Indonesia has 673 airports in 2013, ranging from grand international airports to modest unpaved airstrips on remote islands or inland interior areas located throughout the archipelago.[1] [2] Most of them operated by Transportation Ministry technical operation units and state-owned PT Angkasa Pura I & II. Based on the 2009 Aviation Law, the government had to transfer air navigation service management from airport operators to a non-profit institution by January 2012 to improve Air traffic services (ATS).[3]
Location served | Province | ICAO | IATA | Airport name | Coordinates | Airport Status | Named after | Reference |
---|
, Madura and outlying islands |
Bawean | East Java | WARW | BXW | Harun Thohir Airport | -5.7236°N 112.6792°W | Civillian | Harun Thohir, a National Hero of Indonesia, honoured for his role in the MacDonald House bombing in Singapore on 10 March 1965. | [4] |
Bandung | West Java | WICC | BDO | Husein Sastranegara Airport | -6.9006°N 107.5764°W | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Husein Sastranegara, Indonesian Air Force pioneer. | |
WICA | KJT | Kertajati International Airport | 6°39'06.4"S 108°09'27.6"E | Civillian | | |
| East Java | WADY | BWX | Banyuwangi Airport formerly Blimbingsari Airport | -8.31°N 114.3403°W | Civillian | | |
Cepu | Central Java | WARC | CPF | Ngloram Airport | -7.1947°N 111.5481°W | Civillian | | |
Cirebon | West Java | WICD | CBN | Cakrabhuwana Airport formerly Penggung Airport | -6.7561°N 108.5397°W | Civillian | | |
Cilacap | Central Java | WAHL | CXP | Tunggul Wulung Airport | -7.645°N 109.0342°W | Civillian | | |
Jakarta | Special Capital Region of Jakarta | WIHH | HLP | Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport | -6.2664°N 106.8911°W | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Halim Perdanakusuma, Indonesian airman and National Hero of Indonesia. | |
Banten | WIII | CGK | Soekarno–Hatta International Airport | -6.1256°N 106.6558°W | Civillian | Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta, founding fathers of Indonesia. | |
Jember | East Java | WARE | JBB | Notohadinegoro Airport | -8.2411°N 113.6939°W | Civillian | | |
Karimunjawa | Central Java | WAHU | KWB | | -5.8011°N 110.4786°W | Civillian | Dewandaru, a tree endemic to Karimunjawa | |
Kediri | East Java | WARD | DHX | | | Civillian | | |
Malang | East Java | WARA | MLG | Abdul Rachman Saleh Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Abdul Rahman Saleh, physician and aviator | |
| West Java | WICN | – | Cijulang Nusawiru Airport | -7.72°N 108.4886°W | Civillian | | |
| Central Java | WAHP | PWL | Jenderal Besar Soedirman Airport formerly Wirasaba Airport | -7.4617°N 109.4167°W | Civillian | | |
Semarang | Central Java | WAHS | SRG | Jenderal Ahmad Yani Airport | -6.9714°N 110.3742°W | Civillian / Military (TNI-AD) | Ahmad Yani, former Commander of the Indonesian Army | |
South Tangerang | Banten | WIHP | PCB | Pondok Cabe Airport | -6.337°N 106.765°W | Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) | | |
Sumenep | East Java | WART | SUP | Trunojoyo Airport | -7.0243°N 113.8902°W | Civillian | Trunajaya, Madurese nobleman | |
Surabaya | East Java | WARR | SUB | Juanda International Airport | -7.3797°N 112.7869°W | Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) | Juanda Kartawijaya, politician and former prime minister | http://www.juanda-airport.com/ |
