The following is a partial list of adjectival forms of place names in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these places.
Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms.The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (French: -oise / French: aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (French: -oises / French: aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by replacing the "-o" with "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.
Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g., the adjective Czech does not qualify).
Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)
Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds. (See List of words derived from toponyms.)__TOC__
See main article: List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies.
Entries in italics are continental regions (taking as reference the 7 continents model).
| Name | Adjective | Demonym | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Afro-Eurasia | Afro-Eurasian | Afro-Eurasians | |
| African | Africans | ||
| Eurasia | Eurasian | Eurasians | |
| Asia | Asian | Asians | |
| Middle East | Middle Eastern | Middle Easterners | |
| European | Europeans | ||
| Americas | American | Americans | |
| North American | North Americans | ||
| Caribbean | Caribbean | Caribbeans | |
| West Indies | West Indian | West Indians | |
| Central America | Central American | Central Americans | |
| Northern America | Northern American | Northern Americans | |
| South American | South Americans | ||
| Antarctic | Antarcticans | ||
| Oceania | Oceanian | Oceanians | |
| Australasia | Australasian | Australasians | |
| Australiaa | Australiana | Australiansa | |
| Zealandia | Zealandian | Zealandians | |
| Pacific Islands | Pacific Islands | Pacific Islanders | |
| aUsually used to identify specifically the Commonwealth of Australia or its people. | |||
See main article: Adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions.
See main article: List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations.
| State/territory | Adjective | Demonym | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Capital Territory | Canberran | Canberrans | |
| New South Wales | New South Welsh | New South Welshmen | |
| Northern Territory | Northern Territory | Northern Territorians, Territorians | |
| Queensland | Queensland | Queenslanders | |
| South Australia | South Australian | South Australians | |
| Tasmania | Tasmanian | Tasmanians | |
| Victoria | Victorian | Victorians | |
| Western Australia | Western Australian | Western Australians | |
| Acre (AC) | Acrean | |
| Alagoas (AL) | Alagoan | |
| Amapá (AP) | Amapaense | |
| Amazonas (AM) | Amazonense | |
| Bahia (BA) | Bahian | |
| Ceará (CE) | Cearense | |
| Espírito Santo (ES) | Capixaba or Espiritossantense | |
| Federal District (DF) | Brasiliense | |
| Goiás (GO) | Goian | |
| Maranhão (MA) | Maranhense | |
| Mato Grosso (MG) | Matogrossense | |
| Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) | Sul-matogrossense | |
| Minas Gerais (MG) | Mineiran | |
| Pará (PA) | Paraense | |
| Paraíba (PB) | Paraiban | |
| Paraná (PR) | Paranaense | |
| Pernambuco (PE) | Pernambucan | |
| Piauí (PI) | Piauiense | |
| Rio de Janeiro (RJ) | Fluminense | |
| Rio Grande do Norte (RN) | Potiguar or Norte-riograndense | |
| Rio Grande do Sul (RS) | Gaúcho or Sul-riograndense | |
| Rondônia (RO) | Rondonian or Rondoniense | |
| Roraima (RR) | Roraimense | |
| Santa Catarina (SC) | Catarinense | |
| São Paulo (SP) | Paulista | |
| Sergipe (SE) | Sergipan | |
| Tocantins (TO) | Tocantinense |
| Province or Territory | Adjective | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Colloquial | |||
| Alberta (Province) | Albertan | Albertans | 'Bertans |
| British Columbia (Province) | British Columbian, BC | British Columbians | B.C.ers |
| Manitoba (Province) | Manitoban | Manitobans French: Manitobains m., Manitobaines f. | Tobans |
| New Brunswick (Province) | New Brunswick | New Brunswickers French: Néo-Brunswickois m., Néo-Brunswickoises f. | Herring Chokers |
| Newfoundland and Labrador (Province) | Newfoundland and Labrador | Newfoundlanders, Labradorians | Newfies/Newfs |
