List of Western Bloc defectors explained

This is an incomplete list of Western Bloc intelligence agents, military personnel, scientists, politicians, diplomats, and other prominent people who defected to Eastern Bloc or non-aligned countries during the Cold War and after.

Defections before 1991

Defector	Profession/Prominence	Country of origin	Year of Defection	Country of defection
data-sort-value="Borchers, Erwin" style="text-align:left"	Erwin Borchers		Germany / France	1945	Viet Minh^[1]
data-sort-value="Frey, Ernst" style="text-align:left"	Ernst Frey		Austria / France	1945	Viet Minh^[2]
data-sort-value="Wenzel, Siegfried" style="text-align:left"	Siegfried Wenzel		Germany / France	1945	Viet Minh^[3]
data-sort-value="Sarantidis, Kostas" style="text-align:left"			Greece / France	1946	Viet Minh^[4]
data-sort-value="Kubiak, Stefan" style="text-align:left"	Stefan Kubiak		Poland / France	1946	Viet Minh^[5]
Park Si-hyeong	Historian	South Korea (U.S. Occupation Zone)	1946	North Korea (Soviet Occupation Zone)^[6]
data-sort-value="Schnitzler, Karl-Eduard" style="text-align:left"		BBC journalist	West Germany (British Occupation Zone)	1947	East Germany (Soviet Occupation Zone)^[7]
data-sort-value="Selhofer, Emil" style="text-align:left"	Emil Selhofer		Switzerland / France	1947	Viet Minh^[8]
data-sort-value="Wheeler, George Shaw" style="text-align:left"		Foreign Economic Administration economist	United States	1947	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Bucar, Annabelle" style="text-align:left"	Annabelle Bucar		United States	1948	Soviet Union^[9]
	Writer		1948	North Korea^[10]
Kang Tae-mu			1948	North Korea^[11]
Kim Sun-nam	Composer		1948	North Korea^[12]
data-sort-value="Koval, George" style="text-align:left"			United States	1948	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="McMillin, James" style="text-align:left"	James McMillin		United States	1948	Soviet Union
Pyo Mu-won			1948	North Korea
data-sort-value="Clavier, Albert" style="text-align:left"	Albert Clavier		France	1949	Viet Minh
data-sort-value="Dagleish, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Dagleish		United Kingdom	1949	Soviet Union^[13]
data-sort-value="Eisler, Gerhart" style="text-align:left"		Journalist	United States	1949	East Germany
data-sort-value="Field, Noel" style="text-align:left"	Noel Field		United States	1949	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Johnstone, Archibald" style="text-align:left"		Journalist	United Kingdom	1949	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Stuart, James" style="text-align:left"	James Stuart		United Kingdom	1949	East Germany^[14]
data-sort-value="Miroslav Surý" style="text-align:left"	Miroslav Surý		Czechoslovakia / France	1949	Viet Minh^[15]
data-sort-value="Vaňhara, František" style="text-align:left"	František Vaňhara		Czechoslovakia / France	1949	Viet Minh
data-sort-value="Young, David" style="text-align:left"	David Young		United Kingdom	1949	People's Republic of China^[16]
data-sort-value="Infeld, Leopold" style="text-align:left"		University of Toronto physicist	Canada	1950	Poland
data-sort-value="Milner, Ian" style="text-align:left"		United Nations diplomat	Australia	1950	Czechoslovakia^[17]
data-sort-value="Poláček, Ján" style="text-align:left"	Ján Poláček		Czechoslovakia / France	1950	Viet Minh
data-sort-value="Pontecorvo, Bruno" style="text-align:left"			Italy / United Kingdom	1950	Soviet Union (via Finland)
data-sort-value="Peet, John" style="text-align:left"	John Peet	Reuters correspondent	United Kingdom	1950	East Germany
data-sort-value="Hikmet Ran, Nâzım" style="text-align:left"	Nâzım Hikmet Ran	Poet		1950	Soviet Union
	Seoul National University chemistry professor		1950	North Korea
data-sort-value="Rides, Arna" style="text-align:left"	Arna Rides	British Council medical adviser	United Kingdom	1950	Czechoslovakia^[18]
data-sort-value="Zvoník, Josef"style="text-align:left"	Josef Zvoník		Czechoslovakia / France	1950	Viet Minh
data-sort-value="Burgess, Guy" style="text-align:left"			United Kingdom	1951	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Maclean, Donald" style="text-align:left"	Donald Maclean		United Kingdom	1951	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Sarant, Alfred" style="text-align:left"			United States	1951	Poland, then Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Barr, Joel" style="text-align:left"			United States	1951	Czechoslovakia, then Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Schlauch, Margaret" style="text-align:left"		New York University English professor	United States	1951	Poland^[19]
	Geologist and Kuomintang politician		1951	People's Republic of China^[20]
data-sort-value="Braun, Heiner" style="text-align:left"	Heiner Braun	Track athlete (5000 meters)		1952	East Germany^[21]
data-sort-value="Heym, Stefan" style="text-align:left"		United States Army / Writer	United States	1952	Czechoslovakia, then East Germany
data-sort-value="Gereke, Günther" style="text-align:left"		Christian Democratic Union politician		1952	East Germany^[22]
data-sort-value="Grossman, Victor" style="text-align:left"			United States	1952	East Germany^[23]
Kug Yong-am			1952	North Korea^[24]
data-sort-value="Lucas, Charles" style="text-align:left"	Charles Lucas		United States	1952	East Germany^[25] ^[26]
data-sort-value="Miles, Aubrey E." style="text-align:left"	Aubrey E. Miles		United States	1952	East Germany^[27]
data-sort-value="Gans zu Putlitz, Wolfgang" style="text-align:left"	Wolfgang Gans zu Putlitz		United Kingdom	1952	East Germany^[28]
data-sort-value="Salhi, Miloud" style="text-align:left"	Miloud Salhi		France	1952	Viet Minh^[29]
data-sort-value="Adams, Clarence" style="text-align:left"			United States	1953	People's Republic of China^[30]
data-sort-value="Adams, Howard Gayle" style="text-align:left"	Howard Gayle Adams		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Belhomme, Albert Constant" style="text-align:left"	Albert Constant Belhomme		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Bell, Otto Grayson" style="text-align:left"			United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Boyd, Arthur" style="text-align:left"	Arthur Boyd		United States	1953	East Germany^[31]
data-sort-value="Condron, Andrew" style="text-align:left"	Andrew Condron		United Kingdom	1953	People's Republic of China^[32]
data-sort-value="Corden, Richard G." style="text-align:left"	Richard G. Corden		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Coward, William" style="text-align:left"	William Cowart		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Glancy, W." style="text-align:left"	W. Glancy		United Kingdom	1953	East Germany^[33]
data-sort-value="Douglas, Rufus" style="text-align:left"	Rufus Douglas		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Dunn, John Roedel" style="text-align:left"	John Roedel Dunn		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Fortuna, Andrew" style="text-align:left"	Andrew Fortuna		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Geyer, Hans Joachim" style="text-align:left"	Hans Joachim Geyer			1953	East Germany^[34]
data-sort-value="Griggs, Lewis" style="text-align:left"	Lewis Griggs		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Hawkins, Samuel David" style="text-align:left"			United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Höher, Wolfgang" style="text-align:left"	Wolfgang Höher			1953	East Germany^[35]
data-sort-value="Irvine, R." style="text-align:left"	R. Irvine		United Kingdom	1953	East Germany
Kim Sung-bai			1953	North Korea^[36]
data-sort-value="Lewes, S." style="text-align:left"	S. Lewes		United Kingdom	1953	East Germany
data-sort-value="Lowell, Norman M." style="text-align:left"	Norman M. Lowell		United States	1953	East Germany^[37]
data-sort-value="Luwman, R. W." style="text-align:left"	R. W. Luwman			1953	East Germany^[38]
data-sort-value="Murphy, Clifford F." style="text-align:left"	Clifford F. Murphy		United States	1953	East Germany^[39]
