List of active separatist movements in Asia explained

This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,^[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

1. They are active movements with active members.
2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

• De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
• Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
• Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
  • De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
  • Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
  • Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
  • Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
  • Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
  • Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

Afghanistan

See also: Balkhab uprising, Hazara nationalism and Pashtun nationalism.

South Turkestan^{[2] [3]}

• Ethnic group: Uyghurs, Tajiks, Uzbeks and Turkic people
  • Proposed state: Southern Turkestan^{[4] [5]}
  • Militant organisations: Turkestan Freedom Tigers^{[6] [7]}

Azerbaijan

Autonomist movements Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

• People: Talysh people
  • Proposed: greater autonomy within the borders of Azerbaijan^[8]
  • Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
  • Government in exile: Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic^[9]

Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts^[10]

See main article: Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict.

• Ethnic group: Jumma people
  • Proposed: Autonomy for the Chittagong Hill Tracts^{[11] [12]}
  • Political parties: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, United People's Democratic Front

Zale'n-gam

• Ethnic group: Kuki
  • Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
  • Militant organisation: Kuki National Army, Kuki-Chin National Front^{[13] [14]}
  • Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)

• Ethnic group: Zomi
  • Proposed state: Zogam
  • Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army^[15]

China

See main article: Secession in China.

See also: One country, two systems and Ethnic minorities in China. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

See main article: East Turkestan independence movement, Uyghur nationalism and Xinjiang conflict.

• Ethnic group: Uyghurs
  • Proposed state: East Turkestan^[16]
  • Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
  • Militant organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
  • Advocacy group: East Turkistan National Awakening Movement

Hong Kong

See main article: Hong Kong independence and Sino-British Joint Declaration.

• Ethnic group: Han Chinese of Hong Kong
  • Proposed state: Hong Kong or reunification with the as an Overseas Territory
  • Political parties: Youngspiration, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party, Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence, Hong Kong Independence Party

Tibet

See main article: Tibetan independence movement.

• Ethnic group: Tibetan people
  • Proposed state: Tibet (includes all of Xizang and parts of Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan)
  • Government-in-exile: Central Tibetan Administration
  • Advocacy groups: Tibetan Youth Congress, International Tibet Independence Movement^{[17] [18]}

Inner Mongolia^{[19] [20]}

See main article: Inner Mongolian independence movement.

• Proposed state: Inner Mongolia (member of the UNPO)^[21] or unification with
  • • • Ethnic group: Mongols Political parties: Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance, Mongolian Liberal Union Party, Inner Mongolian People's Party

Minor movements

• Shanghainese nationalism^{[22] [23]}
• Cantonese nationalism,^{[24] [25] [26]}
• Bashu nationalism^[27]
• Manchukuo Government

Egypt

See main article: Sinai insurgency.

• Militant organizations: Tawhid al-Jihad, Al-Qaeda in Sinai Peninsula (from late 2011), Abdullah Azzam Brigades, Ansar al-Sharia, Hasm Movement, Bedouin, Jund al-Islam, Popular Resistance Movement, Takfir wal-Hijra, Army of Islam, Al Furqan Brigades, Soldiers of Egypt

Georgia

See main article: Russo-Georgian war.

Territory of the former Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

See main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict.

• Ethnic group: Abkhazians
  • De facto state: ^[28] (recognized by 5 UN members)
    • Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
    • Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

See main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict.

• Ethnic group: Ossetians
  • De facto state: ^[29] (recognized by 5 UN members)
    • Political organization: Government of South Ossetia
    • Militant organization: Armed Forces of South Ossetia

Javakheti

See main article: Armenian nationalism.

• Ethnic group: Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
  • Proposed autonomous region: Javakhk (Javakheti)
  • Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance^{[30] [31] [32]}

India

See main article: Separatist movements of India, Autonomous administrative divisions of India, Northeast India, Sikkim and Proposed states and union territories of India.

Separatist movementsAssam

See main article: Assamese nationalism.

