ^[64]
Pro Marco Caelio	In Defense of Marcus Caelius Rufus	Cicero's defense of Marcus Caelius Rufus	Cicero	56 BCE	^[65]
Pro Aulo Cluentio Habito	On behalf of Aulus Cluentius Habito	Cicero's defense of Aulus Cluentius Habito, who was accused of poisoning Oppianicus the elder	Cicero	56 BCE
Pro Flacco	In Defense of Lucius Valerius Flaccus	Cicero's defense of Lucius Valerius Flaccus	Cicero	59 BCE	^[66]
Pro Fonteio	On behalf of Marcus Fonteius	Cicero's defense of Marcus Fonteius	Cicero	69 BCE	^[67]
Pro Ligario	On behalf of Ligarius before Caesar	Cicero's defense of Ligarius	Cicero	46 BCE	^[68]
Pro Lege Manilia or De Imperio Cn. Pompei	In favor of the Lex Manilia, or On the command of Pompey	Cicero argues for the Lex Manilia	Cicero	66 BCE	^[69]
Pro Tullio	On behalf of Tullius	Cicero's defense of his client Marcus Tullius in a property dispute	Cicero	57 BCE	^[70]
Pro Rhodiensibus, Contra Servium Galbam	On Behalf of the Rhodians and Against Galba	It argues against a call for a war against Rhodes after the Third Macedonian War.	Cato the Elder	167 BCE
Pro Rege Deiotaro	On behalf of King Deiotarus before Caesar	Cicero's defense of Deiotarus	Cicero	46 BCE	^[71] ^[72]
Pro Roscio Amerino	In defence of Sextus Roscius of Ameria	Cicero's speech in defense of Sextus Roscius, accused of murdering his own father	Cicero	80 BCE	^[73]
Pro Marcello	On behalf of Marcellus	Cicero's defense of Marcellus	Cicero	46 BCE	^[74]
Pro Milone	In Defence of Titus Annius Milo	Cicero's defense of Titus Milo, who was accused of murdering Clodius.	Cicero	52 BCE	^[75]
Pro Murena	In Defense of Lucius Licinius Murena	Cicero's defense of Lucius Licinius Murena	Cicero	63 BCE	^[76]
Pro Plancio	In Defense of Gnaeus Plancius	Cicero's defense of Gnaeus Plancius	Cicero	54 BCE	^[77]
Pro Q. Roscio Comoedo	In Defense of Quintus Roscius Gallus the Comic actor	Cicero's defense of Quintus Roscius Gallus, a comic actor	Cicero	77 BCE	^[78]
Pro Quinctio	On behalf of Publius Quinctius	Cicero's speech in defense of his client Publius Quinctius	Cicero	81 BCE	^[79]
Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo	On behalf of Gaius Rabirius, accused of treason	Cicero's defense of Gaius Rabirius	Cicero	63 BCE
Pro Rabirio Postumo	In Defense of Gaius Rabirius Postumus	Cicero's defense of Gaius Rabirius Postumus	Cicero	54 BCE	^[80]
Pro Scauro	In Defense of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus	Cicero's defense of Marcus Aemilius Scaurus	Cicero	54 BCE
Pro Sestio	In Defense of Publius Sestius	Cicero's defense of Publius Sestius	Cicero	56 BCE	^[81]
Pro Sulla	In Defense of Publius Cornelius Sulla	Cicero's defense of Publius Cornelius Sulla	Cicero	72 or 71 BCE
Pro Voluseno Catulo	Concerning Lucius Volusenus Catulus	Domitius Afer, Passienus Crispus, and Decimus Laelius Balbus defend Catulus in a trial	Decimus Laelius	Reign of Claudius	^[82] ^[83]
P. Vatinium testem interrogatio		Cicero critiqued the character of Publius Vatinius	Cicero	56 BCE	^[84]
Uti praeda in publicum referatur	That the spoils of war should be given back to the public	Speech written by Cato arguing that religious works should be publicly available and not held in private collections.	Cato the Elder	Uncertain date	^[85] ^[86]
Speech by Gaius Calpurnius Piso against Domitius Afer		Piso attacked Domitius Afer's character.	Gaius Calpurnius Piso	Uncertain date	^[87]
Speeches by Gaius Septimius Severus Aper against poets		Aper critiques Maternus.	Aper	Uncertain date	^[88]
