List of active separatist movements in South America explained

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in South America. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

1. They are active movements with active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
  • Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

Argentina

Mendoza^[1]

• Proposed autonomous area: República de Mendoza^{[2] [3]}
  • Advocacy group: Éxito

Araucanía

See main article: article and Mapuche conflict.

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Wallmapu
• Advocacy groups: Consejo de Todas las Tierras,^[4] Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche,^[5] Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco

Patagonia

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Patagonia
  • Pressure groups: Movimiento Independentista Patagónico^{[6] [7]}

Brazil

See also: The South Is My Country.

Northeast Region

• Proposed: Independence for the Northeast Region of Brazil
  • Advocacy group: Nordeste Independente^{[8] [9] [10]}

North Region

• Proposed state: Republic of the Peoples of the Amazon
  • Advocacy group: Movimento Amazônia Independente^[11]

• Proposed state: Republic of Pernambuco
  • Advocacy group: Grupo de Estudo e Avaliação de Pernambuco Independente^{[12] [13]}

• Proposed state: Republic of São Paulo
  • Advocacy groups: Movimento São Paulo Independente,^{[14] [15]} Movimento República de São Paulo^[16]

South Region

• Proposed: Independence for the South Region of Brazil
  • Advocacy group: O Sul É o Meu País

• Proposed state: Republic of Espírito Santo
  • Political party: O Espírito Santo é meu país^[17]
  • Advocacy group: Movimento pela Independência do Espírito Santo^[18]

Bolivia

República de Santa Cruz^{[19] [20]}

• Proposed state: República de Santa Cruz
  • Advocacy group: Nación Camba

Qullasuyu

• Proposed state:  Qullasuyu
  • Ethnic group: Aymara people
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Qullasuyu
    • Advocacy groups for increased autonomy: Ethnocacerism, Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin, National Confederation of Peruvian Amazonian Nationalities, Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army, Pachakuti Indigenous Movement and Indian Movement Túpac Katari, National Alliance of Workers, Farmers, Students, Reservists and Laborers (ANTAURO), Union for Peru, Go on Country, Peruvian Nationalist Party, Federation of Neighborhood Councils-El Alto

Chile

Araucanía

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Wallmapu^[21]
  • Advocacy groups: Consejo de Todas las Tierras, Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche, Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco

Patagonia

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Patagonia
  • Pressure groups: Movimiento Independentista Patagónico

Chiloé Province

• Proposed autonomous area: Chiloé
  • Advocacy group: Movimiento Archipiélago Soberano^{[22] [23] [24]}

Arica y Parinacota Region^[25]

• Proposed autonomous area: Arica y Parinacota Region^[26]
  • Political party: Arica Estado Independiente^[27]

Colombia

Antioquia Department

• Proposed state or autonomous area: Antioquia
  • Advocacy group: Por Una Antioquia Libre Y Soberana^{[28] [29] [30]}

France

French Guiana

• Proposed state: Guiana
  • Advocacy group: Decolonization and Social Emancipation Movement

Peru

Qullasuyu

• Proposed state:  Qullasuyu^[31]
  • Ethnic group: Aymara people
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Qullasuyu
    • Advocacy groups for increased autonomy: Ethnocacerism, Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon Basin, National Confederation of Peruvian Amazonian Nationalities,Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army, Pachakuti Indigenous Movement, Indian Movement Túpac Katari, National Alliance of Workers, Farmers, Students, Reservists and Laborers (ANTAURO), Union for Peru, Go on Country,Peruvian Nationalist Party, Peruvian 'Great South'^[32]

Sur-Peruana

• Proposed state: Sur-Peruana
  • Advocacy Group: Front for the Defense of the Northern Cone of Arequipa (FREDICON)^{[33] [34] [35]}

Department of Loreto

• Proposed greater autonomy for: Department of Loreto^{[36] [37] [38]}
  • Ethnic group: Wampis^{[39] [40] [41]}

Venezuela

Zulia

• Proposed autonomous area: Zulia
• Advocacy group: Autonomous Indigenous Movement of Zulia (Movimiento Indígena Autónomo del Zulia)^{[42] [43] [44]}