data-sort-value="Pate, Arlie" style="text-align:left"	Arlie Pate		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Rush, Scott" style="text-align:left"	Scott Rush		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Skinner, Lowell" style="text-align:left"	Lowell Skinner		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Sullivan, Larance" style="text-align:left"	Larance Sullivan		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Tenneson, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Tenneson		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Veneris, James" style="text-align:left"			United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Webb, Harold" style="text-align:left"	Harold Webb		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Wanroy, R." style="text-align:left"	R. Wanroy			1953	East Germany
data-sort-value="White, William" style="text-align:left"	William White		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Wills, Morris" style="text-align:left"	Morris Wills		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Wilson, Aaron" style="text-align:left"	Aaron Wilson		United States	1953	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Zdanowski, Stanislaw" style="text-align:left"	Stanislaw Zdanowski		United States	1953	Poland^[40]
data-sort-value="Adkins, William Donal" style="text-align:left"	William Donal Adkins		United States	1954	Soviet Union^[41]
Choi Man-chong			1954	North Korea^[42]
data-sort-value="Cort, Joseph" style="text-align:left"	Joseph Cort	Doctor of Medicine and University of Birmingham physiology lecturer	United States	1954	Czechoslovakia^[43]
data-sort-value="Davis, James" style="text-align:left"	James Davis		United States	1954	Czechoslovakia^[44]
data-sort-value="Folta, Bruno" style="text-align:left"	Bruno Folta	Radio announcer		1954	Czechoslovakia^[45]
data-sort-value="Hutto, Raymond H." style="text-align:left"	Raymond H. Hutto		United States	1954	East Germany^[46]
data-sort-value="Otto, John" style="text-align:left"	Otto John			1954	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schmidt-Wittmack, Karl Franz" style="text-align:left"	Karl Franz Schmidt-Wittmack	Bundestag deputy and Christian Democratic Union politician		1954	East Germany^[47]
data-sort-value="Squires, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Squires		United Kingdom	1954	Soviet Union^[48]
data-sort-value="Turner, William" style="text-align:left"	William Turner		United States	1954	Soviet Union^[49]
data-sort-value="Cross, Ralph Bernard Frederick" style="text-align:left"	Ralph Bernard Frederick Cross		Canada	1955	East Germany^[50]
data-sort-value="Pulley, James W." style="text-align:left"	James W. Pulley		United States	1955	East Germany
data-sort-value="Brauchitsch, Manfred" style="text-align:left"	Manfred von Brauchitsch			1955	East Germany
Ho Wei-Chin			1955	People's Republic of China^[51]
data-sort-value="Holland, B. F." style="text-align:left"	B. F. Holland		United States	1955	East Germany^[52]
data-sort-value="Spanier, Horst" style="text-align:left"	Horst Spanier		United States	1955	East Germany^[53]
Wei Li-Huang			1955	People's Republic of China^[54]
Hung Chin-Shan			1955	People's Republic of China^[55]
data-sort-value="Maillot, Henri" style="text-align:left"	Henri Maillot		France	1956	Algerian National Liberation Front
data-sort-value="Loebl, Wolf-Dieter" style="text-align:left"	Wolf-Dieter Loebl			1956	East Germany^[56]
data-sort-value="Makar, Orest Stephen" style="text-align:left"	Orest Stephen Makar		United States	1956	Soviet Union^[57]
data-sort-value="Wraight, Anthony" style="text-align:left"	Anthony Wraight		United Kingdom	1956	Soviet Union^[58]
data-sort-value="Cabrera Oroza, Augustin" style="text-align:left"	Augustin Cabrera Oroza			1957	Mexico^[59]
data-sort-value="Fernandez Rodriguez, Manuel" style="text-align:left"	Manuel Fernandez Rodriguez			1957	Mexico
data-sort-value="Jiminez Nortes, Ginas" style="text-align:left"	Ginas Jiminez Nortes			1957	Mexico
data-sort-value="Medina Fernandez, Enrique" style="text-align:left"	Enrique Medina Fernandez			1957	Mexico
data-sort-value="Mickeleit, Jürgen" style="text-align:left"	Jürgen Mickeleit			1957	East Germany^[60]
data-sort-value="Rodriguez, Victor" style="text-align:left"	Victor Rodriguez			1957	Mexico
data-sort-value="Stern, Alfred Kaufman" style="text-align:left"	Alfred Kaufman Stern		United States	1957	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Stern, Martha Dodd" style="text-align:left"	Martha Dodd Stern		United States	1957	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Fletcher, Ernie" style="text-align:left"	Ernie Fletcher		United States	1959	East Germany^[61]
data-sort-value="Fuchs, Klaus" style="text-align:left"			United Kingdom	1959	Exchanged to East Germany
Ho Ye-Chen			1959	People's Republic of China^[62]
data-sort-value="Kephart, Arnold" style="text-align:left"	Arnold Kephart		United States	1959	East Germany^[63]
data-sort-value="Mullis, Billy" style="text-align:left"	Billy Mullis		United States	1959	East Germany^[64]
data-sort-value="Oswald, Lee Harvey" style="text-align:left"			United States	1959	Soviet Union via Finland, rejected from Cuba
data-sort-value="Ricciardelli, Libero" style="text-align:left"	Libero Ricciardelli		United States	1959	Soviet Union^[65]
data-sort-value="Schröder, Franz Julius" style="text-align:left"	Franz Julius Schröder	Christian Democratic Union aide		1959	East Germany^[66]
data-sort-value="Wegner, Arthur" style="text-align:left"	Arthur Wegner	University of Münster law professor		1959	East Germany^[67]
data-sort-value="Witt, John B." style="text-align:left"	John B. Witt		United States	1959	Czechoslovakia^[68]
data-sort-value="Böttger, Franz" style="text-align:left"	Franz Böttger			1960	East Germany^[69]
data-sort-value="Bouchard, Guy" style="text-align:left"	Guy Bouchard		Canada	1960	East Germany^[70]
data-sort-value="Braun, Horst" style="text-align:left"	Horst Braun			1960	East Germany
data-sort-value="Davis, Bruce" style="text-align:left"	Bruce Davis		United States	1960	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Dutkanicz, Joseph" style="text-align:left"	Joseph Dutkanicz		United States	1960	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Gromek, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Gromek			1960	East Germany^[71]
data-sort-value="Jenkerson, Gilbert Paul" style="text-align:left"	Gilbert Paul Jenkerson		United Kingdom	1960	East Germany^[72]
data-sort-value="Mitchell, Bernon F." style="text-align:left"	Bernon F. Mitchell		United States	1960	Soviet Union^[73]
data-sort-value="Martin, William H." style="text-align:left"	William H. Martin		United States	1960	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Petrich, Peter" style="text-align:left"	Peter Petrich			1960	East Germany
data-sort-value="Sanchez, Serafin" style="text-align:left"	Serafin Sanchez		United States	1960	Cuba^[74]
data-sort-value="Schlüter, Paul" style="text-align:left"	Paul Schlüter	Social Democratic Party of Germany politician		1960	East Germany^[75]
data-sort-value="Sloboda, Vladimir" style="text-align:left"	Vladimir Sloboda		United States	1960	Soviet Union^[76]
data-sort-value="Strobl, John" style="text-align:left"	John Strobl		Canada	1960	East Germany^[77]
data-sort-value="Tuschla, Horst" style="text-align:left"	Horst Tuschla			1960	East Germany
data-sort-value="Weissenberger, Otto" style="text-align:left"	Otto Weissenberger			1960	East Germany^[78]
data-sort-value="Barth, Walter" style="text-align:left"	Walter Barth			1961	East Germany^[79]
data-sort-value="Hagemann, Walter" style="text-align:left"	Walter Hagemann	Christian Democratic Union politician and University of Münster journalism professor		1961	East Germany^[80]
data-sort-value="Falk, K. H." style="text-align:left"	K. H. Falk			1961	East Germany^[81]
data-sort-value="Ganhao, Fernando" style="text-align:left"	Fernando Ganhao			1961	Mozambican Liberation Front^[82]
data-sort-value="Harrington, Ollie" style="text-align:left"			United States	1961	East Germany
data-sort-value="Junge" style="text-align:left"	Junge family	University of Washington scientists	United States	1961	Czechoslovakia^[83]
data-sort-value="Krychowski, Winfried" style="text-align:left"	Winfried Krychowski			1961	East Germany
data-sort-value="Lamari, Mohamed" style="text-align:left"			France	1961	Algerian National Liberation Front
data-sort-value="Objeglo, Wolfgang" style="text-align:left"	Wolfgang Objeglo			1961	East Germany
data-sort-value="Moutinho Pádua, Mário" style="text-align:left"	Mário Moutinho de Pádua			1961	Congo-Léopoldville^[84]
data-sort-value="Abshier, Larry Allen" style="text-align:left"			United States	1962	North Korea