• Proposed state: Assam
  • Ethnic group: Assamese people
  • Militant organizations: United Liberation Front of Asom, Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam

Nagaland^[33]

See main article: Naga nationalism.

• Proposed state: Nagalim
  • Ethnic group: Naga people
  • Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

Kashmir^[34]

• Proposed: independence or autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir from India or unification with Pakistan
  • Ethnic group: Kashmiri Muslims
  • Political organizations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen
  • Political parties (autonomy): Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference, Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
  • Militant organizations: Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen, Jaish-e-Mohammed, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

Kamtapur^[35]

• Proposed state: Kamtapur or becoming a state of India
  • Ethnic group: Rajbanshi people
  • Political parties (statehood): Kamtapur People's Party
  • Militant organization: Kamtapur Liberation Organisation^{[36] [37] [38]}

Manipur^{[39] [40]}

See main article: Meitei nationalism.

• Proposed state: Manipur
  • Ethnic groups: Meitei, Pangal, Naga
  • Government-in-exile: Manipur State Council^[41]
  • Militant organizations: United National Liberation Front, People's Liberation Army of Manipur, Kangleipak Communist Party, People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak, Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup, Maoist Communist Party of Manipur

Sikkim^[42]

• Proposed state: Kingdom of Sikkim
• Ethnic group: Sikkimese people

Punjab, India

• Proposed state: Khalistan^[43]
  • Ethnic group: Punjabi Sikhs
  • Militant organizations: Babbar Khalsa, Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan, Khalistan Commando Force, Khalistan Liberation Force, Khalistan Zindabad Force, ISYF, AISSF, International Sikh Youth Federation, Waris Punjab De

Meghalaya

See main article: Insurgency in Meghalaya.

• Proposed state: Meghalaya
  • Ethnic groups: Khasi people, Pnar people
  • Militant organization: Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
  • Advocacy group: Seng Khasi Movement

Tripuri-majority areas of Tripura

• • • Proposed state: Tipraland Ethnic group: Tripuri people
  • Political parties: Tipra Motha Party, Tipraland State Party, Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra
  • Militant organisation: National Liberation Front of Tripura,^[44] All Tripura Tiger Force

Mizoram

• Proposed state: Mizoram^{[45] [46]}
  • • Ethnic group: Mizo people Political parties: Mizo National Front, Zoram People's Movement, Hmar People's Convention

Kukiland

• • • Proposed state: Zale'n-gam Ethnic group: Bnei Menashe^[47]
  • Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
  • Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Santhal Pargana

• Proposed state: Santhal Pargana^[48]
  • Ethnic group: Santal people
  • Militant organisation: Birsa Commando Force^{[49] [50] [51]}

Dimasaland

• Ethnic group: Dimasa People^[52]
  • Proposed state: Dimasaland^[53]
  • Militant organisation: Dimasa National Liberation Army^{[54] [55]}

Tiwa

• Ethnic group: Tiwa people^[56]
  • Proposed state: Tiwa State^{[57] [58] [59]}
  • Militant organizations: Tiwa Liberation Army (TLA)^{[60] [61]}

Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)

• Ethnic group: Zomi
  • Proposed state: Zogam
  • Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army^[15]

South India (includes Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Telangana)

• Ethnic groups: Dravidians (Telugus, Tamils, Kannadigas, Malayalis, Tuluvas)
  • Proposed state: Republic of South India^{[62] [63] [64]} or Dravida Nadu^[65]
  • Political party: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK)^[66]

Autonomist or statehood movements

See main article: Proposed states and union territories of India. Rabha Hasong

• State or extended autonomous area: Rabha Hasong^{[67] [68]}
  • Ethnic group: Rabha people
  • Militant organizations: Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch, Rabha Vipers Army (RVA),^[69] Rabha National Liberation Army,^[70] Rabha Jatiya Mukti Bahini (RJMB)^{[71] [72] [73]}

