List of Western Bloc defectors explained

This is an incomplete list of Western Bloc intelligence agents, military personnel, scientists, politicians, diplomats, and other prominent people who defected to the Eastern Bloc or non-aligned countries during the Cold War and after.

Defections before 1991

Defector	Profession/Prominence	Country of origin	Year of defection	Country of defection
data-sort-value="Borchers, Erwin" style="text-align:left"	Erwin Borchers			1945	Viet Minh^[1]
data-sort-value="Frey, Ernst" style="text-align:left"	Ernst Frey	French Foreign Legion	Austria/France	1945	Viet Minh^[2]
data-sort-value="Wenzel, Siegfried" style="text-align:left"	Siegfried Wenzel	French Foreign Legion	Germany/France	1945	Viet Minh^[3]
data-sort-value="Sarantidis, Kostas" style="text-align:left"		French Foreign Legion	Greece/France	1946	Viet Minh^[4]
data-sort-value="Kubiak, Stefan" style="text-align:left"	Stefan Kubiak	French Foreign Legion	Poland/France	1946	Viet Minh^[5]
Park Si-hyeong	Historian	South Korea (U.S. Occupation Zone)	1946	North Korea (Soviet Occupation Zone)^[6]
data-sort-value="Schnitzler, Karl-Eduard" style="text-align:left"		BBC journalist	West Germany (British Occupation Zone)	1947	East Germany (Soviet Occupation Zone)^[7]
data-sort-value="Selhofer, Emil" style="text-align:left"	Emil Selhofer	French Foreign Legion	Switzerland/France	1947	Viet Minh^[8]
data-sort-value="Wheeler, George Shaw" style="text-align:left"		Foreign Economic Administration economist		1947	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Bucar, Annabelle" style="text-align:left"	Annabelle Bucar		United States	1948	Soviet Union^[9]
	Writer	South Korea	1948	North Korea^[10]
Kang Tae-mu		South Korea	1948	North Korea^[11]
Kim Sun-nam	Composer	South Korea	1948	North Korea^[12]
data-sort-value="Koval, George" style="text-align:left"			United States	1948	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="McMillin, James" style="text-align:left"	James McMillin	United States Army cryptographer	United States	1948	Soviet Union
Pyo Mu-won	Republic of Korea Army	South Korea	1948	North Korea
data-sort-value="Clavier, Albert" style="text-align:left"	Albert Clavier			1949	Viet Minh
data-sort-value="Dagleish, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Dagleish		United Kingdom	1949	Soviet Union^[13]
data-sort-value="Eisler, Gerhart" style="text-align:left"		Journalist	United States	1949	East Germany
data-sort-value="Field, Noel" style="text-align:left"		United States State Department	United States	1949	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Johnstone, Archibald" style="text-align:left"		Journalist	United Kingdom	1949	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Stuart, James" style="text-align:left"	James Stuart		United Kingdom	1949	East Germany^[14]
data-sort-value="Miroslav Surý" style="text-align:left"	Miroslav Surý	French Foreign Legion	Czechoslovakia/France	1949	Viet Minh^[15]
data-sort-value="Vaňhara, František" style="text-align:left"	František Vaňhara	French Foreign Legion	Czechoslovakia/France	1949	Viet Minh
data-sort-value="Young, David" style="text-align:left"	David Young		United Kingdom	1949	China^[16]
data-sort-value="Infeld, Leopold" style="text-align:left"		University of Toronto physicist	Canada	1950	Poland
data-sort-value="Milner, Ian" style="text-align:left"		United Nations diplomat	Australia	1950	Czechoslovakia^[17]
data-sort-value="Poláček, Ján" style="text-align:left"	Ján Poláček	French Foreign Legion	Czechoslovakia/France	1950	Viet Minh
data-sort-value="Pontecorvo, Bruno" style="text-align:left"		Atomic physicist	Italy/United Kingdom	1950	Soviet Union (via Finland)
data-sort-value="Peet, John" style="text-align:left"		Reuters correspondent	United Kingdom	1950	East Germany
data-sort-value="Hikmet Ran, Nâzım" style="text-align:left"		Poet		1950	Soviet Union
	Seoul National University chemistry professor	South Korea	1950	North Korea
data-sort-value="Rides, Arna" style="text-align:left"	Arna Rides	British Council medical adviser	United Kingdom	1950	Czechoslovakia^[18]
data-sort-value="Zvoník, Josef"style="text-align:left"	Josef Zvoník	French Foreign Legion	Czechoslovakia/France	1950	Viet Minh
data-sort-value="Burgess, Guy" style="text-align:left"			United Kingdom	1951	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Maclean, Donald" style="text-align:left"		Foreign Office	United Kingdom	1951	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Sarant, Alfred" style="text-align:left"		Military engineer/Atomic spy	United States	1951	Poland, then the Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Barr, Joel" style="text-align:left"		Military engineer/Atomic spy	United States	1951	Czechoslovakia, then the Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Schlauch, Margaret" style="text-align:left"		New York University English professor	United States	1951	Poland^[19]