Surakarta | Central Java | WAHQ | SOC | Adisumarmo Airport formerly Panasan Airport | -7.5161°N 110.7569°W | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Adi Sumarmo Wiryokusumo, Indonesian Air Force pioneer, | [5] |
| Banten | WIRR | RTO | Budiarto Airport | | Civillian | | |
Tasikmalaya | West Java | WICM | TSY | Wiriadinata Airport | -7.3466°N 108.2461°W | Civillian | Wiriadinata, notable Paskhas commander. | |
Yogyakarta | Special Region of Yogyakarta | WAHH | JOG | Adisutjipto Airport formerly Maguwo Airport | -7.7881°N 110.4317°W | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Agustinus Adisutjipto, Indonesian Air Force officer | http://www.adisutjipto-airport.com/ |
WAHI | YIA | Yogyakarta International Airport | | Civillian | | http://yogyakarta-airport.co.id/ |
and outlying islands |
Banda Aceh | Aceh | WITT | BTJ | Sultan Iskandar Muda International Airport formerly Blangbintang Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Iskandar Muda, Sultan of Aceh | [6] |
Bandar Lampung | Lampung | WILL | TKG | Radin Inten II Airport formerly Branti Airport | | Civillian | Radin Inten II, Lampungese nobleman | |
Batam | Riau Islands | WIDD | BTH | Hang Nadim International Airport | | Civillian | Hang Nadim, Johor-Riau warrior | http://www.hangnadim-airport.com/ |
Batu Islands | North Sumatra | WIMO | LSE | Lasondre Airport | | Civillian | | [7] |
Bengkulu | Bengkulu | WIGG | BKS | Fatmawati Soekarno Airport formerly Padangkemiling Airport | | Civillian | Fatmawati, former First Lady of Indonesia, third wife of the first president of Indonesia, Sukarno | |
Blangpidie | Aceh | — | KJX | Blangpidie Airport | | Civillian | | |
Dabo | Riau Islands | WIDS | SIQ | Dabo Airport | | Civillian | | |
Dumai | Riau | WIBD | DUM | Pinang Kampai Airport | | Civillian | | |
| Bengkulu | — | — | Enggano Airport | | Civillian | | |
Gunung Sitoli | North Sumatra | WIMB | GNS | Binaka Airport | | Civillian | | |
| Jambi | WIJJ | DJB | Sultan Thaha Airport formerly Palmerah Airport | | Civillian | | |
Jemaja Island | Riau Islands | WIDL | LMU | Letung Airport | | Civillian | | |
Kerinci | Jambi | WIPH | KRC | Depati Parbo Airport | | Civillian | | |
Krui | Lampung | — | TFY | Muhammad Taufiq Kiemas Airport | | Civillian | Taufiq Kiemas, politician and former speaker of the People's Consultative Assembly | |
Kutacane | Aceh | WILD | LSR | Alas Leuser Airport | | Civillian | | |
Lhokseumawe | Aceh | WITM | LSW | Malikus Saleh Airport | | Civillian | | |
Lubuklinggau | South Sumatra | WIPB | LLJ | | | Civillian | | |
Matak | Riau Islands | WIOM | MWK | Matak Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) | | |
Medan | North Sumatra | WIMM | KNO | Kualanamu International Airport | | Civillian | | |
Meulaboh | Aceh | WITC | MEQ | | | Civillian | Cut Nyak Dhien, leader of the Acehnese guerrilla forces during the Aceh War | |
Muara Bungo | Jambi | WIPI | BUU | Muara Bungo Airport | | Civillian | | |
Mukomuko | Bengkulu | WIPU | MPC | Mukomuko Airport | | Civillian | | |
Padang | West Sumatra | WIEE | PDG | Minangkabau International Airport | | Civillian | Minangkabau people, the natives of West Sumatra | |
Padang Sidempuan | North Sumatra | WIME | AEG | Aek Godang Airport
| | Civillian | | [8] |
Pagar Alam | South Sumatra | WIPY | PXA | Atung Bungsu Airport | | Civillian | | |
Palembang | South Sumatra | WIPP | PLM | Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport formerly Talang Betutu Airport | | Civillian | Mahmud Badaruddin II, last Sultan of Palembang | https://web.archive.org/web/20190713071831/https://www.bandarasmb2.com/ |
