List of active separatist movements in Europe explained

This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Europe. Separatism often refers to full political secession, though separatist movements may seek nothing more than greater autonomy or to be recognised as a national minority.[1]

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Various ethnic groups in Europe are seeking greater autonomy or independence. In the European Union (EU), several of these groups are members of the European Free Alliance (EFA). In some cases, the group seeks to unify into a different state – in cases where this does not involve the creation of a new state entity, this is considered to be irredentism. Analogous irredentist movements are included in the list of active irredentist movements.

Azerbaijan

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Lezgistan

Belgium

See main article: Partition of Belgium.

Autonomist movements
Secessionist movements

or Flemish Community (the latter includes)

See main article: Flemish Movement and Greater Netherlands.

or French Community of Belgium (the latter includes)

See main article: Walloon Movement and Rattachism.

Bosnia and Herzegovina

See main article: Partition of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Secessionist movements

See main article: Proposed secession of Republika Srpska.

Autonomist movements Croatian Community of Herzeg-Bosnia

See main article: Croat entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Croatia

Autonomist movements Istria County[19]

See main article: Istrianism.

Cyprus

See main article: Cyprus dispute.

See also: Turkish invasion of Cyprus.

The northeastern 1/3 territory of island of Cyprus

Czechia

Denmark

See main article: Faroese independence movement.

Minor Movements

Bornholm

Finland

France

Secessionist movements French Basque Country/ Pyrénées-Atlantiques

See main article: Basque nationalism and Basque Country independence.

Historic Brittany, comprising Brittany (administrative region) and

See main article: Breton nationalism and Reunification of Brittany.

See main article: Corsican nationalism and corsican autonomy.

See also: Italian irredentism in Corsica.

French Flanders

See main article: Flemish nationalism.

Northern Catalonia/Pyrénées-Orientales

Savoy

Etat Pied-Noir

[53] [54]

Autonomist movements

See main article: Alsace independence movement.

Normandy

Savoy

Franche Comté

Georgia

See main article: Russo-Georgian War.

Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia

See main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict.

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

See main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict.

Javakheti

Germany

Bavaria

See main article: Bavarian nationalism.

Hungary

Romani people in Hungary

Italy

Friuli-Venezia Giulia

See main article: Friulian Front.

Lombardy

See main article: Lombard nationalism.

Northern Italy

See main article: Padanian nationalism.

Southern Italy

See main article: Sicilian nationalism.

See main article: South Tyrolean secessionist movement.

See main article: Venetian nationalism.

Romagna

Lithuania

Samogitia

Malta

Gozo

Moldova

Breakaway state

See main article: Transnistria War.

Netherlands

Frisia

Poland

Silesia

Free City of Danzig

See main article: Free City of Danzig Government in Exile.

Kashubia and Pomerania

Masuria

Portugal

[155]

Romania

Transylvania and Banat[157]

Székely Land

See main article: Székely autonomy movement.

Partium

Russia

See main article: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia.

See also: World Congress of Finno-Ugric Peoples, Imam Shamil Battalion and Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum.

Circassia[175]

Ingushetia[176]

Kaliningrad Oblast[178]

Leningrad Oblast[180]

[183]

Republic of Kalmykia[184] [185] [186]

Bashkortostan

Chuvashia

Idel-Ural

Mari El

Mordovia

Tatarstan

Russian-occupied Ukraine (de facto part of Russia)

See main article: Ukrainian resistance in Russian-occupied Ukraine. and

, (Annexed by Russia in 2022)

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast,[201] [202] [203]

Serbia

Image Note: Republic of Vojvodina within federalized Serbia, proposed by the League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina in 1999 – the map also includes an autonomous Sandžak, Kosovo and the metropolitan area of Belgrade as a distinctive administrative unit as well

Autonomist movements

Vojvodina

Sandžak

Separatist movements

Preševo Valley

North Kosovo/Ibar Kolašin

Slovakia

Autonomist movements

Southern Slovakia:

Spain

Secessionist movements

Basque Country (autonomous community) and

See main article: Basque nationalism and Basque independence.

[214]

See main article: Catalan nationalism, Catalan independence, Catalan independence referendum, 2017 and Catalan declaration of independence.

Galicia[215]

See main article: Galicianism, Galician nationalism and Galician independence.

Valencia

See main article: Valencianism, Valencian nationalism and Catalan nationalism.

[218]

[219]

[220]

See main article: article and Andalusian nationalism.

[221]

Autonomist movements

Cartagena

León

Province of Granada[223]

Sweden

Scania

Switzerland

See main article: Languages of Switzerland.

Autonomist movements

Jura region

See also: Jura separatism.

Ukraine

See main article: Russo-Ukrainian War and 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.

and

See main article: Political status of Crimea.

,

Russian-occupied Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Russian-occupied Kherson Oblast, Russian-occupied Kharkiv Oblast

See main article: Regionalism in Ukraine.

Carpathian Ruthenia[228] [229] [230] [231]

United Kingdom

See main article: Separatism in the United Kingdom, Federalism in the United Kingdom, Countries of the United Kingdom and Potential breakup of the United Kingdom.

See also: Devolution in the United Kingdom.

Major movements

See main article: English independence.

See also: English nationalism, English independence and Devolved English parliament.

Northern Ireland

See main article: Ulster nationalism.

See also: Irish nationalism, Irish republicanism, United Ireland, Ulster Independence Movement, The Troubles and Dissident Irish Republican campaign.

See also: Scottish nationalism, Scottish independence, Scottish independence referendum 2014, Proposed second Scottish independence referendum and Devolution in Scotland.

See also: Welsh nationalism and Welsh independence.

Minor movements

[257]

See also: Cornish nationalism, Cornish devolution, Constitutional status of Cornwall and Cornish Assembly.

Northern England

See also: Devolution to the North of England and North–South divide in the United Kingdom.

Midlands

London

See main article: London independence.

Fife

Autonomist movements

Canvey Island

Cynon Valley

Gwynedd

North East England

Separatist movements of dependent territories

[290]

See main article: article.

See also

External links

Notes and References

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