data-sort-value="Alsguth, Wilfried" style="text-align:left"	Wilfried Alsguth			1962	East Germany^[85]
data-sort-value="Böhmer, Herbert" style="text-align:left"	Herbert Böhmer			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Brehning, Heinz-Dieter" style="text-align:left"	Heinz-Dieter Brehning			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Dresnok, James Joseph" style="text-align:left"			United States	1962	North Korea
data-sort-value="Fischer, Günther" style="text-align:left"	Günther Fischer			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Frank, Heinrich" style="text-align:left"	Heinrich Frank			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Hareld, R. S." style="text-align:left"	R. S. Hareld		United States	1962	Czechoslovakia^[86]
data-sort-value="Hoffmann, Guntram" style="text-align:left"	Guntram Hoffmann			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Rudolf, Abel" style="text-align:left"			United States	1962	Exchanged to Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Keesee, Bobby Joe" style="text-align:left"	Bobby Joe Keesee		United States	1962	Cuba^[87]
data-sort-value="Kiernan, Henry" style="text-align:left"	Henry Kiernan		United States	1962	East Germany^[88]
data-sort-value="Kostede, Albert" style="text-align:left"	Albert Kostede			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Lang, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Lang			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Michael, David" style="text-align:left"	David Michael	Engineer	United States	1962	Cuba^[89]
data-sort-value="Miran, Erwin" style="text-align:left"	Erwin Miran			1962	East Germany
Nguyen Van Cu			1962	Cambodia^[90]
data-sort-value="Reichardt, Klaus" style="text-align:left"	Klaus Reichardt			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Salzmann, Willi" style="text-align:left"	Willi Salzmann			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schödder, Peter-Joseph" style="text-align:left"	Peter-Joseph Schödder			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schüssler, Manfred" style="text-align:left"	Manfred Schüssler			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Pilger, Horst" style="text-align:left"	Horst Pilger			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Pitzen, Peter" style="text-align:left"	Peter Pitzen			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Ratzinger, Bodo" style="text-align:left"	Bodo Ratzinger			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schmutzler, Dieter" style="text-align:left"	Dieter Schmutzler			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schwarz, Otto" style="text-align:left"	Otto Schwarz			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Stanley, Ronald" style="text-align:left"	Ronald Stanley		United Kingdom	1962	East Germany^[91]
data-sort-value="Steinigtweg, Jürgen" style="text-align:left"	Jürgen Steinigtweg			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Stuckhaus, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Stuckhaus			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Vogt, Wolfgang" style="text-align:left"	Wolfgang Vogt			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Wizien, Berthold" style="text-align:left"	Berthold Wizien			1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Badey, Thomas" style="text-align:left"	Thomas Badey		United States	1963	East Germany^[92]
data-sort-value="Barton, Frank" style="text-align:left"	Frank Barton		United States	1963	East Germany^[93]
data-sort-value="Bourret, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Bourret		United States	1963	Cuba^[94]
data-sort-value="Cain, Benjamin" style="text-align:left"	Benjamin Cain		United States	1963	East Germany^[95]
data-sort-value="Chepelier, Klaus" style="text-align:left"style="text-align:left"	Klaus Chepelier			1963	East Germany^[96]
data-sort-value="Hamilton, Victor Norris" style="text-align:left"			United States	1963	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Herzet, Reymond" style="text-align:left"	Reymond Herzet			1963	East Germany^[97]
data-sort-value="Martzke, Gary" style="text-align:left"	Gary Martzke		United States	1963	East Germany^[98]
data-sort-value="Michelena, Roberto Ramos" style="text-align:left"	Roberto "Robert" Ramos Michelena		United States	1963	Cuba^[99]
data-sort-value="Moore, James Carl" style="text-align:left"	James Carl Moore		United States	1963	East Germany^[100]
data-sort-value="Newton, Heinrich James" style="text-align:left"	Heinrich James Newton		United States	1963	East Germany^[101]
data-sort-value="Parrish, Jerry Wayne" style="text-align:left"	Jerry Wayne Parrish		United States	1963	North Korea
data-sort-value="Patchett, Brian" style="text-align:left"			United Kingdom	1963	East Germany^[102]
data-sort-value="Pengate, Christopher John" style="text-align:left"	Christopher John Pengate		United Kingdom	1963	East Germany^[103]
data-sort-value="Philby, Kim" style="text-align:left"	Kim Philby		United Kingdom	1963	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Svenson, Alfred" style="text-align:left"	Alfred Svenson		United States	1963	East Germany^[104]
data-sort-value="Valentini, Willard E." style="text-align:left"	Willard E. Valentini		United States	1963	East Germany^[105]
data-sort-value="Veloso, Jacinto" style="text-align:left"	Jacinto Veloso			1963	Mozambican Liberation Front^[106]
Chan Chueh	Olympic Games official		1964	People's Republic of China^[107]
Cheng Yi-Ming			1964	People's Republic of China^[108]
Li Fung-ryong			1964	North Korea^[109]
data-sort-value="Eijck, Theo" style="text-align:left"	Theo van Eijck			1964	Libya^[110]
data-sort-value="Kotloby, Anatoly P." style="text-align:left"	Anatoly P. Kotloby		United States	1964	Soviet Union^[111]
Ma Ching-Shan			1964	People's Republic of China^[112]
data-sort-value="Swain, Claude" style="text-align:left"	Claude Swain		United States	1964	East Germany^[113]
Zhao Zongli			1964	People's Republic of China^[114]
Bui Van Trach			1965	Cambodia^[115]
Chan Chen-Chin			1965	People's Republic of China^[116]
Chen Li			1965	People's Republic of China^[117]
data-sort-value="Frenzel, Alfred" style="text-align:left"		Social Democratic Party of Germany politician		1965	Exchanged to Czechoslovakia
Hua Tsu-Hsin	Diplomat		1965	People's Republic of China^[118]
data-sort-value="Jenkins, Charles Robert" style="text-align:left"			United States	1965	North Korea
data-sort-value="Rohrer, Glen Roy" style="text-align:left"			United States	1965	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Silva Pais, Ana Maria" style="text-align:left"	Ana Maria Silva Pais	Daughter of PIDE Director Fernando Silva		1965	Cuba^[119]
		United States	1965	People's Republic of China^[120]
Nguyen Chi Canh			1965	North Vietnam^[121]
data-sort-value="Biggs, Stephen" style="text-align:left"	Stephen Biggs		United Kingdom	1965	East Germany^[122]
data-sort-value="Koch, Harold M." style="text-align:left"	Harold M. Koch		United States	1966	Soviet Union^[123]
data-sort-value="Smith, John Discoe" style="text-align:left"	John Discoe Smith		United States	1966	Soviet Union^[124] ^[125]
Nguyen Duch Hien			1966	Cambodia^[126]
data-sort-value="Anderson, Craig" style="text-align:left"	Craig Anderson		United States	1967	Sweden^[127]
data-sort-value="Bailey, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Bailey		United States	1967	Sweden via Japan
data-sort-value="Barilla, John" style="text-align:left"	John Barilla		United States	1967	Sweden
data-sort-value="Blake, George" style="text-align:left"			United Kingdom	1967	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Brown, Lorenzo" style="text-align:left"	Lorenzo Brown		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Calfelis, Costa" style="text-align:left"	Costa Calfelis	Journalist	Greece	1967	Switzerland^[128]
data-sort-value="Carragher, Des" style="text-align:left"	Des Carragher		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Condon, Jerry" style="text-align:left"	Jerry Condon		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Dass, Jerry" style="text-align:left"	Jerry Dass	Green Beret SFOD B, S-5	United States		Sweden^[129] ^[130]
data-sort-value="Dotson, Jimmy" style="text-align:left"	Jimmy Dotson		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Forler, John" style="text-align:left"	John Forler		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Griggs, Kenneth C." style="text-align:left"	Kenneth C. Griggs		United States	1967	Cuba^[131]