	Geologist and Kuomintang politician		1951	China^[20]
data-sort-value="Braun, Heiner" style="text-align:left"	Heiner Braun	Track athlete (5000 metres)	West Germany	1952	East Germany^[21]
data-sort-value="Heym, Stefan" style="text-align:left"		United States Army/Writer	United States	1952	Czechoslovakia, then East Germany
data-sort-value="Gereke, Günther" style="text-align:left"		Christian Democratic Union politician	West Germany	1952	East Germany^[22]
data-sort-value="Grossman, Victor" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1952	East Germany^[23]
Kug Yong-am	Republic of Korea Army	South Korea	1952	North Korea^[24]
data-sort-value="Lucas, Charles" style="text-align:left"	Charles Lucas	United States Army	United States	1952	East Germany^[25] ^[26]
data-sort-value="Miles, Aubrey E." style="text-align:left"	Aubrey E. Miles	United States Army	United States	1952	East Germany^[27]
data-sort-value="Gans zu Putlitz, Wolfgang" style="text-align:left"	Wolfgang Gans zu Putlitz	MI5	United Kingdom	1952	East Germany^[28]
data-sort-value="Salhi, Miloud" style="text-align:left"	Miloud Salhi	French Army	France	1952	Viet Minh^[29]
data-sort-value="Adams, Clarence" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1953	China^[30]
data-sort-value="Adams, Howard Gayle" style="text-align:left"	Howard Gayle Adams	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Belhomme, Albert Constant" style="text-align:left"	Albert Constant Belhomme	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Bell, Otto Grayson" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Boyd, Arthur" style="text-align:left"	Arthur Boyd	United States Army	United States	1953	East Germany^[31]
data-sort-value="Condron, Andrew" style="text-align:left"	Andrew Condron		United Kingdom	1953	China^[32]
data-sort-value="Corden, Richard G." style="text-align:left"	Richard G. Corden	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Coward, William" style="text-align:left"	William Cowart	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Glancy, W." style="text-align:left"	W. Glancy	British Army	United Kingdom	1953	East Germany^[33]
data-sort-value="Douglas, Rufus" style="text-align:left"	Rufus Douglas	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Dunn, John Roedel" style="text-align:left"	John Roedel Dunn	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Fortuna, Andrew" style="text-align:left"	Andrew Fortuna	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Geyer, Hans Joachim" style="text-align:left"	Hans Joachim Geyer		West Germany	1953	East Germany^[34]
data-sort-value="Griggs, Lewis" style="text-align:left"	Lewis Griggs	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Hawkins, Samuel David" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Höher, Wolfgang" style="text-align:left"	Wolfgang Höher	Gehlen Organization	West Germany	1953	East Germany^[35]
data-sort-value="Irvine, R." style="text-align:left"	R. Irvine	British Army	United Kingdom	1953	East Germany
Kim Sung-bai		South Korea	1953	North Korea^[36]
data-sort-value="Lewes, S." style="text-align:left"	S. Lewes	British Army	United Kingdom	1953	East Germany
data-sort-value="Lowell, Norman M." style="text-align:left"	Norman M. Lowell	United States Army	United States	1953	East Germany^[37]
data-sort-value="Luwman, R. W." style="text-align:left"	R. W. Luwman			1953	East Germany^[38]
data-sort-value="Murphy, Clifford F." style="text-align:left"	Clifford F. Murphy	United States Army	United States	1953	East Germany^[39]
data-sort-value="Pate, Arlie" style="text-align:left"	Arlie Pate	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Rush, Scott" style="text-align:left"	Scott Rush	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Skinner, Lowell" style="text-align:left"	Lowell Skinner	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Sullivan, Larance" style="text-align:left"	Larance Sullivan	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Tenneson, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Tenneson	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Veneris, James" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Webb, Harold" style="text-align:left"	Harold Webb	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Wanroy, R." style="text-align:left"	R. Wanroy	Royal Netherlands Army	Netherlands	1953	East Germany
data-sort-value="White, William" style="text-align:left"	William White	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Wills, Morris" style="text-align:left"	Morris Wills	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Wilson, Aaron" style="text-align:left"	Aaron Wilson	United States Army	United States	1953	China
data-sort-value="Zdanowski, Stanislaw" style="text-align:left"	Stanislaw Zdanowski	United States Army	United States	1953	Poland^[40]