| Northwest Territories (Territory) | Northwest Territorian, NWT (also N.W.T.) | Northwest Territorians | |
| Nova Scotia (Province) | Nova Scotian | Nova Scotians French: Néo-Écossais m., Néo-Écossaises f. | Bluenoses, Bluenosers |
| Nunavut (Territory) | Nunavut | Nunavummiut (Nunavummiuq sing.) | |
| Ontario (Province) | Ontario | Ontarians French: Ontariens m., Ontariennes f. | |
| Prince Edward Island (Province) | Prince Edward Island, PEI, Island | Prince Edward Islanders, Islanders French: Prince-Édouardiens | |
| Quebec (Province) | Quebec French: québécois m., québécoise f. | Quebecers, Quebeckers, Québécois, Québécoise French: Québécois m., Québécoises f. | French: habitants, canadiens, canadien-francais |
| Saskatchewan (Province) | Saskatchewan | Saskatchewanians | Flat-landers |
| Yukon (Territory) | Yukon | Yukoners | Sourdoughs |
| State/territory | Adjective | Demonym | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baden-Württemberg (federated state) | Badisch Württembergisch Hohenzollerisch | Badener Württembergers | Badenser Swabians (Schwaben) | |
| Bavaria (federated state) | Bavarian | Bavarians | ||
| Berlin (federated state) | Berliners | |||
| Brandenburg (federated state) | Brandenburgish | Brandenburgers | ||
| Franconia | Franconian | Franconians | ||
| Free Hanseatic City of Bremen | ||||
| Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg | Hamburgish | Hamburgians | Hamburgers | |
| Hannover (ancient German state) | Hanoverian | Hanoverians | Hannoveraners | |
| Hesse (federated state) | Hessian | Hessians | ||
| Lower Saxony (federated state) | Lower Saxon | Lower Saxons | ||
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (federated state)
| Mecklenburgish Pomeranian | Mecklenburger Pomeranian | ||
North Rhine-Westphalia (federated state)
| North Rhine - Westphalian Rhenish Westphalian | North Rhine - Westphalians Rhinelanders Westphalian | ||
| Pomerania (ancient German territory) | Pomeranian | Pomeranians | ||
| Prussia (ancient German state) | Prussian | Prussians | ||
| Rhineland (area) | Rhenish | Rhinelanders | ||
Rhineland-Palatinate (federated state)
| Rhenish Palatine | Rhinelanders Palatines | Pfälzer | |
| Saarland (federated state) | Saarlanders | |||
| Saxony (federated state) | Saxon | Saxons | ||
Saxony-Anhalt (federated state)
| Saxon Anhaltish | Saxons Anhalters | ||
| Silesia (ancient German territory) | Silesian | Silesians | ||
Schleswig-Holstein (federated state)
| Schleswigish Holsteinish | Schleswigers Holsteiners | ||
| Swabia (South German area and ancient territory) | Swabian | Swabians | ||
| Thuringia (federated state) | Thuringian | Thuringians | ||
| Division | Adjective | Demonym | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Barisal Division | Barisali | Barisali (Borishali) | Barisailla (Borishailla) |
| Chittagong Division | Chittagonian | Chãtgaiya (Satgaiya) | Chittagainga (Sitainga) |
| Dhaka Division | Dhakai | Dhakaiya | Dhakaiya |
| Khulna Division | Khulnaiya | Khulnaiya | Khulnaiya |
| Mymensingh Division | Mymensinghiya | Mymensinghi | Mymensinghiya |
| Rajshahi Division | Rajshahiya | Rajshahiya (Rajshahiyo) | Rajshahiya |
| Rangpur Division | Rangpuri | Rangpuri (Rongpuri) | Rangpuri |
| Sylhet Division | Sylheti | Sylheti (Sileti) | Siloti |
| State / Territory | Adjective | Demonym | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joeean | Joeeans | Sorters | ||
| Kedahan | Kedahans | Northerners | ||
| Kelantanese | Kelantanese | East Coasters | ||
| Kuala Lumpurian | Kuala Lumpurians | Federal Territorians, KL-ites | ||
| Labuanese | Labuanese | Federal Territorians | ||
| Malaccan | Malaccans | |||
| Negeri Sembilanese | Negeri Sembilanese | Negrians | ||
| Pahangite | Pahangites | East Coasters | ||
| Penangite | Penangites | |||
| Perakian | Perakians | |||
| Perlisian | Perlisians | |||
| Putrajayan | Putrajayans | Federal Territorians | ||
| Sabahan | Sabahans | Borneans | ||
| Sarawakian | Sarawakians | Borneans | ||
| Selangorean | Selangoreans | |||
| Terengganu | Terengganuan | Terengganuans | East Coasters | |
| West Malaysia | West Malaysian | West Malaysians | Malayans | |
| East Malaysia | East Malaysian | East Malaysians | Borneans | |
See main article: States of Mexico.