data-sort-value="Janson, Bob" style="text-align:left"	Bob Janson		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Jones, Roy Ray" style="text-align:left"	Roy Ray Jones		United States	1967	Sweden^[132]
data-sort-value="Harshall, Walter" style="text-align:left"	Walter Harshall		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Hayes, Tom" style="text-align:left"	Tom Hayes		United States		Sweden, later managed Clergy & Layman Concerned
data-sort-value="Hinchliffe, Roger" style="text-align:left"	Roger Hinchliffe		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Kilmer, Dick" style="text-align:left"	Dick Kilmer		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Kinneman, Steve" style="text-align:left"	Steve Kinneman		United States	1967	Sweden^[133] via Thailand, and Laos
data-sort-value="Lindner, Michael" style="text-align:left"	Michael Lindner		United States	1967	Sweden
data-sort-value="Males, William" style="text-align:left"	William Males		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Nolan, McKinley" style="text-align:left"	McKinley Nolan		United States	1967	North Vietnam^[134]
data-sort-value="Nordby, Henry" style="text-align:left"	Henry Nordby		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Pauley, Rich" style="text-align:left"	Rich Pauley		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Pearce, Richard Harwood" style="text-align:left"	Richard Harwood Pearce		United States	1967	Cuba^[135]
data-sort-value="Rubin, Irving" style="text-align:left"	Irving Rubin		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Schölzel, Arnold" style="text-align:left"			West Germany	1967	East Germany
data-sort-value="Smith, David" style="text-align:left"	David Smith		United States	1967	Sweden^[136]
data-sort-value="Stewart, Joe" style="text-align:left"	Joe Stewart		United States		Sweden
Tseng Chao-Ping			1967	People's Republic of China^[137]
data-sort-value="Washington, Herbert" style="text-align:left"	Herbert Washington		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Weisberg, Ted" style="text-align:left"	Ted Weisberg		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Whitmore, Terry" style="text-align:left"			United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Argento, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Argento		United States	1968	Sweden^[138]
data-sort-value="Arnett, Edwin" style="text-align:left"	Edwin Arnett		United States	1968	Sweden^[139]
data-sort-value="Ashley, John" style="text-align:left"	John Ashley		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Brown, Samuel" style="text-align:left"	Samuel Brown		United States	1968	Sweden^[140]
data-sort-value="Burger, Gerald" style="text-align:left"	Gerald Burger		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Burroughs, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Burroughs		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Carroll, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Carroll		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Cooper, Kenneth" style="text-align:left"	Kenneth Cooper		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Foster, Erwin" style="text-align:left"	Erwin Foster		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Haire, David" style="text-align:left"	David Haire		United States	1968	Sweden^[141]
data-sort-value="Huth, Rodney" style="text-align:left"	Rodney Huth		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Johnson, Edward" style="text-align:left"	Edward Johnson		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Jones, William" style="text-align:left"	William Jones		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Mayor, Bruce" style="text-align:left"	Bruce Mayor		United States	1968	Sweden, served in the Swedish Army and has run for a seat in Parliament
data-sort-value="McKinney, Richard Lee" style="text-align:left"	Richard Lee McKinney		United States	1968	Sweden^[142]
data-sort-value="Moebius, Peter" style="text-align:left"	Peter Moebius		West Germany	1968	East Germany^[143]
data-sort-value="Olson, Justin" style="text-align:left"	Justin Olson		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Patzelt, Herbert" style="text-align:left"	Herbert Patzelt	European Atomic Energy Community aide	West Germany	1968	East Germany
data-sort-value="Percell, William" style="text-align:left"	William Percell		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Petras, Ehrenfried" style="text-align:left"	Ehrenfried Petras		West Germany	1968	East Germany^[144]
data-sort-value="Proctor, Bruce" style="text-align:left"	Bruce Proctor	Former Defense Intelligence Agency analyst	United States	1968	Sweden^[145]
data-sort-value="Propp, Richard Lee" style="text-align:left"	Richard Lee Propp		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Roman, David" style="text-align:left"	David Roman		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Sansiviero, Raymond" style="text-align:left"	Raymond Sansiviero		United States	1968	Sweden^[146]
data-sort-value="Smith, Parker" style="text-align:left"	Parker Smith		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Strollo, Vincent" style="text-align:left"	Vincent Strollo		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Tannimura, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Tannimura		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Vitarelle, Gregory" style="text-align:left"	Gregory Vitarelle		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Warrell, Mark" style="text-align:left"	Mark Warrell		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Westbrooks, Eugene" style="text-align:left"	Eugene Westbrooks		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Wright, J. W." style="text-align:left"	J. W. Wright		United States	1968	Soviet Union^[147]
data-sort-value="Brent, William Lee" style="text-align:left"		Black Panther Party activist	United States	1969	Cuba
data-sort-value="Butler, Irvin Leon" style="text-align:left"	Irvin Leon Butler		United States	1969	Sweden^[148]
data-sort-value="Cohen, Lona" style="text-align:left"	Lona Cohen		United States	1969	Exchanged to the Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Cohen, Morris" style="text-align:left"	Morris Cohen		United States	1969	Exchanged to the Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Dass, Jerry Bhagwan" style="text-align:left"	Jerry Bhagwan Dass		United States	1969	Sweden^[149]
data-sort-value="Dostlik, Robert Edward" style="text-align:left"	Robert Edward Dostlik		United States	1969	Cuba^[150]
data-sort-value="Felfe, Heinz" style="text-align:left"	Heinz Felfe			1969	Exchanged to East Germany
data-sort-value="Foertsch, Olaf" style="text-align:left"	Olaf Foertsch			1969	East Germany^[151]
data-sort-value="Gummert, Ludwig" style="text-align:left"	Ludwig Gummert			1969	East Germany^[152]
data-sort-value="Kavanaugh, Thomas" style="text-align:left"	Thomas Kavanaugh		United States	1969	East Germany^[153]
data-sort-value="Kruse, Hans-Joachim" style="text-align:left"	Hans-Joachim Kruse			1969	East Germany^[154]
data-sort-value="Kündiger, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Kündiger			1969	East Germany^[155]
data-sort-value="Lowney, John" style="text-align:left"	John Lowney		United States	1969	North Vietnam^[156]
data-sort-value="Tsironis, Vassilios" style="text-align:left"	Vassilios Tsironis			1969	Albania^[157]
data-sort-value="Walch, Jim" style="text-align:left"	Jim Walch		United States	1969	Sweden
Zhou Zhende			1969	People's Republic of China^[158]
data-sort-value="Uomoto, Kimihuro" style="text-align:left"	Kimihuro Uomoto			1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Fukudome, Kimiko" style="text-align:left"	Kimiko Fukudome			1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Yoshida, Kintaro" style="text-align:left"	Kintaro Yoshida			1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Wakabayashi, Moriaki" style="text-align:left"	Moriaki Wakabayashi			1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Akagi, Shirō" style="text-align:left"	Shirō Akagi			1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Konishi, Takahiro" style="text-align:left"	Takahiro Konishi			1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Tamiya, Takamaro" style="text-align:left"	Takamaro Tamiya			1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Okamoto, Takeshi" style="text-align:left"	Takeshi Okamoto			1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Shibata, Yasuhiro" style="text-align:left"	Yasuhiro Shibata			1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Glatkowski, Alvin" style="text-align:left"	Alvin Glatkowski		United States	1970	Attempted defection to Cambodia