Speech by Julius Africanus		Julius Africanus made a purposefully long speech during a trial.	Julius Africanus	Uncertain date	^[89]
Speech by Maternus responding to Aper's critique		Maternus responded to Aper's speech criticizing him.	Maternus	Uncertain date
Speech spoken by Quintus Hortensius		Quintus Hortensius praises his successful military defense of Nicomedes IV of Bithynia	Quintus Hortensius	133 BCE	^[90]
Si se M. Caelius Tribunnus Appellasset			Cato the Elder	184 BCE
	On the Improper Election of the Aediles	Collection of speeches written by Cato, all of which were made during his Consulship.	Cato	202 BCE	^[91]
	On His Consulship	Cicero's retrospect on his Consulship and several speeches he made whilst Censor.	Cicero	202 BCE	^[92]

See also

• List of speeches
• List of Latin phrases (full)
• Orator

External links

• Roman Sources - Speeches, Political and Rhetorical Works on Librarium - Database of Online Ancient Sources

Notes and References

1. Web site: LacusCurtius • ps‑Sallust — Speech to Caesar . 2022-08-21 . penelope.uchicago.edu.
2. Book: Watkins, Thomas H. . L. Munatius Plancus: Serving and Surviving in the Roman Revolution . 2018-07-06 . Routledge . 978-1-351-00612-5 . en.
3. Book: Dominik . William . A Companion to Roman Rhetoric . Hall . Jon . 2010-01-11 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-4443-3415-9 . 56 . en.
4. Book: Beard, Mary . SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome . Liveright . 2015 . 9780871404237 . New York . 21–53.
5. Hoffman . Richard . 1998 . Sallust and Catiline . The Classical Review . 48 . 1 . 50–52 . 10.1017/S0009840X00330335 . 713695 . 162587795.
6. Book: Grant, David . In Search Of The Lost Testament of Alexander the Great . 2017-01-28 . Troubador Publishing Ltd . 978-1-78589-953-9 . 286 . en.
7. Book: Astin, A. E. . Cato the Censor . 1978 . Clarendon Press . 978-0-19-814809-8 . 57 . en.
8. Book: Sansone, David . Plutarch: Lives of Aristeides and Cato . 1989-01-01 . Liverpool University Press . 978-1-80034-625-3 . 215 . en.
9. Book: Sallust . Catiline's Conspiracy, The Jugurthine War, Histories . 2010-04-15 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-161252-7 . 158–160 . en.
10. Book: Baronowski, Donald Walter . Polybius and Roman Imperialism . 2013-10-16 . A&C Black . 978-1-4725-1988-7 . 44, 233 . en.
11. Book: Goodman . Rob . Rome's Last Citizen: The Life and Legacy of Cato, Mortal Enemy of Caesar . Soni . Jimmy . 2012-10-16 . Macmillan . 978-0-312-68123-4 . 323 . en.
12. Book: Rasmussen, Susanne William . Public Portents in Republican Rome . 2003 . L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER . 978-88-8265-240-1 . 183 . en.
13. Book: Kenty, Joanna . Cicero's Political Personae . 2020-09-10 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-108-87933-0 . 85 . en.
14. Book: Waterfield, Robin . Taken at the Flood: The Roman Conquest of Greece . 2014-04-07 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-939353-4 . 255 . en.
15. Book: Fontaine, Michael . Funny Words in Plautine Comedy . 2010 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-534144-7 . 126 . en.
16. Book: Bablitz, Leanna . Actors and Audience in the Roman Courtroom . 2007-08-07 . Routledge . 978-1-134-08999-4 . 188, 259 . en.
17. Book: Berry . D. H. . Form and Function in Roman Oratory . Erskine . Andrew . 2010-07-29 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-76895-5 . 147 . en.