Gorkhaland

• Ethnic group: Indian Gorkhas
  • Proposal: creation of a separate autonomous Gorkhaland state within India^[74]
  • Political movement: Gorkhaland movement
  • Political parties: Gorkha National Liberation Front, Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League, Gorkha Janmukti Morcha

Ladakh

• Ethnic group: Ladakhis
  • Proposed autonomous region: Ladakh^{[75] [76] [77] [78]}

Garo Hills

• Ethnic group: Garo people
  • Proposal: making the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council into an autonomous state of India^{[79] [80] [81]}
  • Political party: Garo National Council

Bundelkhand

• Ethnic group: Bundelkhandi
  • Proposal: making the region of Bundelkhand into a state of India^[82]
  • Political party: Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha

Vidarbha

See main article: Vidarbha movement.

• Ethnic group: Marathi people
  • Proposal: separation of Vidarbha from the state of Maharashtra^[83]
  • Political party: Vidarbha Rajya Party, Vidarbha Vikas Party, Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti

Goa

• Ethnic group: Goans
  • Proposed autonomous region: Goa^[84]
  • Political party: Niz Goenkar Revolution Front

Jammu region

• Ethnic group: Dogri people
  • Proposal: separation of the Jammu region from Jammu and Kashmir as a separate state within india^[85]
  • Political party: Ikkjutt Jammu

Bodoland

• Ethnic group: Bodo people
  • Proposal: statehood for Bodoland^{[86] [87]}
  • Political party: Bodo National Students Union^[88]

Indonesia

Aceh

• Ethnic group: Acehnese
  • Proposed state: Aceh
  • Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
  • Advocacy group: Aceh–Sumatra National Liberation Front (Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)^{[89] [90] [91]}

Bali

• Ethnic group: Balinese
  • Proposed autonomous area or state: Bali^{[92] [93]}
  • Advocacy group: Bali government,^{[94] [95]} ForBALI^[96]

Maluku

• Ethnic group: Moluccans
• Proposed state: South Moluccas
  • Government-in-exile: Republic of South Moluccas (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front

Minahasa Peninsula

• Ethnic group: Minahasan
  • Proposed state: Greater Minahasa^[97]
  • Advocacy group: Free Minahasa Movement, Greater Minahasa Alliance^{[98] [99] [100]}

Riau

• • • Ethnic group: Riau Malays Proposed state: Riau or unification with Malaysia
  • Advocacy group: Free Riau Movement^{[101] [102] [103] [104] [105]}

Iran

See main article: Separatism in Iran.

Khūzestān Province

• Ethnic group: Khuzestani Arabs
  • Proposed state: Al-Ahwaz^[106]
  • Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation, Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
  • Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Iranian Kurdistan (Irredentism)

• Ethnic groups: Kurds
  • Proposed state: Kurdistan^[107]
  • Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah

Iranian Azerbaijan

• Ethnic groups: Iranian Azerbaijanis
  • Proposed state: South Azerbaijan^{[108] [109] [110]} or unification with Azerbaijan
  • Advocacy group: South Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement,^{[111] [112]} Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization^{[113] [114] [115]}

Balochistan

• Ethnic group: Balochs
  • Proposed state: Balochistan along with Balochistan, Pakistan^{[116] [117]} and Baloch majority territories in Afghanistan
  • Militant organisations: Jundallah (Historical),^{[118] [119] [120]} Jaish ul-Adl (Currently Active)^{[121] [122]}

Iraq

See also: Languages of Iraq and Demographics of Iraq.

Proposed state:

See main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017.

• Ethnic group: Kurds
• Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Iraqi Kurdistan
  • Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Militant organisation: Peshmerga

See main article: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence and Assyrian genocide.

