List of amphibians of Vermont explained

The list of amphibians of Vermont includes amphibian species living in the US state of Vermont. The list does not include species found only in captivity. The Vermont state amphibian is the northern leopard frog.^[1]

Salamanders (Urodela)

Newts (Pleurodelinae)

Family: Salamandridae

• Eastern (red-spotted) newt, Notophthalmus viridescens^{[2] [3]}
  The eastern newt is fairly common^[4] almost statewide, but requires large mosaics of interconnected hardwoods and wetlands.^[5]

Advanced salamanders (Salamandroidea)

Family: Ambystomatidae

• Blue-spotted salamander, Ambystoma laterale^{[6] [7]}
  The blue-spotted salamander, which hybridizes with the Jefferson salamander, is an uncommon species of special concern in Vermont.^[8]
• Jefferson salamander, Ambystoma jeffersonianum^{[9] [10]}
  The Jefferson salamander, which hybridizes with the blue-spotted salamander, is a rare species of special concern in Vermont.
• Spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum^{[11] [12]}
  The spotted salamander is a Species of Greatest Conservation Need as identified in the Vermont Wildlife Action Plan.
• Marbled salamander, Ambystoma opacum^{[13] [4]}
  The marbled salamander is considered unconfirmed in the state of Vermont.^[4] There is a historic reference to one in Fair Haven, and a historic photo of one with Vermont written on the back of the photo, but with no details on date or location. Marbled salamanders have been found just across the Connecticut River from Vernon (in New Hampshire), and approximately 6 miles south of Vernon in Massachusetts, and may be found in Vermont at some point in the future.^[13]

Aquatic salamanders

Family: Proteidae

• Common mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus^{[14] [15]}
  The mudpuppy is a rare (imperiled) species at a high risk of extinction or extirpation in Vermont; it is a Species of Greatest Conservation Need as identified in the Vermont Wildlife Action Plan.^[16]

Lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae)

Family: Plethodontidae

• Eastern red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus^{[17] [18]}
  The eastern red-backed is found statewide, and is the most abundant salamander in Vermont.^[19]
• Four-toed salamander, Hemidactylium scutatum^{[20] [21]}
  The four-toed salamander is rare in Vermont.^[22]
• Northern dusky salamander, Desmognathus fuscus^{[23] [24]}
• Northern two-lined salamander, Eurycea bislineata^{[25] [26]}
• Spring salamander, Gyrinophilus porphyriticus^{[27] [28]}
  The spring salamander is uncommon (vulnerable) in the state of Vermont.^[4]
• Allegheny Mountain dusky salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus^{[29] [30]}
  The Allegheny Mountain dusky salamander has been reported in Vermont, but insufficient documentation exists to confirm its presence in the state.^[4]

Frogs (Anura), including toads

Frogs

Family: Hylidae

• Boreal chorus frog, Pseudacris maculata^{[31] [32]}
  They were historically found in Grand Isle and Franklin counties in northwest Vermont, but have not been seen or heard since 1999.^[31]
• Gray treefrog, Dryophytes versicolor^{[33] [34]}

Family: Ranidae

• American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus.^{[35] [36]} Rana catesbeiana^[37]
• Green frog, Lithobates clamitans,^{[38] [39]} Rana clamitans^[40]
• Mink frog, Lithobates septentrionalis,^{[41] [42]} Rana septentrionalis^[43]
  Uncommon in Vermont, occurring mostly in the northeastern part of the state.^[44]
• Northern leopard frog, Lithobates pipiens,^{[45] [46]} Rana pipiens^[47]
  The northern leopard frog is the Vermont state amphibian.^[1]
• Pickerel frog, Lithobates palustris,^{[48] [49]} Rana palustris^[50]
  The pickerel frog is the only poisonous frog native to Vermont.^{[51] [52]}
• Spring peeper, Pseudacris crucifer^{[53] [54]}
  Spring peepers are very common in Vermont.^[55]
• Wood frog, Lithobates sylvaticus^{[56] [57]}
  Wood frogs are very common in Vermont and have been found in almost every town.^[56]

Toads

Family: Bufonidae

• American toad, Anaxyrus americanus^{[58] [59]}
• Fowler's toad, Anaxyrus fowleri ^{[60] [61]}
  Fowler's toad is very rare in Vermont, and has been found only in the southern Connecticut River Valley.^[60]

See also

• List of birds of Vermont
• List of mammals of Vermont
• List of reptiles of Vermont
• List of regional amphibians lists
• List of prehistoric amphibians
• Amphibian classification
• List of amphibians
• AmphibiaWeb