Pangkal Pinang | Bangka–Belitung Islands | WIPK | PGK | Depati Amir Airport | | Civillian | | |
Pasir Pengaraian | Riau | WIDE | PPR | Tuanku Tambusai Airport | | Civillian | | |
Pekanbaru | Riau | WIBB | PKU | Sultan Syarif Kasim II International Airport formerly Simpang Tiga Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Syarif Kasim II, last Sultan of Siak | [9] |
Ranai | Riau Islands | WION | NTX | Ranai Airport formerly Raden Sadjad Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AL, TNI-AU) | | |
Rengat | Riau Islands | WIBJ | RGT | Japura Airport | | Civillian | | |
Sabang | Aceh | WIAB | SBG | Maimun Saleh Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) | Maimun Saleh, former Indonesian Air Force pilot | |
Sibolga | North Sumatra | WIMS | FLZ | Ferdinand Lumban Tobing Airport formerly Pinangsori Airport | | Civillian | Ferdinand Lumbantobing, former Indonesian minister and Governor of North Sumatra | |
Siborong-Borong | North Sumatra | WIMN | DTB | Sisingamangaraja XII Airport formerly Silangit Airport | | Civillian | Sisingamangaraja XII, Batak leader | [10] |
| North Sumatra | WIMP | SIW | Sibisa Airport | | Civillian | | [11] |
Simpang Ampek | West Sumatra | — | — | Pusako Anak Nagari Airport | | Civillian | | |
Sinabang | Aceh | WITG | LKI | Lasikin Airport | | Civillian | | |
Singkil | Aceh | — | — | Syekh Hamzah Fansyuri Airport | | Civillian | | |
Sipora | West Sumatra | WIBR | RKI | | | Civillian | | |
Sungai Pakning | Riau | WIBS | SEQ | Sei Pakning Airport | | Civillian | | |
Takengon | Aceh | WITK | TXE | | | Civillian | | |
Tanjung Balai Karimun | Riau Islands | WIBT | TJB | Raja Haji Abdullah Airport formerly Sei Bati Airport | | Civillian | | |
Tanjung Pandan | Bangka–Belitung Islands | WIKT | TJQ | H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin Airport formerly Buluh Tumbang Airport | | Civillian | H.A.S. Hanandjoeddin, Indonesian Air Force pioneer and former regent of the Belitung Regency | |
Tanjung Pinang | Riau Islands | WIDN | TNJ | Raja Haji Fisabilillah Airport formerly Kijang Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AL) | | [12] |
Tembilahan | Riau | — | — | Tempuling Airport | | Civillian | | |
and outlying islands |
Balikpapan | East Kalimantan | WALL | BPN | Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan International Airport formerly Sepinggan Airport | | Civillian | | https://web.archive.org/web/20190301105008/http://www.sepingganairport.com/ |
Banjarmasin | South Kalimantan | WAOO | BDJ | Syamsudin Noor Airport formerly Ulin Airport | | Civillian | Syamsudin Noor, Indonesian Air Force officer from South Kalimantan | http://syamsudinnoorairport.net/ |
Batulicin | South Kalimantan | WAOC | BTW | Batu Licin Airport | | Civillian | | |
Berau | East Kalimantan | WAQT | BEJ | | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AD) | | |
Bontang | East Kalimantan | WALC | BXT | | | Civillian | | |
Derawan Islands | East Kalimantan | WAQC | RTU | Maratua Airport | | Civillian | | |
Ketapang | West Kalimantan | WIOK | KTG | | | Civillian | Rahadi Osman, West Kalimantan freedom fighter | |
| South Kalimantan | WAOK | KBU | Gusti Syamsir Alam Airport formerly Stagen Airport | | Civillian | | |
Kuala Pembuang | Central Kalimantan | WAGF | KLP | Seruyan Kuala Pembuang Airport | | Civillian | | |
Long Apung | North Kalimantan | WAQL | LPU | | | Civillian | | |