data-sort-value="Adkins, William Donal" style="text-align:left"	William Donal Adkins	United States Army	United States	1954	Soviet Union^[41]
Choi Man-chong	Republic of Korea Air Force	South Korea	1954	North Korea^[42]
data-sort-value="Cort, Joseph" style="text-align:left"	Joseph Cort	Doctor of Medicine and University of Birmingham physiology lecturer	United States	1954	Czechoslovakia^[43]
data-sort-value="Davis, James" style="text-align:left"	James Davis	United States Army	United States	1954	Czechoslovakia^[44]
data-sort-value="Folta, Bruno" style="text-align:left"	Bruno Folta	Radio announcer	West Germany	1954	Czechoslovakia^[45]
data-sort-value="Hutto, Raymond H." style="text-align:left"	Raymond H. Hutto	United States Army	United States	1954	East Germany^[46]
data-sort-value="Otto, John" style="text-align:left"			West Germany	1954	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schmidt-Wittmack, Karl Franz" style="text-align:left"	Karl Franz Schmidt-Wittmack	Bundestag deputy and Christian Democratic Union politician	West Germany	1954	East Germany^[47]
data-sort-value="Squires, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Squires	British Army	United Kingdom	1954	Soviet Union^[48]
data-sort-value="Turner, William" style="text-align:left"	William Turner	United States Army	United States	1954	Soviet Union^[49]
data-sort-value="Cross, Ralph Bernard Frederick" style="text-align:left"	Ralph Bernard Frederick Cross		Canada	1955	East Germany^[50]
data-sort-value="Pulley, James W." style="text-align:left"	James W. Pulley	United States Army	United States	1955	East Germany
data-sort-value="Brauchitsch, Manfred" style="text-align:left"			West Germany	1955	East Germany
Ho Wei-Chin		Taiwan	1955	China^[51]
data-sort-value="Holland, B. F." style="text-align:left"	B. F. Holland	United States Army	United States	1955	East Germany^[52]
data-sort-value="Spanier, Horst" style="text-align:left"	Horst Spanier	United States Army	United States	1955	East Germany^[53]
Wei Li-Huang		Taiwan	1955	China^[54]
Hung Chin-Shan		Taiwan	1955	China^[55]
data-sort-value="Maillot, Henri" style="text-align:left"		French Army	France	1956	Algerian National Liberation Front
data-sort-value="Loebl, Wolf-Dieter" style="text-align:left"	Wolf-Dieter Loebl	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1956	East Germany^[56]
data-sort-value="Makar, Orest Stephen" style="text-align:left"	Orest Stephen Makar		United States	1956	Soviet Union^[57]
data-sort-value="Wraight, Anthony" style="text-align:left"	Anthony Wraight		United Kingdom	1956	Soviet Union^[58]
data-sort-value="Cabrera Oroza, Augustin" style="text-align:left"	Augustin Cabrera Oroza			1957	Mexico^[59]
data-sort-value="Fernandez Rodriguez, Manuel" style="text-align:left"	Manuel Fernandez Rodriguez	Spanish Navy	Spain	1957	Mexico
data-sort-value="Jiminez Nortes, Ginas" style="text-align:left"	Ginas Jiminez Nortes	Spanish Navy	Spain	1957	Mexico
data-sort-value="Medina Fernandez, Enrique" style="text-align:left"	Enrique Medina Fernandez	Spanish Navy	Spain	1957	Mexico
data-sort-value="Mickeleit, Jürgen" style="text-align:left"	Jürgen Mickeleit	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1957	East Germany^[60]
data-sort-value="Rodriguez, Victor" style="text-align:left"	Victor Rodriguez	Spanish Navy	Spain	1957	Mexico
data-sort-value="Stern, Alfred Kaufman" style="text-align:left"	Alfred Kaufman Stern	Philanthropist	United States	1957	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Stern, Martha Dodd" style="text-align:left"		Philanthropist	United States	1957	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Fletcher, Ernie" style="text-align:left"	Ernie Fletcher	United States Army	United States	1959	East Germany^[61]
data-sort-value="Fuchs, Klaus" style="text-align:left"		Atomic spy	United Kingdom	1959	Exchanged to East Germany
Ho Ye-Chen	Republic of China Army	Taiwan	1959	China^[62]
data-sort-value="Kephart, Arnold" style="text-align:left"	Arnold Kephart	United States Army	United States	1959	East Germany^[63]
data-sort-value="Mullis, Billy" style="text-align:left"	Billy Mullis	United States Army	United States	1959	East Germany^[64]
data-sort-value="Oswald, Lee Harvey" style="text-align:left"			United States	1959	Soviet Union via Finland, rejected from Cuba
data-sort-value="Ricciardelli, Libero" style="text-align:left"	Libero Ricciardelli		United States	1959	Soviet Union^[65]
data-sort-value="Schröder, Franz Julius" style="text-align:left"	Franz Julius Schröder	Christian Democratic Union aide	West Germany	1959	East Germany^[66]
data-sort-value="Wegner, Arthur" style="text-align:left"	Arthur Wegner	University of Münster law professor	West Germany	1959	East Germany^[67]
data-sort-value="Witt, John B." style="text-align:left"	John B. Witt	United States Army	United States	1959	Czechoslovakia^[68]