• Proposed autonomous area: Nineveh Plains
  • Ethnic group: Assyrians, Chaldeans, Arab Christians
    • Proposed state:
    • Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyrian Universal Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Assyria Liberation Party
    • Militant organisation: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
    • Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
• Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region
  • Ethnic groups: Assyrians, Turkmen, Yazidis
    • Political parties: Turkmen Rescue Foundation, Yazidi Independent Supreme Council and the Al-Rafidain Organization

Proposed state: Basra^{[123] [124] [125]}

• Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Basra Governorate
  • Proposal: Basra has proposed uniting with the Dhi Qar and Maysan governorates as an autonomous region or total independence^[126]

Turkmeneli

• Ethnic group: Iraqi Turkmen
  • Proposed autonomous region or state: Turkmeneli^{[127] [128] [129]}
  • Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)^[130]

Sinjar District

• Ethnic group: Yazidis
  • Proposal: autonomy for the Sinjar region, including the Sinjar Mountains
  • Political parties: Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress, Sinjar Alliance^{[131] [132]}

Israel

See main article: Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

See also: Arab–Israeli conflict.

West Bank and the Gaza Strip

• People: Palestinians
  • De jure state: (recognized by 144 UN member states)
    • Proposal: re-unification with Israel or recognition of Palestine
    • Political organization: Government of Palestine
    • Militant organization: Palestinian National Security Forces, Palestine Liberation Army

Japan

Okinawa

• Ethnic group: Ryukyuan
  • Proposed state or autonomous area: Republic of Ryukyu or Ryukyu Kingdom^[133]
  • Political parties: Kariyushi Club, formerly
  • Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
  • Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu.

Laos

Northern Laos

• Ethnic group: Hmong people
  • Proposed autonomous area: ChaoFa Hmong^[134]
  • Organization: Congress of World Hmong People^{[135] [136]}

Malaysia

See main article: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia and Districts of Malaysia.

See also: East Malaysia and Languages of Malaysia. Sarawak^{[137] [138] [139] [140]}

• Ethnic groups: Chinese, (See Demographics of Sarawak)
• Proposed state: Sarawak
  • Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement^{[141] [142]}
  • Political parties: Parti Bumi Kenyalang

Sabah

• Ethnic groups: Chinese, (See Demographics of Sabah)
• Proposed state: Sabah
  • Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM)

Myanmar

Arakan

• Ethnic group: Rakhine
  • Proposed state: Arakan State
  • Advocacy groups: Arakan Independence Alliance, Arakan Army (Kachin State), Arakan Army (Kayin State)

Chin State

• Ethnic group: Chin
• De Facto State: Chinland ^[143]
• Political Party: Chin National Front
  • Militant organisation: Chin National Army (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)

Kawthoolei

• Ethnic group: Karen
  • • • Proposed state: Kawthoolei Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
  • Advocacy group: Karen National Union

Karenni

• Ethnic group: Karenni
  • • • Proposed state: Kayah State Militant organisation: Karenni Army
  • Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government

Kokang

• Ethnic group: Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese)
  • • • Proposed state: Kokang Militant organisation: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army

Mon State

• Ethnic group: Mon
  • Proposed state: Mon State, Monland
  • Political party: New Mon State Party

Northern Rakhine State

• Ethnic group: Rohingya
  • • • Proposed state: Rahmanland Militant organisation: Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army^[144]
  • Advocacy groups: Arakan Rohingya National Organisation,^{[145] [146]} Rohingya National Council^[147]

Shan States

• Ethnic group: Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • • • Proposed state: Shan Republic Political party: Shan Democratic Union
  • Militant organisation: Shan State Army
  • Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
  • Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States^[148]

Pa'O

• Proposed state: Pa'O Self-Administered Zone
  • Ethnic group: Pa'O
  • Militant organisation: Pa-O National Liberation Army

Palaung

• Proposed state: Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
  • Ethnic group: Palaung
  • Militant organisation: Palaung State Liberation Army

Wa State^[149]

• Ethnic group: Wa
  • • • Proposed/de facto State: Wa State Political party: United Wa State Party
  • Militant organisation: United Wa State Army

Zale'n-gam

• Ethnic group: Kuki
  • Proposed state: Zale'n-gam
  • Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
  • Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation

Zogam

• Ethnic group: Zomi
  • Proposed state: Zogam
  • Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army^[15]

Nagaland

See main article: Naga nationalism.