Long Bawan | North Kalimantan | WAQJ | LBW | Juvai Semaring Airport | | Civillian | | |
| East Kalimantan | WALJ | DTD | | | Civillian | | |
Malinau | North Kalimantan | WALM | LNU | Robert Atty Bessing Airport | | Civillian | | |
Melak | East Kalimantan | WALE | GHS | West Kutai Melalan Airport
| | Civillian | | |
Muara Teweh | Central Kalimantan | WAGB | HMS | Haji Muhammad Sidik Airport | | Civillian | | |
Nanga Pinoh | West Kalimantan | WIOG | NPO | Nanga Pinoh Airport | | Civillian | | |
Nunukan | North Kalimantan | WAQA | NNX | Nunukan Airport
| | Civillian | | |
Palangkaraya | Central Kalimantan | WAGG | PKY | Tjilik Riwut Airport formerly Panarung Airport | | Civillian | Tjilik Riwut, Indonesian Air Force officer and former Governor of Central Kalimantan | |
Pangkalanbun | Central Kalimantan | WAGI | PKN | | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Iskandar, paratrooper from Central Kalimantan | |
Pontianak | West Kalimantan | WIOO | PNK | Supadio Airport formerly Sungai Durian Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Lieutenant Colonel Supadio, an Indonesian Air Force officer | [13] |
Putussibau | West Kalimantan | WIOP | PSU | | | Civillian | | |
| | WALS | AAP | Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto Airport | | Civillian | APT Pranoto, Kutai nobleman and first governor of East Kalimantan | |
Sampit | Central Kalimantan | WAGS | SMQ | H. Asan Airport
| | Civillian | | |
Singkawang | West Kalimantan | WIOD | SKJ | | | Civillian | | |
Sintang | West Kalimantan | WIOS | SQG | Tebelian Airport | | Civillian | | |
Tanjung Selor | North Kalimantan | WAQD | TJS | Tanjung Harapan Airport
| | Civillian | | |
Tarakan | North Kalimantan | WAQQ | TRK | Juwata Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | | |
and outlying islands |
Ampana | Central Sulawesi | WAFU | OJU | Tanjung Api Airport | | Civillian | | |
Baubau | Southeast Sulawesi | WAWB | BUW | Betoambari Airport | | Civillian | | |
Buol | Central Sulawesi | WAFY | UOL | Pogogul Airport | | Civillian | | |
| Gorontalo | WAMG | GTO | Djalaluddin Airport formerly Tolotio Airport | | Civillian | | |
Kendari | Southeast Sulawesi | WAWW | KDI | Haluoleo Airport formerly Wolter Monginsidi Airport | | Civillian | | |
Kolaka | Southeast Sulawesi | WAWP | KXB | Sangia Nibandera Airport | | Civillian | Raja Sangia Nibandera, first king of the Mekongga tribe (indigenous people of Kolaka) | |
Luwuk | Central Sulawesi | WAFW | LUW | Syukuran Aminuddin Amir Airport formerly Bubung Airport | | Civillian | | |
Makassar | South Sulawesi | WAAA | UPG | Sultan Hasanuddin International Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | | http://www.hasanuddin-airport.com/ |
Mamuju | West Sulawesi | WAAJ | MJU | Tampa Padang Airport | | Civillian | | |
Manado | North Sulawesi | WAMM | MDC | Sam Ratulangi International Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Sam Ratulangi, Minahasa politician | [14] |
Masamba | South Sulawesi | WAWN | MXB | Andi Jemma Airport | | Civillian | | |
Miangas | North Sulawesi | WAMS | — | Miangas Airport | | Civillian | | |
Melonguane | North Sulawesi | WAMN | MNA | Melangguane Airport | | Civillian | | |
Morowali | Central Sulawesi | WAFO | MOH | Maleo Airport | | Civillian | | [15] |
Palu | Central Sulawesi | WAFF | PLW | Mutiara SIS Al-Jufrie Airport formerly Masovu Airport | | Civillian | Sayyid Idrus bin Salim Al-Jufri, Central Sulawesi religious figure | |
Poso | Central Sulawesi | WAMP | PSJ | Kasiguncu Airport | | Civillian | | |