References

• Book: Conant . Roger . Collins . Josepth T. . Roger Conant (herpetologist) . Joseph T. Collins . 1991 . 1958 . Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern and Central North America . Peterson Field Guides . Boston, Massachusetts . Houghton Mifflin Company . 0-395-58389-6. Alt URL
• Book: Tyning, Thomas F. . Thomas F. Tyning . 1990 . A Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles . Stokes Nature Guides . Boston, Massachusetts . Little, Brown and Company . 978-0-316-81713-4. Alt URL
• Web site: 2019-08-25 . vtfishandwildlife.com . . Amphibian & Reptile SGCN Conservation Reports Wildlife Action Plan 2015 . Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife . 2024-07-01 . 2023-08-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230809023126/https://vtfishandwildlife.com/sites/fishandwildlife/files/documents/About%20Us/Budget%20and%20Planning/WAP2015/A1.-Amphibian-%26-Reptile-SGCN-(2015).pdf . live.
• Web site: 2022-12-27 . vtfishandwildlife.com . . Rare and Uncommon Animals of Vermont 2022 . Vermont Department of Fish and Wildlife . 2024-07-07 . 2024-07-07 . https://archive.today/20240707182517/https://vtfishandwildlife.com/sites/fishandwildlife/files/documents/Learn%20More/Library/REPORTS%20AND%20DOCUMENTS/NONGAME%20AND%20NATURAL%20HERITAGE/ENDANGERED,%20THREATENED%20AND%20RARE%20SPECIES%20LISTS/Rare%20and%20Uncommon%20Animals%20of%20Vermont.pdf . live.