18. Book: Cicero . Selected Letters . 2008-07-10 . OUP Oxford . 978-0-19-160751-6 . 286 . en.
19. Book: Bishop, Caroline . Cicero, Greek Learning, and the Making of a Roman Classic . 2018-11-29 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-256480-1 . en.
20. Book: Keulen, Wytse . Gellius the Satirist: Roman Cultural Authority in Attic Nights . 2008-09-30 . BRILL . 978-90-474-4342-1 . 248 . en.
21. Book: Briscoe, John . A Commentary on Livy Books 41-45 . 2012-09-13 . OUP Oxford . 978-0-19-921664-2 . 658 . en.
22. Book: Briscoe, John . A Commentary on Livy Books 41-45 . 2012-09-13 . OUP Oxford . 978-0-19-921664-2 . 78 . en.
23. Book: Fontaine . Michael . The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Comedy . Scafuro . Adele C. . 2013-12-02 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-938946-9 . 610 . en.
24. Book: Millar, Fergus . Rome, the Greek World, and the East: Volume 1: The Roman Republic and the Augustan Revolution . 2003-01-14 . Univ of North Carolina Press . 978-0-8078-7508-7 . 118 . en.
25. Book: Greenidge, A. H. J. . A History of Rome During the Later Republic and Early Principate . 2019-12-19 . Good Press . en.
26. Book: Dillon . Sheila . Representations of War in Ancient Rome . Welch . Katherine E. . 2006-05-15 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-84817-6 . 149 . en.
27. Book: Sartre, Maurice . The Middle East Under Rome . 2005 . Harvard University Press . 978-0-674-01683-5 . 392 . en.
28. Book: Bua, Giuseppe La . Cicero and Roman Education: The Reception of the Speeches and Ancient Scholarship . 2019-02-07 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-06858-2 . 73, 77, 79, 83, 146 . en.
29. Book: Nichols, Marden Fitzpatrick . Author and Audience in Vitruvius' De architectura . 2017-10-26 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-108-54786-4 . 91 . en.
30. Book: McDonnell, Myles . Roman Manliness: "Virtus" and the Roman Republic . 2006-07-03 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-82788-1 . 56 . en.
31. Book: Nixon . C. E. V. . In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini . Rodgers . Barbara Saylor . Mynors . sir R. A. B. . 2015-03-18 . Univ of California Press . 978-0-520-28625-2 . 285 . en.
32. Book: Coffee, Neil . Gift and Gain: How Money Transformed Ancient Rome . 2016-11-29 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-049644-9 . 215 . en.
33. Book: Gildenhard . Ingo . Roman Frugality: Modes of Moderation from the Archaic Age to the Early Empire and Beyond . Viglietti . Cristiano . 2020-07-09 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-108-88843-1 . 194 . en.
34. Book: Dominik . William . A Companion to Roman Rhetoric . Hall . Jon . 2010-01-11 . John Wiley & Sons . 978-1-4443-3415-9 . 56 . en.
35. Book: Sebesta . Judith Lynn . Cicero A LEGAMUS Transitional Reader . Haynes . Mark . 2010-01-01 . Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers . 978-0-86516-656-1 . 48 . en.
36. An observation made by Christopher P. Craig, "Dilemma in Cicero's Divinatio in Caecilium", The American Journal of Philology, 106(4) (Winter 1985:442–446), p. 442; Craig gives a bibliography of commentaries on the text.
37. Licinius Macer Calvus, Gaius. 16. 587.
38. Web site: LacusCurtius • ps‑Sallust — Invective against Cicero . 2022-08-21 . penelope.uchicago.edu.
39. Book: Kelly, Gordon P. . A History of Exile in the Roman Republic . 2006-07-24 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-32077-2 . 156 . en.
40. Book: Sandnes, Karl Olav . Belly and Body in the Pauline Epistles . 2002-08-01 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-139-43472-0 . 69 . en.
41. Book: Petersson, Torstein . Cicero: A Biography . Out of Copyright reprint Kessinger Publishing, LLC . 1920 . 978-1417951864.
