List of amphibians of Sri Lanka explained

Sri Lanka is a tropical island situated close to the southern tip of India. It is situated in the middle of Indian Ocean. Because of being an island, Sri Lanka has rich endemic terrestrial and freshwater fauna, including vertebrates and several invertebrates.

Amphibian

Amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates of the class Amphibia. They have soft glandular skin and live in all habitats of the world except for the ice caps. They complete an amphibious lifestyle where larval stages live in water and adults live on or closer to land. With their complex reproductive needs and permeable skins, amphibians are often ecological indicators.

Sri Lanka is host to over 120 species of amphibians, of which over 90 species are endemic to the country.[1] The 85% of endemicity ratio makes Sri Lanka the country which has the highest amphibian endemism in Asia.[2] During the past decade many more new amphibians have been found in Sri Lanka.[3]

The first amphibian review in Sri Lanka in 1957 identified 35 species.[4] In 1996 the number of amphibian species rose to 53 based on research of museum collections and also a field survey. More than 250 species were proposed based on this field survey by Rohan Pethiyagoda and Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi in 1998. However Madhava Meegaskumbura et al. revised the number to around 140 species,[5] and the discovery of over "new" 100 species has been criticised.[6] As at 2019, 122 descriptions of amphibian species have been published, with 113 endemics.[7] [8] Three caecilian species has been identified with one undescribed species.

Sri Lanka harbours three endemic genera, Adenomus, Nannophrys, and Lankanectes. Most of the new species are of the genus Philautus which was assigned to genus Pseudophilautus recently. Hence, there are no amphibians of the genus Philautus (sensu stricto) in Sri Lanka. Pseudophilautus pardus and P. maia, the species known only from collections made prior to 1876 are described as new species in 2007, but both are extinct.[9] In April 2015, Mendis Wickrremasinghe et al. described another endemic Pseudophilautus species P. dilmah. In January 2019, the new species, P. conniffae was discovered in southern Sri Lanka.[10]

Sri Lanka has the highest percentage of extinct and threatened amphibian species in Asia. In the 20th century the country has lost 20% of its amphibians and more than half of the remaining species are on the verge of extinction. Of the world's 34 amphibian fauna that have gone extinct in the last 500 years, 19 are from Sri Lanka. Habitat loss is attributed as the main cause of threats while fragmentation, use of pesticides, and air pollution are among others.

Amphibian diversity of Sri Lanka

Order Gymnophiona: caecilians

Common nameSpecies(authority)EndemicityStatus
Family Ichthyophiidae: Asiatic tailed caecilians
Ceylon caecilianIchthyophis glutinosus
(Linnaeus, 1758)		Endemic[108]
Pattipola caecilianIchthyophis orthoplicatus
Taylor, 1965		Endemic[109]
Lesser yellow-banded caecilianIchthyophis pseudangularis
Taylor, 1965		Endemic[110]