• Proposed state: Nagalim
  • Ethnic group: Naga people
  • Militant organization: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

Kachin state^[150]

See main article: article and Kachin conflict.

• ethnic group: Kachin people
  • proposed state: Kachin state
  • militant organization: Kachin Independence Army

Nepal

Kirat Autonomous State

• Ethnic group: Kiratis
  • Proposed state: Kirat
  • Political party: Kirat Janabadi Workers Party

Madhesh

• Ethnic group: Madhesi peoples (including Maithils, Bhojpuris and Tharus).
  • Proposed state: Madhesh
  • Militant organisations: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF)^[151]
  • Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh^[152] Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party,Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007),Terai Madhes Sadbhavana Party^[153]

Pakistan

See main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan.

See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan.

Azad Kashmir

• Proposed: secession of Azad Kashmir from Pakistan^{[154] [155]}
  • Ethnic groups: Kashmiri Muslims, Kashmiris
  • Political party: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

Gilgit Baltistan

• Proposed: autonomy for Gilgit-Baltistan
  • Ethnic groups: Baltis, Shins
  • Political party: Balawaristan National Front (Naji)^[156]

Balochistan^{[157] [158]}

• Ethnic group: Balochs
  • Proposed state: Balochistan along with Sistan and Baluchestan of Iran and some parts of Afghanistan^[159]
  • Political parties: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party, Free Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
  • Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Nationalist Army, Balochistan Liberation United Front, Lashkar-e-Balochistan, United Baloch Army, Balochistan Republican Army

Sindh^{[160] [161]}

See main article: Sindhi nationalism.

• Ethnic group: Sindhi
  • Proposed state: Sindhudesh
  • Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
  • Student organization: Jeay Sindh Studdents' Federation
  • Militant organization: Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army

Pashtunistan

• Ethnic group: Pashtun
  • Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression
  • Political party : Awami National Party, Taliban^[162]

Karachi

See main article: MQM militancy.

• Ethnic group: Muhajir
  • Proposition: Autonomy for Jinnahpur or creation of a separate province for the Muhajirs
  • Political Parties: Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan,^{[163] [164] [165]} Muttahida Qaumi Movement - London^[166]

Philippines

See main article: Separatism in the Philippines. Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula

• Ethnic groups: Moro (Tausūg, Banguingui, Sama-Bajau, Yakan)
  • Proposed state/autonomous area: Bangsa Sūg^{[167] [168]}

Cordillera Administrative Region

• Ethnic group: Igorot
  • Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous Region^[169] or Autonomous Region of the Cordillera^{[170] [171]}
  • Advocacy groups: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement,^[172] Cordillera People's Liberation Army,^{[173] [174]} Cordillera Bodong Administration^[175]

Mindanao^[176]

• Ethnic groups: Cebuano settlers and Hiligaynon settlers
  • Proposed state: Federal Republic of Mindanao^{[177] [178]}
  • Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement,^[179] Mindanao and Sabah Alliance^[180]

Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters.^{[181] [182] [183]}

Russia

See main article: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia.

See also: Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum and Indigenous peoples of Siberia.

Siberia or Siberian Federal District^[184]

• Ethnic group: Russians, Siberians (Siberian peoples)
  • Proposed state or federal subject: Siberian Republic
    • Militant organisation: Sibir Battalion of the Civic Council^[185]
      • Advocacy groups: Siberian regionalist groups,^[186] Civil Council

• Ethnic group: Buryats
  • Proposed state: or unification with Mongolia^[187]
    • Advocacy groups: Free Buryatia Foundation

Ural Federal District^{[188] [189]}

• ethnic group: Russians
  • proposed state: Ural Republic^{[190] [191]}
  • political parties: Ural Republic Movement, Free Ural, The Ural Democratic foundation

Sri Lanka

See main article: Sri Lankan Civil War.