External links

• Web site: Amphibians Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department . https://archive.today/20240627005142/https://vtfishandwildlife.com/learn-more/vermont-critters/amphibians . 2024-06-27 . vtfishandwildlife.com. 2024-06-26.
• Web site: The Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . https://archive.today/20240627004337/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/ . 2024-06-27 . vtherpatlas.org. 2024-06-26.
• Web site: AmphibiaWeb . https://archive.today/20210501164529/https://amphibiaweb.org/ . 2021-05-01 . amphibiaweb.web. 2024-06-26.
• Web site: The Vermont Atlas of Life . https://archive.today/20240702140512/https://val.vtecostudies.org/ . 2024-07-02 . vtecostudies.org. 2024-07-02.
• Web site: Calls of Frogs and Toads of the Northeast . https://archive.today/20240627005513/https://musicofnature.com/calls-of-frogs-and-toads-of-the-northeast/ . 2024-06-27 . musicofnature.com . 2024-06-26.
• Web site: Frogs and Toads of Vermont . https://archive.today/20240627010317/https://gonefroggin.com/2016/09/26/frogs-and-toads-of-vermont/ . 2024-06-27 . gonefroggin.com . September 26, 2016 . 2024-06-26.
• Web site: Living Amphibians - Frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, and caecilians . https://archive.today/20130415234536/http://tolweb.org/Living_Amphibians/14997 . 2013-04-15 . tolweb.org . 2024-07-04.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Vermont Laws - 1 V.S.A. § 511. State Amphibian . 1998-04-21 . Vermont Statutes Online . 2024-07-05 . 2024-06-26 . https://archive.today/20240626162415/https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/01/011/00511 . live.
2. Web site: Eastern Newt - Notophthalmus viridescens . 2017-06-05 . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-07-05 . 2024-06-21 . https://archive.today/20240621210538/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/notopthalmus-viridescens/ . live.
3. Web site: Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) . 2024-06-25 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-06 . 2024-07-06 . https://archive.today/20240706214646/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796783 . live.
4. Web site: Reptiles and Amphibians of Vermont . Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department . 2022-03-13 . 2024-07-05 . 2024-06-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240624221319/https://vtfishandwildlife.com/sites/fishandwildlife/files/documents/Learn%20More/Library/REPORTS%20AND%20DOCUMENTS/NONGAME%20AND%20NATURAL%20HERITAGE/SPECIES%20LISTS/Reptiles%20and%20Amphibians%20of%20Vermont.pdf . live.
5. Web site: Eastern Newt . Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department . 2024-07-05 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624203753/https://vtfishandwildlife.com/learn-more/vermont-critters/amphibians/eastern-newt . live.
6. Web site: Blue-spotted Salamander - Ambystoma laterale . 2017-06-05 . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-21 . 2024-06-21 . https://archive.today/20240621205457/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/ambystoma-laterale/ . live.
7. Web site: Blue-spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) . 2021-01-13 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-06-26 . 2024-06-26 . https://archive.today/20240626164407/https://val.vtecostudies.org/projects/vermont-vernal-pool-atlas/blue-spotted-salamander-ambystoma-laterale/ . live.
8. Web site: Blue-Spotted Salamander . Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624202804/https://vtfishandwildlife.com/learn-more/vermont-critters/amphibians/blue-spotted-salamander . live.
9. Web site: Jefferson Salamander – Ambystoma jeffersonianum . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2017-06-05 . 2024-06-21 . 2024-06-21 . https://archive.today/20240621200502/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/ambystoma-jeffersonianum/ . live.
10. Web site: Jefferson Salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) . 2024-04-26 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-06-28 . 2024-06-28 . https://archive.today/20240628215529/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796813 . live.
11. Web site: Spotted Salamander - Ambystoma maculatum . 2017-06-05 . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624153444/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/ambystoma-maculatum/ . live.
12. Web site: Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) . 2024-06-04 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-06-28 . 2024-06-28 . https://archive.today/20240628215448/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796814 . live.
13. Web site: Marbled Salamander - Ambystoma opacum . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2017-08-27 . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624161606/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/ambystoma-opacum/ . live.
14. Web site: Mudpuppy - Necturus maculosus . 2017-06-05 . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-21 . 2024-06-21 . https://archive.today/20240621224103/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/necturus-maculosus/ . live.
15. Web site: Mudpuppy (Necturus maculosus) . 2022-09-10 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-07 . 2024-07-07 . https://archive.today/20240707114831/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796788 . live.
16. Web site: Substantial Mudpuppy Mortality Observed During Lamoille River Sea Lamprey Treatment . 2009-11-02 . Lake Champlain Committee (LCC) . 2024-07-01 . 2024-07-01 . https://archive.today/20240701161534/https://www.lakechamplaincommittee.org/learn/news/item/substantial-mudpuppy-mortality-observedbr-during-lamoille-river-sea-lamprey-treatment/ . live.
17. Web site: Eastern Red-backed Salamander - Plethodon cinereus . 2017-06-05 . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-21 . 2024-06-21 . https://archive.today/20240621212551/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/plethodon-cinereus/ . live.
18. Web site: Eastern Red-Backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) . 2024-06-24 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-02 . 2024-07-02 . https://archive.today/20240702134941/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796795 . live.
19. Web site: Eastern Red-Backed Salamander . Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department . 2024-07-04 . 2024-07-04 . https://archive.today/20240704115706/https://vtfishandwildlife.com/learn-more/vermont-critters/amphibians/eastern-red-backed-salamander . live.
20. Web site: Hemidactylium scutatum – Four-toed Salamander . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-21 . 2024-06-21 . https://archive.today/20240621213244/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/hemidactylium-scutatum/ . live.
21. Web site: Four-Toed Salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum) . 2024-05-14 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-02 . 2024-07-02 . https://archive.today/20240702134941/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796795 . live.
22. Web site: Slow Down for Frogs and Salamanders . Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department . 2024-07-02 . 2024-07-02 . https://archive.today/20240702134514/https://vtfishandwildlife.com/press-releases/slow-down-frogs-and-salamanders . live.
23. Web site: Desmognathus fuscus – Northern Dusky Salamander . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-22 . 2024-06-22 . https://archive.today/20240622011015/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/desmognathus-fuscus/ . live.
24. Web site: Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus) . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-06-22 . 2024-07-03 . 2024-07-03 . https://archive.today/20240703125649/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796806 . live.