Notes and References

  1. Book: The 2007 Red List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka. IUCN Sri Lanka and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources. Colombo, Sri Lanka . 2007. 3. Species richness of inland and marine fauna in Sri Lanka . 978-955-8177-63-1. http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/RL-548.7-003.pdf.
  2. Web site: The state of amphibians in Sri Lanka. iucn.org. IUCN. 29 March 2010. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100430055046/http://www.iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/asia/regional_activities/asian_amphibian_crisis/sri_lanka/. 30 April 2010. dmy-all.
  3. Book: The fauna of Sri Lanka: status of taxonomy, research and conservation. Bambaradeniya, Channa N.B.. IUCN Sri Lanka and Government of Sri Lanka. 2006. 125–131. 978-955-8177-51-8.
  4. Web site: Diversification of Shrub Frogs (Rhacophoridae, Pseudophilautus) in Sri Lanka – Timing and Geographic Context. 23 November 2018. Novataxa. 3 February 2019.
  5. Meegaskumbura. M.. Bossuyt, F. . Pethiyagoda, R. . Manamendra-Arachchi, K. . Bahir, M. . Milinkovitch, M. C. . Schneider, C. J. . 2002. Sri Lanka: An Amphibian Hot Spot. Science. 12376694. 298. 5592. 379. 10.1126/science.298.5592.379. 10.1.1.477.4345.
  6. Chaitra. M. S.. Vasudevan, Karthikeyan . Shanker, Kartik . 10 April 2004. The biodiversity bandwagon: the splitters have it. Current Science. 86. 7. 897.
  7. Web site: Biodiversity of Sri Lanka: Amphibians of Sri Lanka.
  8. Web site: A new frog species from rapidly dwindling cloud forest streams of Sri Lanka—Lankanectes pera . Zootaxa 4461(4):519-538. 25 August 2018.
  9. Meegaskumbura. Madhava. Manamendra-Arachchi, Kelum . Schneider, Christopher J. . Pethiyagoda, Rohan . 25 January 2007. New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus). Zootaxa. 1397. 1–15. 1175-5326. 10.11646/zootaxa.1397.1.1.
  10. Description of a new species of Pseudophilautus (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae) from southern Sri Lanka . 2019 . Journal of Threatened Taxa. 10.11609/jott.3903.11.1.13120-13131 . 30 January 2019. Udugampala . Sampath . De Silva . Madura . Batuwita . Sudesh . 11 . 13120–13131 . 92521317 . free .
  11. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Adenomus kandianus . 2020 . e.T80161781A80161555 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T80161781A80161555.en . 20 November 2021.
  12. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Adenomus kelaartii . 2020 . e.T54459A156577899 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T54459A156577899.en . 20 November 2021.
  13. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Duttaphrynus kotagamai . 2020 . e.T54683A156578105 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T54683A156578105.en . 20 November 2021.
  14. Peter Paul van Dijk. Djoko Iskandar. Michael Wai Neng Lau. Gu Huiqing. Geng Baorong. Lue Kuangyang. Chou Wenhao. Yuan Zhigang. Bosco Chan. Sushil Dutta. etal. 2004. Duttaphrynus melanostictus . 28 March 2010 .
  15. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Duttaphrynus noellerti . 2020 . e.T54716A156578206 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T54716A156578206.en . 20 November 2021.
  16. Sushil Dutta, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi . 2004 . Duttaphrynus scaber . 2004 . e.T54753A11199889 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T54753A11199889.en . 20 November 2021.
  17. Muhammad Sharif Khan. Theodore Papenfuss. Steven Anderson. Nasrullah Rastegar-Pouyani. Sergius Kuzmin. Sushil Dutta. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi. Mozafar Sharifi . 2008. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis . 28 March 2010 .
  18. Sushil Dutta, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi . 2004 . Euphlyctis hexadactylus . 2004 . e.T58263A11758707 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58263A11758707.en . 20 November 2021.
  19. Anand Padhye, Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Anslem de Silva, Sushil Dutta, Tej Kumar Shrestha, Sabitry Bordoloi . 2004 . Hoplobatrachus crassus . 2004 . e.T58298A11754703 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58298A11754703.en . 20 November 2021.
  20. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Nannophrys ceylonensis . 2020 . e.T58389A156580160 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58389A156580160.en . 20 November 2021.
  21. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Nannophrys guentheri . 2020 . e.T58390A156580255 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58390A156580255.en . 20 November 2021.
  22. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Nannophrys marmorata . 2020 . e.T58391A156580316 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58391A156580316.en . 20 November 2021.
  23. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Nannophrys naeyakai . 2020 . e.T135839A156588497 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T135839A156588497.en . 20 November 2021.
  24. Annemarie Ohler. Muhammad Sharif Khan. Peter Paul van Dijk. Guinevere Wogan. Sushil Dutta. Robert Inger. Tej Kumar Shrestha. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi. Anslem de Silva . 2004. Sphaerotheca breviceps . 28 March 2010 .
  25. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Sushil Dutta . 2004 . Sphaerotheca rolandae . 2004 . e.T58759A11838218 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58759A11838218.en . 20 November 2021.
  26. Nelsoon Annandale . 1919. Fejervarya syhadrensis . 28 March 2010 .
  27. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Minervarya greenii . 2020 . e.T58271A156579645 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58271A156579645.en . 20 November 2021.
  28. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Minervarya kirtisinghei . 2020 . e.T58274A156579783 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58274A156579783.en . 20 November 2021.
  29. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Microhyla karunaratnei . 2020 . e.T57883A156578570 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57883A156578570.en . 20 November 2021.
  30. Dutta, S. . Kumar Shrestha, T. . Manamendra-Arachchi, K. . Khan, M.S. . Roy, D. . 2008 . Microhyla ornata . 2008 . e.T57886A11686884 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T57886A11686884.en . 20 November 2021.
  31. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Microhyla zeylanica . 2020 . e.T57895A156578682 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57895A156578682.en . 20 November 2021.