data-sort-value="McKay, Clyde" style="text-align:left"	Clyde McKay		United States	1970	Attempted defection to Cambodia
data-sort-value="Carbonneau, Marc" style="text-align:left"		Front de libération du Québec Liberation Cell	Canada	1970	Voluntarily defected to Cuba
data-sort-value="Cossette-Trudel, Jacques" style="text-align:left"		Front de libération du Québec Liberation Cell	Canada	1970	Voluntarily defected to Cuba
data-sort-value="Langlois, Yves" style="text-align:left"		Front de libération du Québec Liberation Cell	Canada	1970	Voluntarily defected to Cuba
data-sort-value="Humphrey, Larry" style="text-align:left"	Larry Humphrey		United States	1970	Cambodia^[159]
data-sort-value="Maniadakis, Mihalis" style="text-align:left"	Mihalis Maniadakis			1970	Soviet Union^[160]
Chang Shuang-Chao	Ministry of Finance aide		1971	People's Republic of China^[161]
Sun Chi-Chou	Diplomat		1971	People's Republic of China^[162]
data-sort-value="Deberry, Michael" style="text-align:left"	Michael Deberry		United States	1971	Sweden
data-sort-value="Horne, Tom" style="text-align:left"	Tom Horne		United States		Sweden^[163]
data-sort-value="Hunter, Ernest" style="text-align:left"	Ernest Hunter		United States		Sweden^[164]
data-sort-value="Reinkensmeier, Hans-Dieter" style="text-align:left"	Hans-Dieter Reinkensmeier			1971	East Germany^[165]
data-sort-value="Hill, Harold" style="text-align:left"	Harold Hill	Rolls-Royce Limited engineer	United Kingdom	1971	Soviet Union^[166]
data-sort-value="Llana, Esteban" style="text-align:left"	Esteban Llana		United States	1971	Panama^[167]
data-sort-value="Morais, Jaime" style="text-align:left"	Jaime Morais			1971	Sweden^[168]
data-sort-value="Pryer, Bernard" style="text-align:left"	Bernard Pryer		United States	1971	Panama
data-sort-value="Vequist, John R." style="text-align:left"	John R. Vequist		United States	1971	Sweden^[169]
data-sort-value="Wagner, Tobey" style="text-align:left"	Tobey Wagner		United States	1971	Panama
data-sort-value="Cadwallader, Kevin" style="text-align:left"	Kevin Cadwallader		United Kingdom	1972	Sweden^[170]
Ngo Cong Duc	Journalist		1972	Sweden^[171]
Pham Van Dinh			1972	North Vietnam
Sung Wei-Pi	Former diplomat		1973	People's Republic of China^[172]
data-sort-value="Burns, Gerard" style="text-align:left"	Gerard Burns		United Kingdom	1974	Ireland^[173]
Nguyen Thanh Trung			1975	North Vietnam^[174]
data-sort-value="Schneider, Jürgen" style="text-align:left"	Jürgen Schneider			1976	East Germany^[175]
Bong Ju			1977	North Korea^[176]
data-sort-value="Black, William Joseph" style="text-align:left"	William Joseph Black		United States	1977	Czechoslovakia^[177]
Yu Un-hak			1977	North Korea
data-sort-value="Thompson, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Thompson		United States	1978	Exchanged to the Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Mueller, Erhard" style="text-align:left"	Erhard Mueller			1978	East Germany^[178]
Li Jun-gwang			1978	North Korea^[179]
data-sort-value="Chung, Roy" style="text-align:left"	Roy Chung		United States	1979	East Germany, then to North Korea
data-sort-value="Lorenzen, Ursel" style="text-align:left"	Ursel Lorenzen	NATO aide		1979	East Germany^[180]
data-sort-value="Broszey, Christel" style="text-align:left"	Christel Broszey	Christian Democratic Union aide		1979	East Germany^[181]
data-sort-value="Goliath, Inge" style="text-align:left"	Inge Goliath	Christian Democratic Union aide		1979	East Germany
data-sort-value="Roediger, Helga" style="text-align:left"	Helga Roediger			1979	East Germany^[182]
data-sort-value="Lambert, Alexander" style="text-align:left"	Alexander Lambert			1979	Sweden^[183]
data-sort-value="Lin, Justin" style="text-align:left"				1979	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Tomberg, Friedrich" style="text-align:left"	Friedrich Tomberg	Pädagogische Hochschule philosophy professor		1979	East Germany^[184]
Kim Ryong-jin			1979	North Korea^[185]
data-sort-value="Verrept, Imelda" style="text-align:left"	Imelda Verrept	NATO aide		1980	East Germany^[186]
data-sort-value="Guillaume, Günter" style="text-align:left"				1981	Exchanged to East Germany
data-sort-value="Terpil, Frank" style="text-align:left"			United States	1981	Libya, then to Cuba^[187]
Huang Zhicheng			1981	People's Republic of China^[188]
Ma Bi	Kuomintang adviser		1981	People's Republic of China^[189]
data-sort-value="Vesco, Robert" style="text-align:left"		Financier	United States	1982	Cuba
data-sort-value="White, Joseph T." style="text-align:left"	Joseph T. White		United States	1982	North Korea
data-sort-value="G, Gerhard" style="text-align:left"	Gerhard G.			1982	East Germany^[190]
data-sort-value="Eckert, Gerald Andreas" style="text-align:left"	Gerald Andreas Eckert			1983	Mozambique^[191]
Li Dawei			1983	People's Republic of China^[192]
Mun Sang-chol			1983	North Korea^[193]
data-sort-value="Shakur, Assata" style="text-align:left"		Black Panther Party activist	United States	1984	Cuba
Xie Yuchen	Film director		1984	People's Republic of China^[194]
Zhang Jinfeng	Film producer		1984	People's Republic of China
data-sort-value="Tiedge, Hans" style="text-align:left"				1985	East Germany
data-sort-value="Carney, Jeffrey" style="text-align:left"			United States	1985	East Germany
Ra Il-ryong			1985	North Korea^[195]
data-sort-value="Howard, Edward Lee" style="text-align:left"	Edward Lee Howard		United States	1985	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Luenberg, Sonja" style="text-align:left"	Sonja Luenberg			1985	East Germany^[196]
data-sort-value="Willner, Herta-Astrid" style="text-align:left"	Herta-Astrid Willner	Aide to West German Chancellor		1985	East Germany^[197]
data-sort-value="Willner, Herbert" style="text-align:left"	Herbert Willner	Defense analyst		1985	East Germany
data-sort-value="Alken, Rudolf" style="text-align:left"	Rudolf Alken	University of Mainz researcher		1985	East Germany^[198]
data-sort-value="Koecher, Karl" style="text-align:left"			United States	1986	Exchanged to Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Almeida, Hugo" style="text-align:left"	Hugo Almeida		United States	1986	Cuba
data-sort-value="Souther, Glenn Michael" style="text-align:left"			United States	1986	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Lokshin, Arnold" style="text-align:left"			United States	1986	Soviet Union
Wang Xijue			1986	People's Republic of China^[199]
data-sort-value="Roberts, Wade E." style="text-align:left"	Wade E. Roberts		United States	1987	Soviet Union^[200] ^[201]
data-sort-value="Bergling, Stig" style="text-align:left"	Stig Bergling	Swedish Security Service officer	Sweden	1987	Soviet Union via Finland ^[202]
data-sort-value="Branch, Theodore" style="text-align:left"	Theodore Branch	Radio announcer	United States	1987	Soviet Union^[203]
		United States	1987	North Korea
Song Chang-gu	United States Army aide		1988	North Korea^[204]
Lin Xianshun			1989	People's Republic of China^[205]
data-sort-value="Peri, Michael" style="text-align:left"			United States	1989	East Germany

Defections after 1991

Defector	Profession/Prominence	Country of origin	Year of Defection	Country of defection
data-sort-value="Snowden, Edward" style="text-align:left"			United States	2013	Russia
data-sort-value="Czeczko, Emil" style="text-align:left"	Emil Czeczko		Poland	2021	Belarus^[206]
data-sort-value="King, Travis" style="text-align:left"			United States	2023	North Korea^[207] ^[208]
data-sort-value="Puello-Mota, Wilmer" style="text-align:left"	Wilmer Puello-Mota		United States	2024	Russia^[209]
data-sort-value="Szmydt, Tomasz" style="text-align:left"	Tomasz Szmydt	Judge	Poland	2024	Belarus^[210]

See also

• List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors
• List of Cold War pilot defections
• South Korean defectors

Notes and References

1. News: Long. Vu. 31 August 2012. Lính lê dương Đức trong chiến tranh Đông Dương - Tư liệu. vi. BáoTinTức.vn. baotintuc.vn. 12 March 2015.
