List of active Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ships explained

List of active ships of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is a list of ships in active service with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.The JMSDF is one of the world's largest navies and the second largest navy in Asia in terms of fleet tonnage.[1] As of 2024, the JMSDF operates a total of 155 vessels (including minor auxiliary vessels), including; four helicopter destroyers (or helicopter carriers), 36 destroyers, 5 frigates, six destroyer escorts (or frigates), 24 attack submarines, 30 mine countermeasure vessels, six patrol vessels, three landing ship tanks, 8 training vessels and a fleet of various auxiliary ships.[2] [3]

As of 2013, a procurement list added to the current National Defense Program Guidelines (NDPG) has revealed that, among other things, an additional 48 escort vessels of various classes are planned to be added to the MSDF fleet in the 2020s.[4] In addition, as of 7 July 2013, it was being reported that plans were under way to procure two more Aegis equipped destroyers in order to bolster ongoing BMD efforts, the first to be contracted for in fiscal year 2015 and the other in fiscal year 2016.[5]

Submarine fleet

Submarines

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.DisplacementNotes
Submarines (24 in service)
Oyashio-class9 Attack submarine (Diesel-electric)SS-59220002,750 tonnes (surfaced)
4,000 tonnes (submerged)		2 of 11 built converted to training ships (see Training Vessels below).
SS-5932001
SS-5942002
SS-5952003
SS-5962004
SS-5972005
SS-5982006
SS-5992007
SS-6002008
10Attack submarine (AIP sterling engine + lead-acid batteries)SS-50120092,900 tonnes (surfaced)
4,200 tonnes (submerged)		[6]
SS-5022010
SS-5032011
SS-5042012
SS-5052013
SS-5062015
SS-5072016
SS-5082017
SS-5092018
SS-5102019
2Attack submarine (AIP lithium-ion batteries)SS-5112020The JS Ōryū is the world's first submarine powered by lithium-ion batteries.[7]
SS-5122021
3 (+2 ordered, +2 planned)Attack submarine (AIP lithium ion)SS-51320223,000 tonnes (surfaced)Total planned of 7[8]
SS-5142023
SS-5152024

Surface fleet

Helicopter destroyers (de facto helicopter carrier/light aircraft carrier) - DDH/CVL

Officially classed as "helicopter destroyers", these vessels have a full-length flight deck helicopter carrier configuration.

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
DDH – Helicopter-carrying destroyers (4 in service)
2DDH(de facto helicopter carrier)DDH-181200919,000 tonnes[9]
DDH-1822011
2DDH(de facto light aircraft carrier)DDH-183201527,000 tonnesConverting into light aircraft carrier configuration to carry F-35B V/STOL fighters from the mid-2020s.[10] [11]
DDH-1842017

Landing ships

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
Landing ships - LST (3 in service)
3Landing ship tank (de facto Amphibious transport dock)LST 4001199814,000 tonnesClass upgraded to land Boeing MV-22s and carry the AAV7A1 Amphibious Assault Vehicles.[12] [13] [14]
LST 40022002
LST 40032003
Landing craft (15 in service)
6LCAC (air-cushioned landing craft)—LCAC-21011997182 tonnes2 carried with each ships [15] [16] [17]
—LCAC-21021997
—LCAC-21032001
—LCAC-21042001
—LCAC-21052002
—LCAC-21062002
7LCM (Landing craft mechanized)—YL-12—50 tonnes
—YL-13—
—YL-14—
—YL-15—
—YL-16—
—YL-17—
—YL-18—
1LCU (Landing craft utility)LCU-2002199250 tonnes decommissioned in 2022
1LCL (Landing craft lighters)—YL-119—200 tonnes

Destroyers - DDG/DD

The JMSDF uses the official term Destroyers despite some larger ships being analogous to cruisers and smaller vessels being analogous to frigates by most international classifications.[18]