42. Web site: Candidate . 2012-11-07 . Online Etymology Dictionary.
43. H.H. Scullard From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68 2010 p92 "In a speech to the Senate (Oratio in Toga Candida: candidates wore specially whitened togas) Cicero denounced his rivals and hinted that there were secret powers behind Catilinia. Thus Cicero, the novus homo, secured the consulship for 63"
44. Erich S. Gruen The Last Generation of the Roman Republic 1974 270 "Catilinia's early career gained impetus from nimble maneuvering and resourceful and unscrupulous tactics. Tradition registers a catalogue of perversities, several drawn from Cicero's venomous In Toga Candida and the Commentanolum ."
45. David Colin Arthur Shotter The Fall Of The Roman Republic 2005 p55 "In two places — in his own election speech (Oratio in Toga Candida) in 64 and in his Orations against Catiline in the following year — Cicero alleged that on 1 January 65, Catiline was in the Forum with a dagger ready to assassinate the ..."
46. Book: Cicero, Marcus Tullius . Against Verres.
47. Web site: The Life of Julius Caesar . 12 July 2022 . penelope.uchicago.edu.
48. Book: Eck . Werner . The age of Augustus . Schneider . Deborah Lucas . Takács . Sarolta A. . 2003 . Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub. . Internet Archive . 978-0-631-22957-5 . 10.
49. Cicero, Ad Familiares 10.28
50. Appian, Civil Wars 4.19
51. Cicero, Ad Atticus, 2.1.3
52. Cicero, Second Philippic Against Antony
53. cf. Cicero, Ad Atticum 15.13.1
54. Book: Cicero . Marcus Tullius . Philippics 1-6 . 2010 . Harvard University Press . Bailey . D. R. Shackleton . D. R. Shackleton Bailey . Loeb Classical Library . 189 . 241 . en . Bailey . D. R. Shackleton . Phillipic 5 . 10.4159/DLCL.marcus_tullius_cicero-philippic_5.2010 . Ramsey . John T. . Manuwald . Gesine . D. R. Shackleton Bailey . Cicero.
55. Plutarch, Cicero 46.3–5
56. Haskell, H.J.: This was Cicero (1964) p.293
57. Book: Blom, Henriette van der . Cicero's Role Models: The Political Strategy of a Newcomer . 2010-07-29 . OUP Oxford . 978-0-19-159152-5 . 196–204 . en.
58. Book: Brill's Companion to the Reception of Cicero . 2015-03-31 . BRILL . 978-90-04-29054-9 . 10 . en.
59. https://books.google.com/books?id=9szUAAAAQBAJ&dq= Italy and the Classical Tradition: Language, Thought and Poetry 1300-1600
60. Book: Barber, Kimberly A. . Rhetoric in Cicero's Pro Balbo . 2004-06-01 . Routledge . 978-1-135-87935-8 . en.
61. Book: Powell . Jonathan . Cicero the Advocate . Paterson . Jeremy . 2004-07-29 . OUP Oxford . 978-0-19-154151-3 . 123–133 . en.
62. Book: Frier, Bruce W., 1943- . The rise of the Roman jurists : studies in Cicero's Pro Caecina . 1985 . Princeton University Press . 0-691-03578-4 . Princeton, N.J. . 133–4 . 11399889.
63. Book: Frier, Bruce W., 1943- . The rise of the Roman jurists : studies in Cicero's Pro Caecina . 1985 . Princeton University Press . 0-691-03578-4 . Princeton, N.J. . 3 . 11399889.
64. Frier . Bruce W. . 1983 . Urban Praetors and Rural Violence: The Legal Background of Cicero's Pro Caecina . Transactions of the American Philological Association . 113 . 221–241 . 10.2307/284012 . 0360-5949 . 284012.
65. Book: Cicero, Marcus Tullius . For Marcus Caelius.
66. Book: Brennan, T. Corey . The Praetorship in the Roman Republic: Volume 2: 122 to 49 BC . 2000 . OUP USA . 978-0-19-511460-7 . 565 . en.
67. Book: Luley, Benjamin P. . Continuity and Rupture in Roman Mediterranean Gaul: An Archaeology of Colonial Transformations at Ancient Lattara . 2020-08-31 . Oxbow Books . 978-1-78925-567-6 . en.