25. Web site: Eurycea bislineata – Northern Two-lined Salamander . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-22 . 2024-06-22 . https://archive.today/20240622220936/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/eurycea-bislineata/ . live.
26. Web site: Northern Two-Lined Salamander (Eurycea bislineata) . 2024-06-15 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-04 . 2024-07-04 . https://archive.today/20240704121948/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796792 . live.
27. Web site: Gyrinophilus porphyriticus – Spring Salamander . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-22 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624153611/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/gyrinophilus-porphyriticus/ . live.
28. Web site: Spring Salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus). 2024-05-06 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-04 . 2024-07-04 . https://archive.today/20240704122131/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796803 . live.
29. Web site: Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Cope, 1859) Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander . AmphibiaWeb . 2024-07-05 . 2023-11-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231130211152/https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Desmognathus&where-species=ochrophaeus&account=mol . live.
30. Web site: Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander - Desmognathus ochrophaeus . 1962-01-01 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705225424/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796808 . live.
31. Web site: Pseudacris maculata – Boreal Chorus Frog . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624172753/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/pseudacris-maculata/ . live.
32. Web site: Boreal Chorus Frog (Pseudacris maculata) . 1999-01-01 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-04 . 2024-07-04 . https://archive.today/20240704214902/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796841 . live.
33. Web site: Hyla versicolor – Gray Treefrog . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624174146/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/hyla-versicolor/ . live.
34. Web site: Gray Treefrog Dryophytes versicolor . 2024-06-23 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-04 . 2024-07-04 . https://archive.today/20240704232740/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=205170366 . live.
35. Web site: Lithobates catesbeianus – American Bullfrog . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624164114/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/lithobates-catesbeianus/ . live.
36. Web site: American Bull Frog Lithobates catesbeianus . 2024-06-14 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705175956/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796825 . live.
37. Web site: AmphibiaWeb - Rana catesbeiana (Shaw, 1802) American Bullfrog, Bullfrog . 2023-04-09 . AmphibiaWeb . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705180237/https://amphibiaweb.org/species/4999 . live.
38. Web site: Green Frog - Lithobates clamitans . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624175424/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/lithobates-clamitans/ . live.
39. Web site: Green Frog Lithobates clamitans . 2024-06-23 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705182711/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796820 . live.
40. Web site: AmphibiaWeb - Rana clamitans (Latreille, 1801) Bronze Frog, Cow Frog, Brown Frog . 2022-05-21 . AmphibiaWeb . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705183109/https://amphibiaweb.org/species/5009 . live.
41. Web site: Mink Frog - Lithobates septentrionalis . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-07-07 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624192310/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/lithobates-septentrionalis/ . live.
42. Web site: Mink Frog Lithobates septentrionalis . 2024-06-23 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705190413/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796833 . live.
43. Web site: Rana septentrionalis (Baird, 1854) Mink Frog . 2001-02-21 . AmphibiaWeb . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705191459/https://amphibiaweb.org/species/5148 . live.
44. Web site: Lithobates septentrionalis – Mink Frog . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624192310/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/lithobates-septentrionalis/ . live.
45. Web site: Lithobates pipiens – Northern Leopard Frog . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624192734/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/lithobates-pipiens/ . live.
46. Web site: Northern Leopard Frog Lithobates pipiens . 2024-06-21 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705204802/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796818 . live.
47. Web site: Rana pipiens (Schreber, 1782) Northern Leopard Frog . 2024-06-09 . AmphibiaWeb . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705205339/https://amphibiaweb.org/species/5126 . live.
48. Web site: Lithobates palustris – Pickerel Frog . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624193303/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/lithobates-palustris/ . live.
49. Web site: Pickerel Frog Lithobates palustris . 2024-06-22 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705212114/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796831 . live.
50. Web site: Rana palustris (LeConte, 1825) Pickerel Frog . 2023-10-23 . AmphibiaWeb . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705212824/https://amphibiaweb.org/species/5121 . live.
51. Web site: Lithobates palustrisPickerel Frog . 2019 . Animal Diversity Web . 2024-07-08 . 2024-07-08 . https://archive.today/20240708185630/https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lithobates_palustris/ . live.
52. Web site: Frogs Across North America: A Species Exploration . 2023-11-27 . Nature Roamer . 2024-07-08 . 2024-07-08 . https://archive.today/20240708190142/https://natureroamer.com/frog-species-north-america/ . live.
53. Web site: Pseudacris crucifer – Spring Peeper . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624193534/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/pseudacris-crucifer/ . live.
54. Web site: Spring Peeper - Pseudacris crucifer . 2024-06-23 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705220617/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796838 . live.
55. Web site: Spring Peeper . Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624204422/https://vtfishandwildlife.com/learn-more/vermont-critters/amphibians/spring-peeper . live.
56. Web site: Lithobates sylvaticus – Wood Frog . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624193944/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/lithobates-sylvaticus/ . live.
57. Web site: Wood Frog - Lithobates sylvaticus . 2024-05-14 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705232220/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796827 . live.
58. Web site: Anaxyrus americanus – American Toad . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624171402/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/anaxyrus-americanus/ . live.
59. Web site: American Toad - Anaxyrus americanus . 2024-06-24 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-05 . https://archive.today/20240705234527/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796848 . live.
60. Web site: Anaxyrus fowleri – Fowler's Toad . Vermont Reptile and Amphibian Atlas . 2024-06-24 . 2024-06-24 . https://archive.today/20240624173422/https://www.vtherpatlas.org/herp-species-in-vermont/anaxyrus-fowleri/ . live.
61. Web site: Fowler's Toad - Anaxyrus fowleri . 2015-01-01 . Vermont Center for Ecostudies . 2024-07-05 . 2024-07-06 . https://archive.today/20240706000553/https://val.vtecostudies.org/species-profile/?taxonKey=160796847 . live.