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
Guided missiles destroyers - DDG (8 in service)
4DDG (Aegis)DDG-17319939,500 tonnes[19]
DDG-1741995
DDG-1751996
DDG-1761998
2DDG (Aegis)DDG-177200710,000 tonnes[20]
DDG-1782008
2DDG (Aegis)DDG-179202010,500 tonnes[21]
DDG-1802021
Destroyers - DD (28 in service)
8DDDD-15119885,200 tonnesBeing replaced by the [22]
DD-1521989
DD-1531989
DD-1541989
DD-1551990
DD-1561990
DD-1571990
DD-1581991
9DDDD-10119966,200 tonnes[23]
DD-1021997
DD-1031999
DD-1041999
DD-1052000
DD-1062000
DD-1072001
DD-1082002
DD-1092002
5DDDD-11020036,400 tonnes[24]
DD-1112003
DD-1122004
DD-1132005
DD-1142006
4DDDD-11520126,800 tonnes[25]
DD-1162013
DD-1172014
DD-1182014
2DDDD-11920186,800 tonnes[26]
DD-1202019

Frigate Multi-Purpose/Mine - FFM

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
Frigate Multi-Purpose/Mine - FFM (6 in Service)
6(+4 ordered +2 planned)FrigateFFM-120225,500 tonnesSuccessor of the and . [27] Designed for anti-submarine, anti-surface and anti-air warfare, as well as surveillance and minesweeping.

, launched, but still being fitted out. 12 instead of 22 are planned in total. A new design should make the 10 other ships.[28]

FFM-22022
FFM-32022
FFM-42023
FFM-52024
FFM-62024

Destroyer escorts - DE

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
Destroyer escorts - DE (6 in service)
6Destroyer escort (or frigate)DE-22919892,550 tonnesTo be replaced by the [29] [30]
DE-2301990
DE-2311991
DE-2321991
DE-2331993
DE-2341993

Mine countermeasure vessels

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
Mine countermeasure vessels (22 in service)
2Mine countermeasure support shipMST-46319976,850 tonnes[31]
MST-4641998
11MinesweeperMSC-6811999650 tonnes[32] 1 retired
MSC-6832000
MSC-6842001
MSC-6852002
MSC-6862003
MSC-6872003
MSC-6882004
MSC-6892005
MSC-6902005
MSC-6912006
MSC-6922007
3MinesweeperMSC-6012008650 tonnes[33]
MSC-6022009
MSC-6032010
3MinesweeperMSC-6042012650 tonnes
MSC-6052013
MSC-6062015
3(+1 ordered)MinesweeperMSO-3042017690 tonnes[34]
MSO-3052018
MSO-3062021

Patrol vessels

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
Patrol vessels (6 in service)
6Guided-Missile Patrol BoatPG-8242002240 tonnes[35]
PG-8252002
PG-8262003
PG-8272003
PG-8282004
PG-8292004

Surveillance ships

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
Surveillance ships (3 in service)
3(+1 ordered)Ocean surveillance shipAOS-520119912,896–3,861 tonnesEquipped with a AN/UQQ-2 Surveillance Towed Array Sensor System [36]
AOS-52021992
AOS-52032021

Training vessels

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.DisplacementNotes
Training submarine (2 in service)
Oyashio-class2Training attack submarine (Diesel-electric)TSS-3608 (former SS-590)Commissioned in 1998, converted in 20152,750 tonnes (surfaced)
4,000 tonnes (submerged)		[37]
TSS-3609 (former SS-590)Commissioned in 1999, converted in 2017
Training surface vessels (5 in service)
Kashima-class1Cadet training shipTV-350819954,050 tonnes
2Training guided-missile destroyersTV-3520 (former DDG-171)Commissioned in 1986, converted in 20206,100 tonnesConverted Hatakaze-class guided missile destroyer.
TV-3521 (former DDG-172)Commissioned in 1988, converted in 2021
Kurobe-class1Training support shipJS KurobeATS-420219892,590 tonnes
Tenryū-class1Training support shipJS TenryūATS-420320002,790 tonnes

Auxiliary fleet

Logistics

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
Replenishment ships (5 in service)
3Replenishment oilerAOE-422198715,000 tonnes[38]
AOE-4231990
AOE-4241990
2Replenishment oilerAOE-425200625,000 tonnes[39]
AOE-4262006
Oil tankers (2 in service)
YOT-01-class2Yard oiler tanker—YOT-0120226,000 tonnes[40]
—YOT-022022