Palopo | South Sulawesi | WAFD | LLO | Bua Airport formerly Lagaligo Airport | | Civillian | | |
Raha | Southeast Sulawesi | WAWR | RAQ | Sugimanuru Airport | | Civillian | | |
Sangihe | North Sulawesi | WAMH | NAH | Naha Airport | | Civillian | | |
Seko | South Sulawesi | WAFN | SKO | Seko Airport | | Civillian | | |
Selayar | South Sulawesi | WAWH | KSR | H. Aroeppala Airport | | Civillian | | |
Soroako | South Sulawesi | WAWS | SQR | Soroako Airport | | Civillian | | |
Tana Toraja | South Sulawesi | WAFB | TRT | Toraja Airport formerly Buntu Kunik Airport | | Civillian | | |
| Southeast Sulawesi | WAWD | WNI | Matahora Airport | | Civillian | | |
|
Alor Island | East Nusa Tenggara | WATM | ARD | Alor Island Airport formerly Mali Airport | | Civillian | | |
Atambua | East Nusa Tenggara | WATA | ABU | A. A. Bere Tallo Airport formerly Haliwen Airport | | Civillian | | |
Bima | West Nusa Tenggara | WADB | BMU | Sultan Muhammad Salahuddin Airport formerly Palibelo Airport | | Civillian | | |
Buleleng | Bali | WADE | WSN | Lt. Col. Wisnu Airfield | | Civillian | I Gusti Putu Wisnu, Balinese freedom fighter | |
Denpasar | Bali | WADD | DPS | I Gusti Ngurah Rai International Airport | | Civillian | I Gusti Ngurah Rai, Balinese military leader during National Revolution | http://www.ngurahrai-airport.co.id/ |
Ende | East Nusa Tenggara | WATE | ENE | H. Hasan Aroeboesman Airport formerly Ippi Airport | | Civillian | H. Hasan Aroeboesman, last king of Ende and first regent of Ende | |
Kupang | East Nusa Tenggara | WATT | KOE | El Tari Airport formerly Penfui Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AL, TNI-AU) | El Tari, former governor of East Nusa Tenggara | |
Larantuka | East Nusa Tenggara | WATL | LKA | Gewayantana Airport | | Civillian | | |
Labuan Bajo | East Nusa Tenggara | WATO | LBJ | Komodo International Airport formerly Mutiara II Airport | | Civillian | Komodo Dragon, a large species of lizard found in the Indonesian islands of Komodo | |
Lewoleba | East Nusa Tenggara | WATW | LWE | Wonopito Airport | | Civillian | | |
Mataram | West Nusa Tenggara | WADL | LOP | Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airport | | Civillian | Zainuddin Abdul Madjid, Indonesian ulama from Lombok | |
Maumere | East Nusa Tenggara | WATC | MOF | Frans Xavier Seda Airport formerly Wai Oti Airport | | Civillian | Frans Seda, former Indonesian minister | |
Rote | East Nusa Tenggara | WATR | RTI | David Constantijn Saudale Airport formerly Lekunik Airport | | Civillian | | |
Ruteng | East Nusa Tenggara | WATG | RTG | Frans Sales Lega Airport formerly Satar Tacik Airport | | Civillian | | |
Sabu | East Nusa Tenggara | WATS | SAU | Tardamu Airport | | Civillian | | |
Sumbawa Besar | West Nusa Tenggara | WADS | SWQ | Sultan Muhammad Kaharuddin III Airport formerly Brangbiji Airport | | Civillian | Muhammad Kaharuddin III, last Sultan of Sumbawa and first Regent of Sumbawa | |
Tambolaka | East Nusa Tenggara | WATK | TMC | Lede Kalumbang Airport formerly Tambolaka Airport | | Civillian | | |
Waingapu | East Nusa Tenggara | WATU | WGP | Umbu Mehang Kunda Airport formerly Mau Hau Airport | | Civillian | | |
|
Amahai | Maluku | WAPA | AHI | Amahai Airport | | Civillian | | |
Ambon | Maluku | WAPP | AMQ | Pattimura Airport formerly Laha Airport | | Civillian | Pattimura, a National Hero of Indonesia | [16] |
Banda | Maluku | WAPC | NDA | Bandanaira Airport | | Civillian | | |