2. Web site: Ernst Frey - Bücher. Perlentaucher Das Kulturmagazin. de. 12 March 2015.
3. News: Thế Tào. Hoàng. 27 December 2012. Phi công "ngoại" đầu tiên của không quân Việt Nam. vi. The First "Foreign" Pilot of the Vietnam Air Force. Người đưa tin. 8 December 2021.
4. News: Makris. A. 20 October 2012. Sarantidis: The Greek Who Fought in Vietnam. Greek Reporter. 8 December 2021.
5. Web site: Cổng TTĐT Cộng Đồng - Trang chủ - Quê Việt. queviet.pl. 12 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20120108190515/http://www2.queviet.pl/tin-cong-dong/nguoi-viet-o-ba-lan/28037-stefan-kubiak-nguoi-ba-lan-da-phat-hien-ra-to-quoc-thu-hai-cua-minh-viet-nam.html. 8 January 2012. dead.
6. Book: Yonhap News Agency, Seoul. North Korea Handbook. 2002. M. E. Sharpe Incorporated. 9780765635235. 175. 12 March 2015.
7. Web site: LeMO Bestand: Biografie Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler. hdg.de. 12 March 2015.
8. Buchvernissage: Von der Fremdenlegion zum vietnamesischen Widerstand (Book Launch: From the Foreign Legion to the Vietnamese Resistance). Universität Basel 28 October 2011.
9. News: 28 February 1948. American Woman Quits Embassy Job in Moscow. St. Petersburg Times. 8 December 2021.
10. Book: North Korea under Kim Chong-il: Power, Politics, and Prospects for Change: Power, Politics, and Prospects for Change. Gause, K.E.. 2011. ABC-CLIO. 9780313381768. 45. 12 March 2015.
11. Book: Korean War Almanac. Edwards, P.M.. 2006. Facts On File, Incorporated. 9780816074679. registration. 28. 12 March 2015.
12. Book: National Consciousness in Korean Art Songs: Selected Six Composers. Kim, H.. Arizona State University. 2009. Arizona State University. 9781109179545. 25. 12 March 2015.
13. News: The Press: No Sale . https://web.archive.org/web/20110131124045/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,813277,00.html . dead . 31 January 2011 . Time . 18 September 1950.
14. News: 28 October 1949. Scot "Quite Happy" In Soviet Zone. The Glasgow Herald. 8 December 2021.
15. Kudrna, Ladislav. Indočína – největší bojiště čechoslováků od skončení druhé světové války (Indochina: The Czechoslovaks' Largest Battlefield Since the End of World War II). Valka.cz 23 March 2011.
16. News: Walker. Tony. 10 February 1982. An Englishman's 30 years in China. The Age. 8 December 2021.
17. Lenihan. Denis. 11 June 2008. Was Ian Milner a Spy? A Review of the Evidence. New Zealand Notes & Queries. 1–18. 10.26686/knznq.v0i0.785. free.
18. Web site: The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
19. Web site: Delany. Sheila. Feminist Legacies: Female Medieval Scholars and the Academy. dead. The University of Iowa. 12 March 2015. 7 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150107141431/http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1297&context=mff.
20. News: 17 October 1951. Renegade Premier Ordered Arrested. Spokane Daily Chronicle. 8 December 2021.
21. News: 2 June 1952. West German Athlete Deserts to East Side. The Spokesman-Review. 8 December 2021.
22. Book: Hindenburg: Power, Myth, and the Rise of the Nazis. von der Goltz, A.. 2009. OUP Oxford. 9780199570324. 271. 12 March 2015.
23. News: Thanksgiving, for Odd Sort of Harvard Expatriate . The New York Times . Alan . Cowell . 29 November 1996.
24. Politella, Dario (1958). Operation Grasshopper: The Story of Army Aviation in Korea From Aggression to Armistice. Wichita, Kansas: R.R. Longo Co. p. 136.
25. News: Koepf. Peter H.. September 2009. Charly Lucas' big mistake. The Atlantic Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175852/http://www.atlantic-times.com/archive_detail.php?recordID=1890. 23 September 2015.
26. News: Paterson. Tony. 20 April 2013. Hello Lenin! How the 'Red Elvis' went East. The Independent. 8 December 2021.
27. https://archive.today/20130923052739/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19521229&id=dDs0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=k-sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4839,4632863 Reds Say Deserter Feared Korean Exile.
28. Web site: PDS - Hohenschönhausen [Berlin]. Dr. Wolfgang Gans Edler Herr zu Putlitz. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718201331/http://home.arcor.de/prignitzportal/citizen/seite_putlitz_wolfgang.htm. 18 July 2011. Prignitzlexikon.
29. L'inauguration de l'ambassade du Maroc au Vietnam en août dernier permet de revenir sur une histoire commune (Last August's Opening of Moroccan Embassy in Vietnam Allows Return to Common History.) Aujourdhui.ma 22 September 2006.
30. http://www.kwva.org/graybeards/gb_02/gb_0208_final.pdf Where are Korean War Defectors Now?
31. Book: Germans and African Americans: Two Centuries of Exchange. Greene, L.A.. Ortlepp, A.. 2010. University Press of Mississippi. 9781604737851. 12 March 2015.
32. News: 1 October 1962. Korean Veteran Leaves Red China. The Age. 8 December 2021.
33. Drei britische Soldaten baten um Asyl (Three British Soldiers Asked for Asylum). ADN. Neues Deutschland 15 February 1953.
34. News: 28 December 1953. Communists Overdo Spy Act; Try at Propaganda Fizzles. Reading Eagle. 8 December 2021.
35. Book: Agent 2996 Enthüllt. Höher, W.. 1954. Kongress Verlag. 12 March 2015.
36. News: 25 October 1953. Koreans Admit Pilot Deserted. Eugene Register-Guard. 8 December 2021.
37. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19540104&id=wokuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W4EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=680,395435 GI Goes AWOL to E. Germany, Can't Stand It.
38. Amerikanischer und holländische Soldaten baten um Asyl in der DDR (American and Dutch Soldiers Asked for Asylum in the GDR). ADN. Neues Deutschland 7 October 1953.
39. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19531220&id=VScsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=R58FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1846,3316029 Soldier Flees to Reds After Breaking Jail.
40. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19531127&id=AzkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8v0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2160,5209314 Pole Flees to East Germany.
41. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19540306&id=S9cjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0SMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7059,1826424 Yank Officer Picks Soviet.
42. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1898&dat=19540120&id=jhNJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MQYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3747,1497325 South Korean Airman Sneaks Plane to Reds.
43. Web site: The Leader-Post - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
44. News: U. S. Army Admits GI Fled to Czechoslovakia . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023521/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/505373512.html?dids=505373512:505373512&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=May+21,+1954&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=U.+S.+Army+Admits+GI+Fled+to+Czechoslovakia&pqatl=google . dead . 29 June 2011 . Chicago Daily Tribune . 21 May 1954.
45. Web site: The Czechoslovak Newsreel 40/1954. europeana.eu. 12 March 2015.
46. News: Militär: Langes Gedächtnis - DER SPIEGEL 15/1995. Der Spiegel. 9 April 1995. 12 March 2015.
47. Web site: The Milwaukee Sentinel - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
48. News: 8 June 1965. Army Major "Working in Russia". The Glasgow Herald. 8 December 2021.
49. Web site: The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
50. News: 26 May 1955. Reds say Cross can realize his ambitions. The Leader-Post. 8 December 2021.
51. News: 23 May 1955. Airman Defects to Communists. The Age. 8 December 2021.
52. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19570918&id=NXhAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qqMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3389,2095029 American Soldier Sentenced.
53. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-A8rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J5oFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3727,6190407&dq=horst+spanier&hl=en East Germany Grants Asylum to American.
54. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19550317&id=s2sjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rCMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5745,611141 General Defects.
55. Web site: The 23rd National Assembly House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee No. 2. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160826173908/http://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/SENTAKU/syugiin/023/0082/02312030082002a.html. 26 August 2016. House of Representatives of Japan. ja.