Miscellaneous

ClassIn servicePictureTypeShipNo.Comm.DisplacementNotes
Experimental ships (1 in service)
Asuka-class1Experiment shipJS AsukaASE-610219956,300 tonnesPerformance confirmation tests for integrated navigation systems.
Training support ships (5 in service)
5Training support shipAMS-430120021,000 tonnes[41] Support training exercises of other ships, including shooting practice and torpedo launching practice.
AMS-43022004
AMS-43032004
AMS-43042008
AMS-43052008
Rescue vessels (2 in service)
Chihaya-class1Submarine rescue vesselJS ChihayaASR-40320007,000 tonnes[42] [43] [44]
Chiyoda-class1Submarine rescue vesselJS ChiyodaASR-40420187,200 tonnesJMSDF commissions new submarine rescue ship[45]
Disaster relief (1 in service)
Hashidate-class1Accommodation shipJS HashidateAYS-911999490 tonnesParticipates in disaster relief [46] [47]
Diving support vessels (6 in service)
6Diving support vessel—YDT-012000260 tonnesUsed for EOD missions. [48] [49]
—YDT-022000
—YDT-032001
—YDT-042001
—YDT-052003
—YDT-062003
Cable laying ship (1 in service)
Muroto-class1Cable laying shipJS MurotoARC-48320136,500 tonnes
Icebreaker (1 in service)
Shirase-class (2008)1IcebreakerJS ShiraseAGB-5003200920,000 tonnes[50] [51]
Research ships (3 in service)
1Oceanographic research shipJS WakasaAGS-510419863,200 tonnesFirst of the class retired in 2010
Nichinan -class1Oceanographic research shipJS NichinanAGS-510519994,500 tonnes[52] [53]
Shōnan-class1Oceanographic research shipJS ShōnanAGS-510620104,150 tonnes[54]

Future JMSDF vessels

Authorized projects

Authorized projects for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force include the ongoing construction of an improved AIP-type non-nuclear attack submarine class, the recapitalization of the JMSDF's frigate fleet units, and the acquisition of a pair of JMSDF-owned oil tankers and up to four amphibious transports, as well as the pending construction of a dozen next-generation offshore patrol vessels (OPV) and two "Aegis system equipped ships" (ASEV) to provide dedicated sea-based ballistic missile defense (BMD) coverage of the Japanese home islands to replace the cancelled Aegis Ashore land-based BMD system.

29SS submarines

See main article: Taigei-class submarine. This submarine class has a non-nuclear air-independent propulsion (AIP) propulsion plant using improved lithium-ion batteries for enhanced silencing and operational flexibility. These submarines will also have improved sonar and weapons systems. The lead ship Taigei will serve as a test bed for the rest of the class, allowing more rapid technical upgrades to the other submarines within this class.[55] [56]

Aegis system equipped ships (ASEV)

See main article: Aegis system equipped vessels (ASEV).

In 2020, Japanese Defense Minister Nobuo Kishi announced plans to build 2 new Aegis destroyers (pictured) to replace its scrapped land-based Aegis Ashore ballistic missile interceptors program.[57] On August 31, 2022, the Japan Ministry of Defense announced that JMSDF will operate two "Aegis system equipped ships" (イージス・システム搭載艦 in Japanese) to replace its earlier cancellation of the Aegis Ashore program, commissioning one ship by the end of fiscal year 2027, and the other by the end of FY2028. The budget for design and other related expenses are to be submitted in the form of “item requests”, without specific amounts, and the initial procurement of the lead items are expected to clear legislation by FY2023. Construction is to begin in the following year of FY2024.[58] [59] [60] [61]

13DDX Air Defence Destroyer

The Japanese Navy is designing a new generation of layered air-defence and information warfare destroyers. It will take concept elements from the (25DD) destroyer and the (30FFM) frigate. It is expected to be compact and stealthy as the 30FFM and as combat capable as the 25DD. It is planned for the early 2030s.[62]

30FFM frigates

See main article: Mogami-class frigate.

In August 2017, the Acquisition, Technology & Logistics Agency (ATLA) selected Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) and Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding (MES) as the prime contractor and subcontractor to construct the frigate. In addition, the agency also selected a completely new design of the vessel (30DX). The new ship class is set to replace the s and s.[63]

Amphibious transport vessels

See also: General Frank S. Besson-class support vessel.