68. Book: Peer, Ayelet . Julius Caesar's Bellum Civile and the Composition of a New Reality . 2016-03-09 . Routledge . 978-1-317-11002-6 . 173 . en.
69. Book: Cicero . De Imperio: An Extract 27-45 . 2013-12-19 . A&C Black . 9781472513762 . 1 . 15 August 2018.
70. Book: Crawford, Jane W. . M. Tullius Cicero: the lost and unpublished orations . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . 1984 . 47–49 . 9783525251782 . pro tullio. . registration.
71. Book: Berno . Francesca Romana . Portraying Cicero in Literature, Culture, and Politics: From Ancient to Modern Times . Bua . Giuseppe La . 2022-02-21 . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG . 978-3-11-074888-8 . en.
72. Book: Peer, Ayelet . Julius Caesar's Bellum Civile and the Composition of a New Reality . 2016-03-09 . Routledge . 978-1-317-11002-6 . 173 . en.
73. Web site: Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino - Wikisource . 2022-08-21 . la.wikisource.org . la.
74. Book: Cicero, Marcus Tullius . Pro Marcello.
75. Book: Cicero, Marcus Tullius . For Milo.
76. Book: Geffcken . Katherine A. . Rome and Her Monuments: Essays on the City and Literature of Rome in Honor of Katherine A. Geffcken . Dickison . Sheila Kathryn . Hallett . Judith P. . 2000 . Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers . 978-0-86516-457-4 . 447 . en.
77. Book: Griffiths, John D. . The Spirit as Gift in Acts: The Spirit's Empowerment of the Early Jesus Community . 2022-02-28 . BRILL . 978-90-04-50443-1 . 75 . en.
78. Book: Müller, Veronika . Julian von Aeclanum – Ad Florum liber primus: Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar . 2022-02-14 . BRILL . 978-90-04-51069-2 . 579 . de.
79. [C. D. Yonge]
80. Marcus Tullius Cicero Cicero's Speech Pro Rabirio Postumo. Oxford University Press, 2001
81. 2006. Kaster, R.A. Cicero: Speech on Behalf of Publius Sestius. Oxford University Press.
82. Book: Cicero, Marcus Tullius . How to Tell a Joke: An Ancient Guide to the Art of Humor . 2021-03-30 . Princeton University Press . 978-0-691-21107-7 . 179 . en.
83. Rutledge, Imperial Inquisitions, p. 243
84. Book: Adkins . Lesley . Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome . Adkins . Roy A. . Adkins . Both Professional Archaeologists Roy A. . 2014-05-14 . Infobase Publishing . 978-0-8160-7482-2 . 239 . en.
85. Book: Heslin, Peter . The Museum of Augustus: The Temple of Apollo in Pompeii, the Portico of Philippus in Rome, and Latin Poetry . 2015-05-01 . Getty Publications . 978-1-60606-421-4 . 246 . en.
86. Book: Jones, Nathaniel B. . Painting, Ethics, and Aesthetics in Rome . 2019-01-24 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-108-34970-3 . 115 . en.
87. Book: Josephus . Flavius . The Death of Caligula: Josephus Ant. Iud. Xix 1-273, Translation and Commentrary . Wiseman . T. P. . 2013 . Oxford University Press . 978-1-84631-964-8 . 112 . en.
88. Book: Berg, Christopher S. van den . The World of Tacitus' Dialogus de Oratoribus . 2014-09-11 . Cambridge University Press . 978-1-107-02090-0 . 125–141 . en.
89. Book: The Theatre of Justice: Aspects of Performance in Greco-Roman Oratory and Rhetoric . 2017-03-20 . BRILL . 978-90-04-34187-6 . 194 . en.
90. Book: Andrus, R. Blain . Lawyer: A Brief 5,000-year History . 2009 . American Bar Association . 978-1-60442-598-7 . 414 . en.
91. Book: Sorek, Susan . Ancient Historians: A Student Handbook . 2012-04-26 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 978-1-4411-1135-7 . 74 . en.
92. Book: Dillon . Matthew . Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook . Garland . Lynda . 2013-10-28 . Routledge . 978-1-136-76143-0 . 270 . en.