| Federal entity | Adjective | Demonym | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydrocalid | Hidrocálido/-a, aguascalentense | |||
| Lower Californian | Bajacaliforniano/-a | |||
| South Lower Californian | Sudcaliforniano/-a | |||
| Campechan | Campechano/-a | |||
| Chiapan | Chiapaneco/-a | |||
| Chihuahuan | Chihuahuense | "Norteño/a" | ||
| Coahuilan | Coahuilense | |||
| Colimean | Colimense | |||
| Durangolese | Duranguense | |||
| Guanajuatean | Guanajuatense | |||
| Guerreran | Guerrerense | |||
| Hidalgolese | Hidalguense | |||
| Jaliscan | Jalisciense | |||
| Mexican | Mexiquense | |||
| Ciudad de México (México D.F.) (México Distrito Federal) (Mexico City) | Mexiqueño/-a, defeño/-a | |||
| Michoacanese | Michoacano/-a | |||
| Morelese | Morelense | |||
| Nayarita | Nayarita | |||
| New Leonese | Neoleonés, neoleonense | "Regio/a" | ||
| Oaxacan | Oaxaqueño/-a | |||
| Pueblan/Poblano | Poblano/-a | |||
| Queretan | Queretano/-a | |||
| Quintanaroan | Quintanarroense | |||
| Potosinian | Potosino/-a | |||
| Sinaloan | Sinaloense | |||
| Sonoran | Sonorense | |||
| Tabascan | Tabasqueño/-a | |||
| Tamaulipan | Tamaulipeco/-a | |||
| Tlaxcaltheque | Tlaxcalteco/ -a | |||
| Veracruzan | Veracruzano/-a | "Jarocho/a" | ||
| Yucatec/Yucatecan | Yucateco/-a | "Costeño/a" | ||
| Zacatecan | Zacatecano/-a | |||
| ||||
| Region/Island | Adjective | Demonym | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Auckland | Aucklanders | ||
| Bay of Plenty | Bay of Plentiers[1] | ||
| Canterbury | Cantabrians | ||
| Gisborne, East Coast | Gisbornians, East Coasters | ||
| Hawke's Bay | Hawke's Bayers | ||
| Manawatū-Whanganui Region | Manawatū-Whanganui, Manawatu, Wanganui | Manawatū-Whanganuians, Manawatuans, Whanganuians | |
| Marlborough | Marlburians | ||
| Nelson Region | Nelsonian | Nelsonians | |
| Northland | Northlanders | ||
| Otago Region | Otago | Otagoites, Otagoans | |
| Southland Region | Southland | Southlanders | |
| Taranaki Region | Taranaki | Taranakians | |
| Tasman | Tasmanites | ||
| Waikato Region | Waikato | Waikatoans | |
| Wellington, Wellingtonian | Wellingtonians | ||
| West Coast Region | West Coast | West Coasters | |
| North Island | North Island | North Islanders | |
| South Island | South Island / Mainland | South Islanders | |
| Stewart Island | Stewart Island, Rakiuran | Stewart Islanders, Rakiurans | |
| Chatham Islands | Chatham | Chatham Islanders | |
See main article: List of demonyms for Philippine provinces.
See main article: List of demonyms for U.S. states.
Regions tracing their origins (or otherwise referenced) in Greco-Roman antiquity [in cases where ancient regions are extant, this table is limited to cases where the present-day regional names retain their original/ancient form].
(References: Herodotus' "Histories"; Thucydides' "Peloponnesian War"; Pausanias' "Description of Greece"; Lemprière's Bibliotheca Classica; Leverett's 1838 edition of the "Lexicon of the Latin Language"; Freeman's "The History of Sicily..."; et al.)