At a press conference held on February 16, 2021, Defense Minister Nobuo Kishi announced that the Japan Self-Defense Force (JSDF) established a joint amphibious unit equipped with three new transport ships by 2024. These units will consist of one medium-sized Logistics Support Vessels (LSV) capable of carrying about 1700LT of cargo and three smaller Landing Craft Utility (LCUs) vessels with each capable of carrying 350LT of cargo and operating in shallow waters. Although the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) has been basically responsible for the operation of the vessels, these vessels will be operated by a joint unit as the focus is on supporting the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force (JGSDF) and other forces operating in remote Southwest Islands, including Okinawa.[64] [65] The JSDF activated Japan's first marine unit since World War II on April 7, 2018, and the marines of the Amphibious Rapid Deployment Brigade (ARDB) are trained to counter invaders from occupying Japanese islands along the edge of the East China Sea.[66]

Next-generation offshore patrol vessels (OPV)

See main article: Next-Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) program.

On 30 June 2022, the Japan Ministry of Defense (MOD) announced the construction of 12 offshore patrol vessels (OPV) (pictured) for the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) at a cost of ¥ 9 billion (US$66 million) per ship. Japan Marine United Corporation (JMU) is the prime contractor for this program with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) chosen to be the subcontractor. Both JMU and MHI as well as Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding had submitted preliminary designs for the proposed next-generation OPVs.[67] [68]

Proposed projects

See also: Territorial disputes of Japan. Given the various maritime-related territorial disputes and expanding operational requirements (pictured), the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense (JMSDF) has shown increased interest in augmenting its amphibious lift and expeditionary capabilities. Consequently, several Japanese defense firms such as Japan Marine United Corporation (JMU) and Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding (MES) have proposed amphibious warfare options at such industry trade shows as the Maritime Air Systems & Technologies (MAST) and Defence and Security Equipment International (DSEI) exhibits. Also, on March 4, 2014, Japan and the United States announced a bilateral research project on a LCS-style warship pursuant to the Mutual Defense Assistance Act.[69]

Amphibious assault ships (LHD)

See also: Amphibious assault ship.

In 2014, Japanese Defense Minister Itsunori Onodera expressed the intention of buying one amphibious assault ship (LHD) from the United States to provide more amphibious capabilities than the current Osumi class landing ships. The is most likely candidate for acquisition.[70]

JMU design concept

During the annual Defence and Security Equipment International (DSEI) tradeshow held 18–19 November 2019 in Chiba, Japan, the Japan Marine United Corporation (JMU) unveiled its proposed design for a big-deck multi-purpose LHD-type amphibious assault ship for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. The vessel's design features a floodable well deck for embarking two LCAC air-cushion landing craft plus 20 AAV7A1 amphibious assault vehicles. Its full-length flight deck boasts five marked landing spots for helicopters or MV-22B tiltrotors. Two below-deck hangars have space for five more rotorcraft. The vessel has a 500-person crew and an embarked unit of 500 marines. The JMU concept art displayed three RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) SeaRAM launchers located before and aft of the ship's island superstructure, as well as a Mk 15 Phalanx 20mm-Vulcan cannon-armed Close-in Weapon System (CIWS) on the forward deck.[71] [72] [73]

The JMU's proposed LHD vessel's displacement is approximately 20000LT with an overall length of 720feet, a beam of 124feet, a draft of 26.25feet, and a top speed of 24kn. Overall, the proposed JMSDF amphibious assault ship is substantially smaller than China's Type 075 vessels, South Korea's proposed LPH-II design, the U.S. Navy's, and Italian Navy's Trieste, and is more comparable to the of the French or the Egyptian navies. A JMU representative told Jane's 360 that while the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force did not have a current requirement for an LHD-type amphibious assault ship of any kind to join the JMSDF's Self Defense Fleet, the Japan Marine United Corporation still expected the JMSDF to eventually issue such a requirement in the near future, with the JMU design as an alternative to a foreign design.