56. News: W. German Deserter Announced by Reds . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107010033/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/2063382212.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+06,+1956&author=&pub=Daily+Boston+Globe+(1928-1960)&desc=W.+German+Deserter+Announced+by+Reds&pqatl=google . dead . 7 November 2012 . Daily Boston Globe . 6 July 1956.
57. News: Education: The Defector . https://web.archive.org/web/20081214120639/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867524,00.html . dead . 14 December 2008 . Time . 31 December 1956.
58. Book: Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. Trahair, R.C.S.. 2004. Greenwood Press. 9780313319556. 340. 12 March 2015.
59. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ClJLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eyMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7267,1730144&dq=spanish+sailor+asylum+mexico&hl=en 5 Spanish Sailors Win Appeal For Political Asylum in Mexico.
60. NATO-Soldat bat um Asyl (NATO Soldier Asked for Asylum). ADN. Neues Deutschland 3 January 1958.
61. News: A.W.O.L. Yank Plans To Stay in E. Germany . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023543/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/593455242.html?dids=593455242:593455242&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+08,+1959&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=A.W.O.L.+YANK+PLANS+TO+STAY+IN+E.+GERMANY&pqatl=google . dead . 29 June 2011 . Chicago Daily Tribune . 8 August 1959.
62. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1948&dat=19590614&id=P9cwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UeEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6351,2004915
63. News: Soldier held for deserting U.S. army 30 years ago . https://web.archive.org/web/20110628221742/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/471471941.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+01,+1990&author=(AP)&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Soldier+held+for+deserting+U.S.+army+30+years+ago&pqatl=google . dead . 28 June 2011 . 1 February 1990 . Toronto Star.
64. Greene, Larry A. (2011). Germans and African Americans: Two Centuries of Exchange. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. . p. 187.
65. News: 21 July 1959. Red-Labeled 'Defector' Sold House In Florida. St. Petersburg Times. 8 December 2021.
66. Web site: Archiv - Hamburger Abendblatt . https://web.archive.org/web/20111009025405/http://suche.abendblatt.de/ashao/search.do%3Bjsessionid%3D3DF15649976C0ADF9F0318041D470870?method=search&search=%2A&dateTo=30.05.1959&current=0&length=10&pagenum=11&categories=0&lastobj=608550471402%2C195905300000%2C0%2C11%2C110&outputs=4&dateFrom=30.05.1959&date=period&similar= . 9 October 2011 . dead . 12 March 2015 .
67. News: Geschichte des öffentlichen Rechts in Deutschland: Bd. Staats- und Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft in West und Ost, 1945-1990. 9783406632037. Stolleis. Michael. 1988.
68. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AN9NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8YoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3201,6584114&dq=czechoslovakia+army+asylum&hl=en U.S. Defector in Army Custody.
69. http://www.nd-archiv.de/artikel/1771716.html Bundeswehrangehörige baten um Asyl
70. Web site: Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
71. Bundeswehrsoldaten desertieren (Bundeswehr Soldiers Desert). AND. Neues Deutschland 9 August 1960.
72. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iYRWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1OUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1127,5788191&dq=deserter+defected&hl=en Deserter.
73. https://archive.org/details/Aviation_Week_1960-09-26/page/n16/mode/1up Defectors Termed No Threat to U.S. Codes
74. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TWQhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=64YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6949,17262&dq=serafin+sanchez+defected&hl=en
75. SPD-Abgeordneter bat in der DDR um Asyl (SPD Deputy Asked for Asylum in the GDR). ADN. Neues Deutschland 12 April 1960.
76. Web site: The Defector Study. mcadams.posc.mu.edu. 12 March 2015.
77. News: 15 December 1960. Canadian Defector Returned. The Montreal Gazette. 8 December 2021.
78. News: Bonn Mapmaker Said To Defect To East . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629024039/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1707789962.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+17,+1960&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Bonn+Mapmaker+Said+To+Defect+To+East&pqatl=google . dead . 29 June 2011 . 17 July 1960 . The Sun.
79. http://www.nd-archiv.de/artikel/638846.bundeswehrsoldaten-fliehen-in-die-ddr.html Bundeswehrsoldaten fliehen in die DDR
80. News: Walter Hagemann - DER SPIEGEL 31/1961. Der Spiegel. 25 July 1961. spiegel.de. 12 March 2015.
81. Book: Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945-1961. Maddrell, P.. 2006. OUP Oxford. 9780199267507. 12 March 2015.
82. http://allafrica.com/stories/200804090891.html Mozambique: Guebuza Gives Funeral Eulogy for Fernando Ganhao.
83. Web site: Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
84. http://chadecaxinde.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/nota_de_imprensa_20120329.pdf{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
85. 22 Deserteure der Bundeswehr (22 Deserters from the Bundeswehr). Der Spiegel 22 August 1962: 12.
86. Web site: Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
87. Web site: The Miami News - Google News Archive Search. https://archive.today/20120716071132/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hNQzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aekFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1678,3053947&dq=navy+defector&hl=en. dead. 16 July 2012. 12 March 2015.
88. Web site: The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
89. Web site: The Evening Independent - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
90. Book: The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History [4 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. Tucker, S.C.. 2011. ABC-CLIO. 9781851099610. 838. 12 March 2015.
91. Web site: Newspaper Article - British soldier flees West. newspapers.nl.sg. 12 March 2015.
92. Web site: The Spokesman-Review - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
93. Web site: The Dispatch - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
94. Web site: The Evening Independent - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
95. Web site: Eugene Register-Guard - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
96. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=860&dat=19630111&id=9P9OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NEsDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3859,407753 Goes Other Way Through Barrier.
97. Belgischer Soldat bat um Asyl (Belgian Soldier Asks for Asylum). AND. Neues Deutschland 20 October 1963.
98. Web site: The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
99. Web site: The Dispatch - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
100. Web site: Park City Daily News - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
101. Web site: Gettysburg Times - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
102. Web site: The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
103. Web site: Newspaper Article - BRITISH SOLDIER FLEES TO EAST GERMANY. newspapers.nl.sg. 12 March 2015.
104. Web site: Capt. Alfred E. Svenson Court-martial, 1964. 3ad.com. 12 March 2015.
105. Web site: Eugene Register-Guard - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
106. http://www.randomstruik.co.za/about-the-author.php?authorID=5826 About Jacinto Veloso, RHS Author.
107. Web site: Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
108. Web site: The Tuscaloosa News - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
109. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DAddAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J1oNAAAAIBAJ&pg=4715,5833669&dq=report-defection&hl=en Report Defection of South Korean.
110. Web site: Nieuwsblad van het Noorden - 11-03-1964; nr. 60; jrg. 77;. 23 July 2010. 12 March 2015.
111. Web site: Anatoly P Kotloby. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100727231034/http://www.hanford.gov/oci/ci_spy.cfm?dossier=121. 27 July 2010. 6 April 2011. Office of Counterintelligence. dmy-all.
112. Web site: The Free Lance-Star - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
113. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1948&dat=19641218&id=T0ghAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6X8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4127,3314900 GI, Girl Flee Behind Iron Curtain.
114. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA352941.pdf Taiwan Defector Made PLA Navy Fleet Department Deputy Head
115. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650210-1.2.137.8.aspx Sihanouk Frees Saigon Pilot Who Defected.
116. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1948&dat=19650613&id=9EchAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5X8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=685,2247824
117. Web site: Sarasota Journal - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
118. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19650831&id=cYY1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=n58FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2635,5740009 China Defection.
119. Web site: Grupo Océano. oceano.com. 12 March 2015.
120. Web site: The Evening Independent - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
121. Web site: Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
122. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660721-1.2.18.3.aspx British Soldier Defects.
123. Web site: The Palm Beach Post - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
124. Web site: Indonesia, 1957-1958: War and pornography  - William Blum. killinghope.org. 12 March 2015. 7 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121107020533/http://killinghope.org/bblum6/indo1.htm. dead.
125. Web site: Smith, J.D. I Was a CIA Agent in India. 1967 . . 20 January 2012.
126. Web site: Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
127. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=A1RQAAAAIBAJ&sjid=d1cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4925,5944014&dq=richard+bailey&hl=en Deserters Arrive in Sweden
128. Ralli, Elena. Greek Born International Journalist Costa Calfelis Dies. New Europe 26 November 2011.
129. Lucinda Franks. Waiting Out a War: The Exile of Private John Picciano, N.Y.: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1974, pp. 187-188.