See also

• Lists of active separatist movements
• List of historical separatist movements

Notes and References

1. Web site: Lawmaker wants referendum on province of Mendoza's independence from Argentina.
2. Web site: 2020-06-30 . Mendoexit: ¿los mendocinos quieren que su provincia se independice de la Argentina? . 2022-03-10 . LA NACION . es . 2021-11-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211129162956/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/mendoexit-los-mendocinos-quieren-su-provincia-se-nid2387940/ . live .
3. Web site: Conte . Gabriel . "Éxito", el partido del MendoExit: "No queremos ser tercera fuerza, sino más que eso" . 2022-03-10 . www.memo.com.ar . 5 December 2020 . es . 2022-03-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220310123643/https://www.memo.com.ar/poder/exito-el-partido-del-mendoexit-no-queremos-ser-tercera-fuerza-sino-mas-que-eso/ . live .
4. Web site: Aucán Huilcamán: "Podemos converger con muchos grupos hacia la autodeterminación" « Diario y Radio Universidad Chile . 2023-06-11 . radio.uchile.cl . es-ES.
5. Web site: Insólito aval oficial a grupos que, con respaldo inglés, quieren un Estado separado en el sur de Argentina y Chile: the Mapuche Nation . 2023-06-11 . infobae . 19 October 2021 . es-ES.
6. Web site: Se viene el Movimiento Independentista Patagónico?.
7. Web site: Violencia y separatismo en la Patagonia. 16 October 2022 .
8. News: Araújo . Mariana . Grupo quer separação do Nordeste do Brasil . 2024-02-06 . Jornal do Commercio . 2017-01-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529180256/https://jc.ne10.uol.com.br/canal/politica/pernambuco/noticia/2017/01/29/grupo-quer-separacao-do-nordeste-do-brasil-268454.php . 2023-05-29 . pt.
9. News: Lisboa . Daniel . Separatismo do Norte e Nordeste busca autonomia para vingar descaso federal . 2024-02-06 . UOL Tab . 2020-01-14 . pt.
10. News: Pereira . Néli . 'Nordexit?' - como o Brexit animou movimentos separatistas no Brasil . 2024-02-06 . BBC News Brasil . 2016-07-09 . São Paulo . pt.
11. News: Amazônia Independente: movimento propõe a emancipação da região norte . 2024-02-06 . Portal Amazônia . 2021-04-21 . pt.
12. News: Esteves . Eduarda . 'Meu país Pernambuco': grupo quer separar Estado do Brasil . 2024-02-06 . LeiaJá . 2018-12-20 . pt.
13. News: Mello . Alessandra . Além do Sul, São Paulo e outros estados têm movimentos para se separar do Brasil . 2024-02-06 . . 2017-10-09 . pt.
14. News: Lima . Daniela . Separatistas querem nova moeda e São Paulo 'livre de Brasília' . 2024-02-06. . 2015-01-25 . São Paulo . pt.
15. News: Apple . Caroline . 'Somos parasitados pelo governo federal', diz porta-voz de movimento que pede independência de SP . 2024-02-06 . R7.com . 2015-01-27 . São Paulo . pt.
16. News: Separatismo de São Paulo incorpora antipetismo . 2024-02-06 . . 2014-10-12 . pt.
17. Web site: O Espírito Santo é meu país.
18. Web site: Movimento pela Independência do Espírito Santo.
19. Web site: Alertan en Bolivia sobre plan separatista de Santa Cruz. 28 December 2022.
20. Web site: Separatismo 2.0 en Bolivia: Santa Cruz intenta separarse del resto del país. 16 November 2022 .
21. Web site: Indígenas fundam partido e defendem separatismo no Chile. Qual a chance de sucesso . 2023-06-12 . Nexo Jornal . pt-BR.
22. Web site: INICIO . 2022-10-17 . Archipiélago Soberano . es-CL.
23. News: 2018-03-01 . Mystical islanders divided over Chile's giant bridge project . en . Reuters . 2023-06-12.
24. Web site: Columnista . 2016-05-23 . Chiloé: La Crisis de la Regionalización . 2023-06-12 . El Dínamo . es.
25. Web site: Ante el abandono ¿Arica Estado Independiente?.
26. Web site: Independencia para Arica! . 29 December 2012 .
27. Web site: Ante el abandono ¿Arica Estado Independiente? .
28. Web site: 2017-11-14 . Inicio - Antioquia Libre y Soberana . 2023-05-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171114011307/http://www.antioquialibreysoberana.com/ . 2017-11-14 .
29. Web site: soachainiciativaciudadana . 2022-06-24 . ¿Antioquia se independizaría de Colombia? . 2023-05-25 . Soacha Iniciativa Ciudadana . es.
30. Web site: 2021-09-11 . Antioquia merece ser un país. La propuesta 'separatista' del uribismo – Rebelion . 2023-05-28 . es.
31. Web site: Coronel . Omar . Understanding the protests in Peru . 2023-04-06 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
32. Web site: Santos . Susana . 2023-01-06 . Un movimiento secesionista amenaza al gobierno de Lima y auspicia la independencia del 'Gran Sur' peruano . 2023-03-15 . elDiarioAR.com . es.
33. Web site: Hancco . Dany Chirme . 2022-12-21 . Arequipa: dirigentes evalúan propuesta para crear 'República del Sur' uniendo regiones como Puno y Cusco . 2024-07-25 . El Búho . es.
34. Web site: Rimachi . Liz Campos . 2023-01-03 . Arequipa: investigan a Felipe Domínguez por promover creación de la ‘República del Sur’ . 2024-07-25 . El Búho . es.
35. Web site: Mamani . Elmer . 2023-10-27 . Fiscalía investiga a 35 dirigentes sociales por traición a la patria en Arequipa . 2024-07-25 . larepublica.pe . es.
36. Web site: Región Loreto Advierte a Humala que Irá a Referéndum para Independizarse del Perú . 2023-05-25.
37. Web site: Indigenous Wampís Notify the Peruvian State on its Autonomous Territorial Government . 2023-05-25 . International Rivers . en.
38. Web site: The Autonomous Territorial Government of the Wampis Nation (GTANW) . 2023-11-12 . Transformative Pathways . en-US.
39. Web site: The Wampis Nation - the first indigenous autonomous government in Peru - IWGIA - International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs . 2023-11-12 . www.iwgia.org.
40. Web site: Autonomous Territorial Government of the Wampis Nation (GTANW) .
41. Web site: STATUTE OF THE AUTONOMOUS TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE WAMPIS NATION In memory of our ancestors and for our right to self-determination as a people and nation .
42. Web site: Movimiento Indígena Autónomo del Zulia .
43. Web site: Geronimo . Perez Rescaniere . 2023-03-02 . The revolution of February 4, frustration of the secession of Zulia (4) . 2023-06-13 . Ultimasnoticias.
44. News: Why Latin America has no serious separatist movements . The Economist . 2023-06-13 . 0013-0613.