| Name | Adjective | Demonym | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acarnanian | Acarnanians | |||
| Achaean | Achaeans | |||
| Aeginetan | Aeginetans | |||
| Aethaean | Aethaeans | |||
| Aetolian | Aetolians | |||
| Andalusian | Andalusians | |||
| Apulian | Apulians | |||
| Aquitanian | Aquitanians | |||
| Arcadian | Arcadians | |||
| Argive | Argives | |||
| Arretine | Arretines | |||
| Athenian | Athenians | |||
| Bactrian | Bactrians | |||
| Bavarian | Bavarians | |||
| Boeotian, Beotian | Boeotians, Beotians | |||
| Boius | Boii | |||
| Bosporan, Bosphoran | Bosporans, Bosphorans | |||
| (Bruttus ?), Bruttian | Brutti, Bruttians | |||
| Byzantine | Byzantines | |||
| Calabrian | Calabrians | |||
| Campanian | Campanians | |||
| Cantabrian | Cantabrians | |||
| Carian | Carians | |||
| Carthaginian | Carthaginians | |||
| Carystian | Carystians | |||
| Catalan, Catalonian | Catalans, Catalonians | |||
| Cephalonian | Cephalonians | |||
| Chalcidian | Chalcidians | |||
| Chiot | Chiots | |||
| Colchian | Colchians | |||
| Colossian | Colossians | |||
| Consentian | Consentians | |||
| Corcyrean | Corcyreans | |||
| Corsican | Corsicans | |||
| Cretan | Cretans | |||
| Crotonian | Crotonians | |||
| Cycladian | Cycladians | |||
| Cypriot, Cypriote | Cypriots, Cypriotes | |||
| Cyrenaic | Cyrenaics | |||
| Cyrenian | Cyrenians | |||
| Dacian | Dacians | |||
| Dalmatian | Dalmatians | |||
| Delian | Delians | |||
| Dodecanesian | Dodecanesians | |||
| Edonian | Edonians | |||
| Egestan | Egestans | |||
| Eleusian, Eleusinian | Eleusians, Eleusinians | |||
| Elian | Elians | |||
| Ephesian | Ephesians | |||
| Epidamnian | Epidamnians | |||
| Epidaurian | Epidaurians | |||
| Epirote | Epirotes | |||
| Eretrian | Eretrians | |||
| Etrurian, Etruscan | Etruscans | |||
| Euboean | Euboeans | |||
| Galatian | Galatians | |||
| Gallaecus | Gallaeci | |||
| Gaulish | Gauls | |||
| Germanic, Germanus | Germanic, Germani | |||
| Iberian | Iberians | |||
| Illyrian | Illyrians | |||
| Ionian | Ionians | |||
| Kalymnian | Kalymnians | |||
| Kaulonian | Kaulonians | |||
| Knossian | Knossians | |||
| Lakedaimonian or Lakedaemonian | Lakedaimonians or Lakedaemonians | |||
| Larissan | Larissans | |||
| Latin | Latins | |||
| Leontinian | Leontinians | |||
| Lesbian | Lesbians | |||
| Locrian | Locrians | |||
| Lucanian | Lucanians | |||
| Lydian | Lydians | |||
| Macedonian | Macedonians | |||
| Maeonian | Maeonians | |||
| Mantinean | Mantineans | |||
| Marathonian | Marathonians | |||
| Median | Medes, Medians | |||
| Megarian | Megarians | |||
| Melitian | Melitians | |||
| Melian | Melians | |||
| Mesopotamian | Mesopotamians | |||
| Messenian | Messenians | |||
| Milesian | Milesians | |||
| Methymnian | Methymnians | |||
| Moravian | Moravians | |||
| Mycenaean | Mycenaeans | |||
| Mytilenean | Mytileneans | |||
| Naupactian | Naupactians | |||
| Naxian | Naxians | |||
| Nisyrian | Nisyrians | |||
| Oean | Oeans | |||
| Olympian | Olympians | |||
| Oiniadan | Oiniadans | |||
| Orcadian | Orcadians | |||
| Paeonian | Paeonians | |||
| Pamphylian | Pamphylians | |||
| Parian | Parians | |||
| Patmian | Patmians | |||
| Peloponnesian | Peloponnesians | |||
| Pergamian | Pergamians | |||
| Persian | Persians | |||
| Philippian | Philippians | |||
| Phliasian | Phliasians | |||
| Phocian | Phocians | |||
| Phoenician | Phoenicians | |||