• Ethnic group: Sri Lankan Tamils
  • Proposed state:
  • Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam,^{[192] [193] [194]} People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam, etc.
  • Political parties: Tamil National Alliance, People's Front of Liberation Tigers
  • Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam^{[195] [196]}
  • Advocacy groups: Global Tamil Forum, Tamil Youth Organisation, World Tamil Movement

Syria

See main article: Syrian Civil War.

See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria.

De facto autonomous region:

Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

• Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
• Smaller ethnic groups: Armenians, Turkmen, Yazidis, Circassians
  • Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
  • Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces

Separatist movements:

Assyria

See also: Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq and Assyrian independence movement.

• Ethnic group: Assyrians^[197]
  • Proposed state: Assyria
  • Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
  • Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
  • Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe,

Taiwan

See main article: Taiwan independence movement.

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).^[198]

• Proposed state: Republic of Taiwan
  • Movement: Taiwan independence movement, Taiwanese nationalism
    • Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan five times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), in 2020 (until 2024), and in 2024 (until 2028). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as William Lai, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China". Some groups also exclude the Kinmen and Matsu Islands from their proposal.
  • Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
  • Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence

Taiwanese indigenous peoples

• Ethnic group: Native Taiwanese
  • Proposed: autonomy for the indigenous peoples of Taiwan^[199]
  • Political party: Taiwan First Nations Party^[200]

Thailand

See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand.

Patani

See main article: South Thailand insurgency.

• Ethnic group: Patani Malays
  • Proposed state: Pattani Darul Makrif,^[201] unification with Malaysia^{[202] [203]}
  • Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front, Runda Kumpulan Kecil, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
  • Advocacy group: Pelajar Bangsa^{[204] [205] [206]}

Turkey

See also: Minorities in Turkey and Secession in Turkey.

See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey. Northern Kurdistan^[207]

See main article: Kurdish nationalism, United Kurdistan and Kurdish Question.

• Ethnic group: Kurds
  • Proposed state: Kurdistan
  • Militant organisations: Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)

See main article: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence and Assyrian genocide.

• Ethnic group: Assyrians, Arab Christians
  • Proposed state:
  • Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
  • Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
  • Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe

Zazaistan

See main article: Zaza nationalism.

• Ethnic group: Zazas
  • Proposed state: Zazaistan
    • Political parties: Democracy Time Party^[208]
    • Advocacy groups: Federation of Zaza Associations

Uzbekistan

^{[209] [210]}

See main article: article and 2022 Karakalpak protests.

• ethnic group: Karakalpaks
  • proposed state:

Vietnam

Central Highlands (Vietnam)

• Ethnic group: Montagnard^[211]
  • Proposed: autonomy^[212] for the Montagnard
  • Political organisations: Montagnard Foundation, Inc., United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races(Defunct), Montagnard Dega Association, Montagnard Human Rights Organization, United Montagnard People, M'Nong Bu-dang, Movement for the Unity of Ethnic Groups of South Viet-Nam^[213]

Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam

• Ethnic group: Khmer Krom^{[214] [215]}
  • Proposed: Autonomy for the Khmer Krom
  • Political party: Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation, United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races(Defunct)

Yemen

• South Yemen
  • Proposed state: The Republic of South Arabia or Hadhramout Arab State or The Republic of South Yemen^[216]
  • De facto state: Southern Transitional Council^{[217] [218] [219]}
    • Political parties: Yemeni Socialist Party
• Hadhramaut^[220]
• Ethnic group: Hadharem as well as Mehri and Soqotri
  • Proposed state: Hadhramaut Arab State
  • De facto state: Hadhramaut Region, Protectorate of South Arabia
    • Political party: Hadhrami League, Hadramout National Council

See also

• Lists of active separatist movements
• List of historical separatist movements
• Autonomous area

Notes and References

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