MES design concept

At the Maritime Air Systems & Technologies (MAST) 2017 naval defense exhibition held in Tokyo, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding (MES) unveiled a new LHD-type amphibious assault ship for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. MES drew on its experience from constructing and delivering the Osumi and Shimokita tank landing ships (LSTs) to the JMSDF when designing the new LHD. According to Mistui spokesmen, the main missions of the proposed LHD vessel is island defense as well as humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) operations, with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) is reportedly looking to boost its amphibious capabilities in order to protect its Southern Islands.[74]

Mitsui's proposed LHD vessel is designed for large-scale transportation of Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) hovercraft, main battle tanks (MBTs), vehicles, cargo, and equipment, with multi-mission features. Its flight deck LHD has five helicopter spots and a hangar large enough to large helicopters such as the CH-47 Chinook tandem rotor heavy-lift helicopters. Its well deck is large enough to accommodate two LCACs, and it can store at least 24 assault amphibious vehicles (AAVs) on two decks.

The Mitsui LHD concept measures 210m (690feet) in length, 35m (115feet) in width, and draws 7m (23feet) with displacement of 16000LT and a speed of 22lk=inNaNlk=in. The maximum complement of the vessel is 200 people including embarked troops. Mitsui's LHD is fitted with a forward Phalanx CIWS gun mount and a SeaRAM launcher at the stern. There are two shafts and two rudders, plus two bow thrusters. There is a main elevator for helicopters aft and a smaller one for stores and equipment forward near the island superstructure. Overall, the Mitsui LHD concept to the French Navy's Mistral-class LHDs.

Amphibious transport dock (LPD)

See also: Type 071 amphibious transport dock, Albion-class landing platform dock and San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock.

At the Maritime Air Systems & Technologies (MAST) 2017 naval defense exhibition held in Tokyo, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding (MES) unveiled a new amphibious transport dock (LPD) concept. According to Mistui spokesmen, the main missions of the proposed LPD vessel is island defense as well as humanitarian assistance/disaster relief (HA/DR) operations, with the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) is reportedly looking to boost its amphibious capabilities in order to protect its Southern Islands.[75]

The proposed MES LPD design concept has an aft flight deck with two helicopter spots and a hangar large enough to receive two V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft and a small size VTOL unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) similar in size to the MQ-8B Fire Scout. Beneath the flight deck is a well deck large enough to accommodate two Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) hovercraft. Up to 40 AAV, MBT, and APC vehicles can be carried on two lower decks within the ship. The proposed ship measures 210m (690feet) in length, 30m (100feet) in width, and a draft of 7m (23feet) with a displacement of 16000LT and a speed of 22lk=inNaNlk=in. The maximum complement of the vessel is 200 people, including embarked troops. The LPD is fitted with a forward Phalanx CIWS gun mount and a SeaRAM launcher on top of the helicopter hangar. The vessel has two shafts and two rudders, as well as two bow thrusters, and also features two retractable fin stabilizers.

Mobile landing platform (MLP)

See also: Expeditionary Transfer Dock.

At the Maritime Air Systems & Technologies (MAST) 2017 naval defense exhibition held in Tokyo, Mitsui Engineering & Shipbuilding (MES) unveiled its Mobile Landing Platform (MLP) concept designed for large scale transportation of Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) hovercraft, main battle tanks (MBTs), vehicles, cargo, and other equipment, with multi-mission and modular features. In addition to its aviation operations and amphibious capabilities, this MLP can act as an offshore base. The Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is reportedly looking to boost its amphibious capabilities in order to protect its Southern Islands.[76]

The MES's overall MLP design combines the aviation facilities of the U.S. Navy's Lewis B. Puller-class expeditionary mobile base ships with the extensive amphibious and expeditionary capabilities of the Montford Point-class expeditionary transfer dock vessels. There are four helicopter spots on the flight deck, but no helicopter hanger, with an elevator for stores and equipment next to spot #2. There is also a ramp allowing vehicles access between the two main decks. The MES mobile landing platform concept measures 240m (790feet) in length, 39m (128feet) in width, and a draft of 7m (23feet). The ship's displacement is 21000LT, a speed of 15lk=inNaNlk=in, and a maximum complement of 240 people.

33DD destroyers

See main article: 33DD destroyer.