  32. Inger, R.F. . Gour-Broome, V.A. . Manamendra-Arachchi, K. . de Silva, A. . Dutta, S. . 2016 . Uperodon taprobanicus . 2016 . e.T57858A91639191 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T57858A91639191.en . 20 November 2021.
  33. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Uperodon nagaoi . 2020 . e.T57988A156578796 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57988A156578796.en . 20 November 2021.
  34. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Uperodon obscurus . 2020 . e.T57989A156578879 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57989A156578879.en . 20 November 2021.
  35. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Uperodon palmatus . 2020 . e.T57990A156578985 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T57990A156578985.en . 20 November 2021.
  36. Dutta, S. . Manamendra-Arachchi, K. . 2016 . Uperodon variegatus . 2016 . e.T57992A91636474 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T57992A91636474.en . 20 November 2021.
  37. Das, I.. Dutta, S.. Manamendra-Arachchi, K.. de Silva, A.. Sharif Khan, M.. 2004. Uperodon systoma . 28 March 2010 .
  38. S.D. Biju. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi. Sushil Dutta. Robert Inger. Anslem de Silva . 2004. Hylarana aurantiaca . 28 March 2010 .
  39. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Hydrophylax gracilis . 2020 . e.T58604A156580612 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58604A156580612.en . 20 November 2021.
  40. S.D. Biju. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi. Sushil Dutta. Robert Inger. Anslem de Silva . 2004. Hylarana temporalis . 28 March 2010 .
  41. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Lankanectes corrugatus . 2020 . e.T58324A156580051 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58324A156580051.en . 20 November 2021.
  42. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda . 2004 . Pseudophilautus abundus . 2004 . e.T58808A11842427 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58808A11842427.en . 20 November 2021.
  43. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus adspersus . 2020 . e.T58811A156580927 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58811A156580927.en . 20 November 2021.
  44. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus alto . 2020 . e.T58813A156580985 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58813A156580985.en . 20 November 2021.
  45. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda . 2004 . Pseudophilautus asankai . 2004 . e.T58817A11844490 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58817A11844490.en . 20 November 2021.
  46. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus auratus . 2020 . e.T58819A156581200 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58819A156581200.en . 20 November 2021.
  47. Web site: Species New to Science: [Herpetology • 2013] Eight new species of Pseudophilautus (Anura, Rhacophoridae) from Sripada World Heritage Site (Peak Wilderness), a local amphibian hotspot in Sri Lanka . 13 March 2013 .
  48. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus caeruleus . 2020 . e.T58825A156581378 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58825A156581378.en . 20 November 2021.
  49. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus cavirostris . 2020 . e.T58828A156581504 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58828A156581504.en . 20 November 2021.
  50. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus cuspis . 2020 . e.T58833A156581648 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58833A156581648.en . 20 November 2021.
  51. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2016 . Pseudophilautus decoris . 2016 . e.T58834A89262191 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T58834A89262191.en . 20 November 2021.
  52. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus dimbullae . 2020 . e.T58835A156581915 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58835A156581915.en . 20 November 2021.
  53. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus eximius . 2020 . e.T58839A156581975 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58839A156581975.en . 20 November 2021.
  54. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus extirpo . 2020 . e.T58840A156582033 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58840A156582033.en . 20 November 2021.
  55. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus femoralis . 2020 . e.T58841A3074747 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58841A3074747.en . 20 November 2021.
  56. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus fergusonianus . 2020 . e.T58842A156582091 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58842A156582091.en . 20 November 2021.
  57. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus folicola . 2020 . e.T58844A156582199 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58844A156582199.en . 20 November 2021.
  58. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus frankenbergi . 2020 . e.T61879A156587559 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61879A156587559.en . 20 November 2021.
  59. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus fulvus . 2020 . e.T58845A156582328 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58845A156582328.en . 20 November 2021.
  60. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus hallidayi . 2020 . e.T61881A168621767 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61881A168621767.en . 20 November 2021.
  61. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus halyi . 2020 . e.T58852A156582452 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58852A156582452.en . 20 November 2021.
  62. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda . 2004 . Pseudophilautus hoipolloi . 2004 . e.T58853A11849871 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58853A11849871.en . 20 November 2021.
  63. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus hypomelas . 2020 . e.T58855A156582620 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58855A156582620.en . 20 November 2021.
  64. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus leucorhinus . 2020 . e.T58862A156582678 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58862A156582678.en . 20 November 2021.
  65. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus limbus . 2020 . e.T58863A156582739 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58863A156582739.en . 20 November 2021.
  66. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus lunatus . 2020 . e.T58866A156582876 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58866A156582876.en . 20 November 2021.