130. Mark Lane. Conversations with Americans, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 1970, p. 117.
131. Web site: Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
132. Zwick, Werner. Army Deserter Jones Goes On Trial Today. UPI. The Times News 3 April 1968: 3.
133. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=puRbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-1INAAAAIBAJ&pg=1268,3403342&dq=kinnaman+sweden&hl=en 10 Years After War, American Deserters Stay in Sweden.
134. Web site: The Sydney Morning Herald - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
135. Web site: The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
136. Barnaby J. Feder. Deserters in Sweden: An Odd Little 'V.F.W. Post', New York Times, June 17, 1985.
137. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19670106&id=RphJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=fAwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6353,1409655
138. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=jz0xAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lwEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7353,7225768&dq=american+asylum-in-sweden&hl=en 8 More American Defectors Granted Asylum in Sweden.
139. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19680915&id=Q8syAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tMYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2498,2262599 Deserter Opposes War.
140. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19681127&id=VF5JAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZgoNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2987,6645843 11 GIs Granted Asylum in Sweden.
141. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=l6lVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OOEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6822,1830242&dq=william+percell+sweden&hl=en 3 More Men Win Asylum in Sweden.
142. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19680718&id=nKBIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WQsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3806,2882291 Soldier Given Asylum in Sweden.
143. Web site: The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
144. Web site: Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
145. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1346&dat=19740926&id=LgswAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5_oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4269,7399308 Army Deserters Settling Down in Canadian Life.
146. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19680808&id=FWpYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EfgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3559,2256411 U.S. Deserter Is In Sweden.
147. Web site: The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
148. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2238&dat=19691125&id=cbYlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8_QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1736,6432828 Sailor Gets Asylum in Sweden.
149. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19690408&id=ZyceAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BZwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7382,1531540 Persistent About Joining Army; Now He's a Deserter.
150. News: Cuban Radio Says Marine Defected From Guantanamo . The New York Times . 17 January 1969.
151. News: 1 September 1969. West German Soldier Flees Over Border. Toledo Blade. 8 December 2021.
152. Web site: The Spokesman-Review - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
153. Web site: Eugene Register-Guard - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
154. Web site: The Sydney Morning Herald - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
155. Book: Die Bundeswehr 1955 bis 2005: Rückblenden, Einsichten, Perspektiven. Nägler, F.. Germany. Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. 2007. Oldenbourg. 9783486579581. 427. 12 March 2015.
156. Web site: Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
157. Web site: Toledo Blade - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
158. http://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36712373 Zhou, Zhunde.
159. Web site: Bio, Humphrey, Larry D.. pownetwork.org. 12 March 2015.
160. Web site: Η αεροπειρατεία στα χρόνια της χούντας - α. iospress.gr. 12 March 2015.
161. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19710913&id=dtBOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AgIEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7257,4915380 Defector is Honored.
162. Web site: The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
163. Lucinda Franks. Waiting Out a War: The Exile of Private John Picciano, N.Y.: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1974, pp. 202-206.
164. Lucinda Franks. Waiting Out a War: The Exile of Private John Picciano, N.Y.: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1974, pp. 199-200.
165. Web site: LSK / LV: Was ist aus Hans-Dieter Reinkensmeier geworden?. 30 December 2008. ddr-luftwaffe.blogspot.com. 12 March 2015.
166. Web site: The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
167. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19710511&id=JN9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=q4oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7052,1083180 Kidnap Try Charged To Army Officials.
168. Book: Sweden and National Liberation in Southern Africa: Solidarity and assistance, 1970-1994. Sellström, T.. 2002. Stylus Pub Llc. 9789171064486. 84. 12 March 2015.
169. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19710610&id=PsQaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nEYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4542,6373585 Missing West Pointer is in Sweden.
170. Cope, Michael. Briton Joins Yanks in Sweden. The Milwaukee Journal 6 August 1973: 26.
171. https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19720123-1.2.5.aspx Asylum for Editor.
172. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19730305&id=eHlWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LeUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4830,1801155 Former Canberra Envoy Defects.
173. McConnell, Tom. Detention for Scots Deserter Who Sought Political Asylum in Eire. Glasgow Herald 28 September 1976: 5.
174. Questions of Loyalty - The Nation. The Nation. thenation.com. 12 March 2015. 3 April 2008. Steinglass. Matt. 27 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141127144544/http://www.thenation.com/article/questions-loyalty. dead.
175. Angehöriger der Bundeswehr bat um Asyl in der DDR (Member of the Bundeswehr Asked for Asylum in the GDR). ADN. Neues Deutschland 29 September 1976.
176. https://newspaperarchive.com/berkshire-eagle/1977-10-20/page-2 South's Officer Said to Defect to N. Korea.
177. News: Czechs report GI's defection . https://archive.today/20130131140130/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/613591442.html?dids=613591442:613591442&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+14,+1977&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Czechs+report+GI's+defection&pqatl=google . dead . 31 January 2013 . Chicago Tribune . 14 January 1977.
178. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_x8yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=saQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1899,979142&dq=erhard-mueller&hl=en Defector Says NATO Fed Doctored Figures.
179. Web site: The Tuscaloosa News - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
180. Web site: The Pittsburgh Press - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
181. Web site: Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
182. Web site: The Glasgow Herald - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
183. Web site: The Calgary Herald - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
184. Book: Anfänge der DDR-Philosophie: Ansprüche, Ohnmacht, Scheitern. Gerhardt, V.. Rauh, H.C.. 2001. Ch. Links Verlag. 9783861532255. 567. 12 March 2015.
185. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1821&dat=19790804&id=5iYtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0aQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4216,3153559 South Korean Defects.
186. News: Ex-defector said to accuse U.S. of spy recruiting . https://web.archive.org/web/20110628221429/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1791739672.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+11,+1980&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Ex-defector+said+to+accuse+U.S.+of+spy+recruiting&pqatl=google . dead . 28 June 2011 . 11 April 1980 . The Sun.
187. News: Cuba Holds Ex-C.I.A. Man U.S. Sought For 15 Years . The New York Times . Stephen . Engelberg . 18 September 1995.
188. Web site: Spokane Chronicle - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
189. Web site: The Hour - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
190. Web site: West German Defector Isn't Dead After All - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel. articles.orlandosentinel.com. 12 March 2015.
191. Web site: Gadsden Times - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
192. Web site: Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
193. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19831023&id=dSJOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=iRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4058,6123867 South Korean Defects.
194. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1356&dat=19840411&id=zJNPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GQYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3862,6389220 Taiwanese Director Defects to China.
195. Web site: The Telegraph - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
196. Web site: Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
197. Web site: Eugene Register-Guard - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
198. News: The World . Los Angeles Times . 29 September 1985.
199. Web site: The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
200. News: G.I. Defector Disillusioned With Soviet . The New York Times . Philip . Taubman . 15 October 1987.
201. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1002&context=den_1987_apr Kremlin says American defects; granted asylum in Soviet Union
202. News: Jag spionerade för flera länder . . I spied for several countries . Petersson . Claes . 20 April 2003 . 9 March 2009 . sv.
203. News: Exiles: The Deejay Defector . https://web.archive.org/web/20081203202714/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966563,00.html . dead . 3 December 2008 . Time . 1 February 1988.
204. Web site: The Free Lance-Star - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
205. Web site: Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
206. News: Polish Soldier Who Sought Asylum In Belarus Found Dead In Minsk . 29 May 2024 . RFE/RL . 17 March 2022.
207. News: Choi . Soo-Hyang . Smith . Josh . August 16, 2023 . North Korea says Travis King wants refuge from mistreatment, racism in US . . August 16, 2023.
208. News: Kim . Hyung-Jin . August 16, 2023 . North Korea offers the first official confirmation that it has detained US soldier Travis King . . August 16, 2023.
209. News: Sauer . Pjotr . Fugitive former US city councillor enlists with Russia for war in Ukraine . 5 April 2024 . The Guardian . 5 April 2024.
210. News: Poland puts judge who defected to Belarus on wanted list, opening way to international warrant . 29 May 2024 . Associated Press . 16 May 2024.