The 33DD (also known as DDR or Destroyer Revolution) was a Japanese destroyer proposed for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. The tentative name of the class, 33 DD, is derived from an estimate that it would be budgeted in the Japanese era of Heisei 33 (2021).[77] [78]

High Speed Multi-hull Vessel Optimization (HSMVO)

See main article: Future Multi Purpose Trimaran concept. The joint HSMVO research is conducted by the Acquisition, Technology & Logistics Agency (ATLA) and the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division of the US Navy.[79] [80] Also known as the Future Multi Purpose Trimaran concept, the HSMVO design concept is based on the Independence-class littoral combat ship with its distinctive trimaran hull design, modular mission capabilities, and aluminum construction (pictured). The mission capabilities of the concept includes mine countermeasure (MCM), humanitarian assistance and disaster recover (HADR), and offshore patrol/special ops. Likewise, each configuration will consist of different weapons, equipment, and supplies.

ATLA unveiled the HSMVO trimaran warship concept model at the Japanese defense trade-show MAST Asia 2017. According to Navy Recognition website, the project is set to end in 2018 and the JMSDF would ultimately decide whether to adopt the concept for development or not. To date, no decision has been made regarding the future acquisition and construction of warships based on the HSMVO design concept.

External links

Bibliography

Notes and References

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  40. Web site: Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Commissions First Yard Oil Tanker . 2024-04-11 . thediplomat.com . en-US.
  41. Global Security, AMS Hiuchi Class, ship list
  42. Book: SHIPS OF THE WORLD, Special Edition 66th Maritime Self-Defense Force All Ship History . Gaijinsha . 2004.
  43. Web site: 潜水艦救難艦「ちはや」 . 2020-11-19 . www.clearing.mod.go.jp.
  44. Web site: 「えひめ丸」衝突事故の概要 . 2020-11-19 . www.mofa.go.jp.
  45. Web site: March 20, 2018 . JMSDF commissions new submarine rescue ship . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180323064416/http://www.janes.com/article/78716/jmsdf-commissions-new-submarine-rescue-ship . 23 March 2018 . 23 March 2018.
  46. Web site: INC . SANKEI DIGITAL . 【防衛最前線（４１）】特務艇「はしだて」 海上の迎賓〝艦〟と呼ばれる「おもてなし」とは . 2020-10-30 . 産経ニュース . ja.
  47. 先代までの迎賓艇は全体を白1色の塗装としているが、本艇は白色なのは上半部のみである。
  48. Book: Kobayashi, Masanori . 300-ton Underwater Disposal Mother Ship (New Ship of the Maritime Self-Defense Force), Ships of the World . April 1999 . 300-ton Underwater Disposal Mother Ship (New Ship of the Maritime Self-Defense Force)", "Ships of the World . 978-1591149545 . 550 . 98–99.
  49. Book: Wertheim, Eric . The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World, 16th Edition . Naval Institute Press . 2013 . 978-1591149545 . 378–379.
  50. Web site: ja:砕氷艦「しらせ」除籍記念特集サイト . Special site memorializing retired icebreaker "Shirase" . https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/formal/info/sirase/index_kinen.html . 10 February 2010 . Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force . Japanese.
  51. Web site: ja:世界有数の砕氷船「しらせ」 . The world's foremost icebreaker "Shirase" . http://www.nipr.ac.jp/~academy/science/shirase/shirase01.html . 10 February 2010 . National Institute of Polar Research . 1 . Japanese.
  52. Book: History of All Maritime Self-Defense Force Ships, Ships of the World . August 2004 . Gaijinsha . 630 . Japan . 1–261.
  53. Book: Shimbun, Asagumo . Self-Defense Forces Equipment Yearbook 2006-2007 . 15 July 2006 . 2006 . 4-7509-1027-9 . Japan . 280.
  54. Book: See the new ocean observation ship" Shonan! Ships of the World . June 2010 . Gaijinsha . 725 . Japan . 10–13.
  55. Web site: Takahashi . Kosuke . 14 October 2020 . MHI launches first of new class of submarines for JMSDF equipped with lithium-ion batteries . 19 September 2022 . Janes.com.
  56. Web site: 2019 . 防衛計画の大綱 中期防衛力整備計画 . 19 September 2022 . Ministry of Defense (Japan).