  67. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Anslem de Silva . 2004 . Pseudophilautus macropus . 2004 . e.T58868A11850902 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58868A11850902.en . 20 November 2021.
  68. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi . 2020 . e.T58869A156583167 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58869A156583167.en . 20 November 2021.
  69. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus microtympanum . 2020 . e.T58874A156583227 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58874A156583227.en . 20 November 2021.
  70. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus mittermeieri . 2020 . e.T61883A156587986 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61883A156587986.en . 20 November 2021.
  71. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus mooreorum . 2020 . e.T61884A156588104 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61884A156588104.en . 20 November 2021.
  72. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus nanus . 2020 . e.T58877A156583351 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58877A156583351.en . 20 November 2021.
  73. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus nasutus . 2020 . e.T58878A156583411 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58878A156583411.en . 20 November 2021.
  74. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus nemus . 2020 . e.T58879A156583469 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58879A156583469.en . 20 November 2021.
  75. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus ocularis . 2020 . e.T58881A156583593 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58881A156583593.en . 20 November 2021.
  76. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus . 2020 . e.T58883A156583754 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58883A156583754.en . 20 November 2021.
  77. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2014 . Pseudophilautus papillosus . 2014 . e.T58885A60794336 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58885A60794336.en . 20 November 2021.
  78. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Sushil Dutta, Anslem de Silva . 2004 . Pseudophilautus pleurotaenia . 2004 . e.T58888A11844130 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58888A11844130.en . 20 November 2021.
  79. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus poppiae . 2020 . e.T61887A156588228 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61887A156588228.en . 20 November 2021.
  80. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus popularis . 2020 . e.T58889A156584101 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58889A156584101.en . 20 November 2021.
  81. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2014 . Pseudophilautus procax . 2014 . e.T58890A60795712 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T58890A60795712.en . 20 November 2021.
  82. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus regius . 2020 . e.T58892A156584384 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58892A156584384.en . 20 November 2021.
  83. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Anslem de Silva, Deepthi Wickramasinghe . 2004 . Pseudophilautus reticulatus . 2004 . e.T58893A11845497 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58893A11845497.en . 20 November 2021.
  84. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus rugatus . 2020 . e.T58895A156584657 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58895A156584657.en . 20 November 2021.
  85. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus rus . 2020 . e.T58896A156584717 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58896A156584717.en . 20 November 2021.
  86. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus sarasinorum . 2020 . e.T58898A156584820 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58898A156584820.en . 20 November 2021.
  87. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda, Anslem de Silva, Deepthi Wickramasinghe . 2004 . Pseudophilautus schmarda . 2004 . e.T58900A11852110 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58900A11852110.en . 20 November 2021.
  88. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus semiruber . 2020 . e.T58901A156585096 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58901A156585096.en . 20 November 2021.
  89. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus silus . 2020 . e.T58904A156585162 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58904A156585162.en . 20 November 2021.
  90. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus silvaticus . 2020 . e.T58933A156585895 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58933A156585895.en . 20 November 2021.
  91. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus simba . 2020 . e.T58905A156585290 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58905A156585290.en . 20 November 2021.
  92. Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi, Rohan Pethiyagoda . 2004 . Pseudophilautus sordidus . 2004 . e.T58908A11854118 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58908A11854118.en . 20 November 2021.
  93. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus stellatus . 2020 . e.T58919A156585610 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58919A156585610.en . 20 November 2021.
  94. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus steineri . 2020 . e.T61888A156588404 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61888A156588404.en . 20 November 2021.
  95. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus stictomerus . 2020 . e.T58920A156585668 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58920A156585668.en . 20 November 2021.
  96. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus stuarti . 2020 . e.T61889A3108421 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T61889A3108421.en . 20 November 2021.
  97. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus temporalis . 2020 . e.T58924A156585775 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58924A156585775.en . 20 November 2021.
  98. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus variabilis . 2020 . e.T58931A156585835 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58931A156585835.en . 20 November 2021.
  99. IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus viridis . 2020 . e.T58934A156586080 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58934A156586080.en . 20 November 2021.
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