Benjina | Maluku | WAPK | BJK | Nangasuri Aru Airport | | Civillian | | |
Buli | North Maluku | WAEM | PGQ | Buli Airport | | Civillian | | |
Dobo | Maluku | WAPD | DOB | Rar Gwamar Airport | | Civillian | | |
Galela | North Maluku | WAEG | GLX | Gamar Malamo Airport | | Civillian | | |
Kao | North Maluku | WAEK | KAZ | Kuabang Airport | | Civillian | | [17] [18] |
Kisar | Maluku | WATQ | KSX | John Becker Airport | | Civillian | | |
Labuha | North Maluku | WAEL | LAH | Oesman Sadik Airport | | Civillian | | [19] |
Moa | Maluku | — | JIO | Jos Orno Imsula Airport | | Civillian | | |
Morotai | North Maluku | WAMR | OTI | Leo Wattimena Airport formerly Pitu Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AU) | Leo Wattimena, Indonesian Air Force Air vice-marshal | |
Namlea | Maluku | WAPR | NAM | Namlea Airport | | Civillian | | |
Namrole | Maluku | WAPG | NRE | Namrole Airport | | Civillian | | |
Sanana | North Maluku | WAPN | SQN | Emalamo Airport | | Civillian | | |
Saumlaki | Maluku | WAPS | SXK | Mathilda Batlayeri Airport | | Civillian | | |
Ternate | North Maluku | WAEE | TTE | Sultan Babullah Airport | | Civillian | Babullah, 7th Sultan of Ternate, and a National Hero of Indonesia | |
Tual | Maluku | WAPF | LUV | Karel Sadsuitubun Airport | | Civillian | | |
Western New Guinea and outlying islands |
Agats | South Papua | — | EWE | Ewer Airport | | Civillian | | |
Anggi | West Papua | — | AGD | Anggi Airport | | Civillian | | |
Ayawasi | Southwest Papua | WASA | AYW | Ayawasi Airport | | Civillian | | |
Babo | West Papua | WASO | BXB | Babo Airport | | Civillian | | |
Biak | Papua | WABB | BIK | Frans Kaisiepo Airport | | Civillian / Military (TNI-AL, TNI-AU) | Frans Kaisiepo, Papuan nationalist and former Governor of Papua | [20] |
Bintuni | West Papua | WASB | NTI | Steenkool Airport | | Civillian | | [21] |
Bokondini | Highland Papua | WAJB | BUI | Bokondini Airport | | Civillian | | |
Dekai | Highland Papua | WAVD | DEX | Nop Goliat Dekai Airport | | Civillian | | |
Enarotali | Central Papua | WAYE | EWI | Enarotali Airport | | Civillian | | |
Fakfak | West Papua | WASF | FKQ | Fakfak Torea Airport | | Civillian | | |
Jayapura | Papua | WAJJ | DJJ | Dortheys Hiyo Eluay International Airport formerly Sentani Airport | | Civillian | Theys Eluay, Papuan politician and former leader of Papua Presidium Council | |
Kaimana | West Papua | WASK | KNG | Utarom Airport | | Civillian | | |
Manokwari | West Papua | WAUU | MKW | Rendani Airport | | Civillian | | |
Merauke | South Papua | WAKK | MKQ | Mopah Airport | | Civillian | | |
Nabire | Central Papua | WABI | NBX | Douw Aturure Airport | | Civillian | | |
Noemfoor | Papua | — | FOO | | | Civillian | | |
Oksibil | Highland Papua | WAJO | OKL | Oksibil Airport | | Civillian | | |
Sorong | Southwest Papua | WASS | SOQ | | | Civillian | Domine Eduard Osok, pastor from Sorong | |
Serui | Papua | ZRI | WABO | Stevanus Rumbewas Airport | | Civillian | Stevanus Rumbewas, Indonesian Navy officer from Serui | |
Tanahmerah | South Papua | WAKT | TMH | Tanah Merah Airport | | Civillian | | |
Timika | Central Papua | WABP | TIM | Moses Kilangin Airport | | Civillian | | |
Waisai | Southwest Papua | WASN | RJM | Marinda Airport | | Civillian | | |
Wamena | Highland Papua | WAVV | WMX | Wamena Airport | | Civillian | | |
Wasior | West Papua | WASW | WSR | Wasior Airport | | Civillian | | [22] |
Werur | Southwest Papua | WAJY | WRR | Werur Airport | | Civillian | | | |