  57. Web site: 24 November 2020 . Japan Defense Ministry plans new Aegis destroyers in place of Aegis Ashore . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201201174259/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/11/24/national/defense-ministry-build-two-aegis-destroyers/ . 1 December 2020 . 29 December 2020.
  58. Web site: Lia Wong . 1 September 2022 . Japanese Defense Budget Expansion Includes Two 20,000 Ton Cruisers . 7 September 2022 . Overt Defense.
  59. Web site: Dzirhan Mahadzir . 6 September 2022 . Japan to Build Two 20,000-ton Missile Defense Warships, Indian Carrier Commissions . 7 September 2022 . USNI News Blog.
  60. Web site: Yoshihiro Inaba . 1 September 2022 . Japan's New "Aegis Equipped Ships": What We Know So Far . 7 September 2022 . NavalNews.
  61. Web site: Kyle Mizokami . 12 September 2022 . Japan Defense Ministry plans new Aegis destroyers in place of Aegis Ashore . live . https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/japan-is-building-the-biggest-warships-in-asia-two-20-000-ton-super-destroyers/ar-AA11Kcdb?ocid=entnewsntp&cvid=ac82f31df5c1494aa5735f0b0413dd2a . 12 September 2022 . 13 September 2022 . Popular Mechanics.
  62. Web site: Willett . Dr Lee . 2024-06-26 . Japan Sets Course for New 13DDX Air Defence Destroyer . 2024-06-26 . Naval News . en-US.
  63. Web site: 12 June 2015 . Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Unveiled 30FF or DEX Next Generation Vessel Concept for the JMSDF . 26 October 2018 . Navy Recognition.
  64. Web site: Yoshihiro Inaba . 2 April 2021 . Japan To Introduce 3 New Transport Vessels By 2024 . 30 September 2022 . Naval News.
  65. Web site: Yoshihiro Inaba . 30 September 2021 . Japan's 2022 Defense Budget: An Overview Of The New Naval Programs . 30 September 2022 . Naval News.
  66. Kubo, Nobuhiro Japan activates first marines since WW2 to bolster defenses against China . April 7, 2018. Reuters. Retrieved August 2, 2018
  67. Web site: Kosuke Takahashi . 2 July 2022 . Japan Awards Contract to Shipbuilder JMU for 12 New Offshore Patrol Vessels . 7 September 2022 . The Diplomat.
  68. Web site: Jr Ng . July 14, 2022 . Japan Marine United selected to build JMSDF's next-gen OPV . 7 September 2022 . Asia Military Review.
  69. Web site: Fabey . Michael . 8 March 2014 . U.S. To Help Japan Develop Littoral Warship . 31 January 2019 . Aviation Week.
  70. Web site: Onodera sets out plans to buy amphibious assault ships . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140726041533/http://www.janes.com/article/40626/onodera-sets-out-plans-to-buy-amphibious-assault-ships . 26 July 2014 . 24 December 2014.
  71. Web site: David Axe . February 5, 2021 . Japan's Marines Could Be Due for a New Amphibious Assault Ship . 7 September 2022 . The National Interest.
  72. Web site: Joseph Trevithick . 22 November 2019 . Japanese Shipbuilder Pitches Amphibious Assault Ship For Country's Growing Marine Forces . 7 September 2022 . The Drive.
  73. Web site: Baird Maritime . December 3, 2019 . JMU Unveils First Images of Proposed Amphibious Assault Ship . 7 September 2022 . Work Boat World.
  74. Web site: 12 June 2017 . MAST Asia 2017: Mitsui Unveiled a New LHD Amphibious Assault Ship Concept . 16 September 2022 . Navy Recognition.
  75. Web site: 12 June 2017 . MAST Asia 2017: Mitsui Unveils New LPD Amphibious Transport Dock Concept . 16 September 2022 . Navy Recognition.
  76. Web site: 12 June 2017 . MAST Asia 2017: Mitsui Unveils Japanese MLP Concept . 16 September 2022 . Navy Recognition.
  77. Web site: 33DD Air Defense destroyer . 14 December 2018 . Global Security.
  78. Web site: DDR Destroyer Revolution Next-generation DDG . 14 December 2018 . Global Security.
  79. Web site: Y. Miyauchi, S. Matsumoto, K. Suzuki, K. Harada . 2015 . Research on Future Trimaran (US-JAPAN Co-operative Research) . 31 January 2019 . Japan Ministry of Defense.
  80. Web site: 13 June 2017 . MAST Asia 2017: Japan's ATLA Unveils Future Multi Purpose Trimaran Concept . 31 January 2019 . Navy Recognition.

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