| Phrygian | Phrygians | |||
| Pisidian | Pisidians | |||
| Pontian | Pontians | |||
| Pylosian | Pylosians | |||
| Rhegian, Rhegine | Rhegians, Rhegines | |||
| Rhodian | Rhodians | |||
| Rhithymnian | Rhithymnians | |||
| Roman | Romans | |||
| Sabine | Sabines | |||
| Salaminian | Salaminians | |||
| Samnite | Samnites | |||
| Samian | Samians | |||
| Sardinian, Sardi | Sardinians, Sardi | |||
| Sardianus, Sardian | Sardiani, Sardians | |||
| Sarmatian, Sarmata, or Sauromata | Sarmatians, Sarmatae, or Sauromatae | |||
| Scytha, Scythian | Scythae, Scythians | |||
| Serrean | Serreans | |||
| Sere | Seres | |||
| Sicilian | Sicilians | |||
| Sicyonian | Sicyonian | |||
| Sidonian | Sidonians | |||
| Silesian | Silesians | |||
| Skopelitan | Skopelitans | |||
| Spartan | Spartans | |||
| Suebius | Suebi | |||
| Symian | Symians | |||
| Syracusan | Syracusans | |||
| Tarentine, Tarentumian | Tarentines, Tarentumians | |||
| Tegean | Tegeans | |||
| Tenedian | Tenedians | |||
| Tenedian | Tenedians | |||
| Thasian | Thasians | |||
| Theban | Thebans | |||
| Thespian | Thespians | |||
| Thessalian | Thessalians | |||
| Thracian | Thracians | |||
| Thriasian | Thriasians | |||
| Thuriat | Thuriats | |||
| Thurian | Thurians | |||
| Thynian | Thynians | |||
| Trichonian | Trichonians | |||
| Troezenian | Troezenians | |||
| Trojan | Trojans | |||
| Umbrian | Umbrians | |||
| Xanthian | Xanthians | |||
| Zakynthian | Zakynthians | |||
See main article: List of adjectivals and demonyms for former regions. Ancient civilizations, former colonies, renamed countries and regions, annexations, secessions, etc. (other than Greco-Roman, which see above).
| Name | Adjective | Demonym |
|---|---|---|
| Atlantean, Atlantine | Atlanteans, Atlantans | |
| Alorn | Alorns | |
| Andorian | Andorians | |
| Inhumans | ||
| Blefuscudian | Blefuscudians | |
| Argonian | Argonians, Saxhleel | |
| Bordurian | Bordurians | |
| Brobdingnagian | Brobdingnagians | |
| Laputian | Laputans | |
| Lilliputian | Lilliputians | |
| Cardassia Prime | Cardassians | |
| Cyrodilic | Cyrodil, Cyrods, Imperials | |
| Bajor | Bajoran | Bajorans, Bajora |
| Dorne | Dornish | Dornish |
| Khajiiti | Khajiit | |
| Ferenginar | Ferengi | |
| Fontainians | ||
| Gallifreyan | Gallifreyans | |
| Genoshan | Genoshans | |
| Redguard | Redguards | |
| Breton | Bretons | |
| Inazumans | ||
| Islandia | Islandian | Islandians |
| Khaenri'ahns | ||
| Kryptonian | Kryptonians | |
| Latverian | Latverians | |
| Luggnaggians | ||
| Mondstadters | ||
| Velothi, Dunmeri | The Dunmer, Dark Elves | |
| Narnian | Narnians | |
| Numenorean | Numenoreans, Dunedan (sg), Dunedain (pl) | |
| Daedric | Daedroth (sing), Daedra (pl) | |
| Orcish | The Orsimer, Orcs | |
| Oz | Ozian | Ozite[2] |
| Poictoumois | ||
| Qo'noS | Klingon | Klingons |
| Remus | Reman | Remans |
| Rohirric | Rohirrim | |
| Romulus | Romulans | |
| Skaroene, Skarosian | Skarosians | |
| Sudrian | Sudrians[3] | |
| Nordic, Norse | Nords | |
| Snezhnayans | ||
| Altmeri | The Altmer, High Elves | |
| Sontar | Sontaran | Sontarans |
| Syldavian | Syldavians | |
| Utopian | Utopians | |
| Wakandan | Wakandans | |
| Westerosi | Westerosi | |
| Bosmeri | The Bosmer, Wood Elves | |
| Vulcan, Vulcanian | Vulcans | |
See main article: List of United Kingdom county nicknames.
See main article: Adjectivals and demonyms for cities.