data-sort-value="Böttger, Franz" style="text-align:left"	Franz Böttger	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1960	East Germany^[69]
data-sort-value="Bouchard, Guy" style="text-align:left"	Guy Bouchard	Canadian Army	Canada	1960	East Germany^[70]
data-sort-value="Braun, Horst" style="text-align:left"	Horst Braun		West Germany	1960	East Germany
data-sort-value="Davis, Bruce" style="text-align:left"	Bruce Davis	United States Army	United States	1960	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Dutkanicz, Joseph" style="text-align:left"	Joseph Dutkanicz		United States	1960	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Gromek, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Gromek	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1960	East Germany^[71]
data-sort-value="Jenkerson, Gilbert Paul" style="text-align:left"	Gilbert Paul Jenkerson	British Army	United Kingdom	1960	East Germany^[72]
data-sort-value="Mitchell, Bernon F." style="text-align:left"			United States	1960	Soviet Union^[73]
data-sort-value="Martin, William H." style="text-align:left"	William H. Martin	National Security Agency	United States	1960	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Petrich, Peter" style="text-align:left"	Peter Petrich	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1960	East Germany
data-sort-value="Sanchez, Serafin" style="text-align:left"	Serafin Sanchez	United States Air Force	United States	1960	Cuba^[74]
data-sort-value="Schlüter, Paul" style="text-align:left"	Paul Schlüter	Social Democratic Party of Germany politician	West Germany	1960	East Germany^[75]
data-sort-value="Sloboda, Vladimir" style="text-align:left"	Vladimir Sloboda	United States Army Military Intelligence	United States	1960	Soviet Union^[76]
data-sort-value="Strobl, John" style="text-align:left"	John Strobl	Canadian Army	Canada	1960	East Germany^[77]
data-sort-value="Tuschla, Horst" style="text-align:left"	Horst Tuschla	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1960	East Germany
data-sort-value="Weissenberger, Otto" style="text-align:left"	Otto Weissenberger	Cartographer	West Germany	1960	East Germany^[78]
data-sort-value="Barth, Walter" style="text-align:left"	Walter Barth	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1961	East Germany^[79]
data-sort-value="Hagemann, Walter" style="text-align:left"	Walter Hagemann	Christian Democratic Union politician and University of Münster journalism professor	West Germany	1961	East Germany^[80]
data-sort-value="Falk, K. H." style="text-align:left"	K. H. Falk	Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz	West Germany	1961	East Germany^[81]
data-sort-value="Ganhao, Fernando" style="text-align:left"	Fernando Ganhao			1961	Mozambique Liberation Front^[82]
data-sort-value="Harrington, Ollie" style="text-align:left"		Cartoonist	United States	1961	East Germany
data-sort-value="Junge" style="text-align:left"	Junge family	University of Washington scientists	United States	1961	Czechoslovakia^[83]
data-sort-value="Krychowski, Winfried" style="text-align:left"	Winfried Krychowski	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1961	East Germany
data-sort-value="Lamari, Mohamed" style="text-align:left"		French Army		1961	Algerian National Liberation Front
data-sort-value="Objeglo, Wolfgang" style="text-align:left"	Wolfgang Objeglo	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1961	East Germany
data-sort-value="Moutinho Pádua, Mário" style="text-align:left"	Mário Moutinho de Pádua	Portuguese Army	Portugal	1961	Congo-Léopoldville^[84]
data-sort-value="Abshier, Larry Allen" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1962	North Korea
data-sort-value="Alsguth, Wilfried" style="text-align:left"	Wilfried Alsguth	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany^[85]
data-sort-value="Böhmer, Herbert" style="text-align:left"	Herbert Böhmer	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Brehning, Heinz-Dieter" style="text-align:left"	Heinz-Dieter Brehning	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Dresnok, James Joseph" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1962	North Korea
data-sort-value="Fischer, Günther" style="text-align:left"	Günther Fischer	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Frank, Heinrich" style="text-align:left"	Heinrich Frank	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Hareld, R. S." style="text-align:left"	R. S. Hareld	United States Army	United States	1962	Czechoslovakia^[86]
data-sort-value="Hoffmann, Guntram" style="text-align:left"	Guntram Hoffmann	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Rudolf, Abel" style="text-align:left"		Atomic spy	United States	1962	Exchanged to the Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Keesee, Bobby Joe" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1962	Cuba^[87]
data-sort-value="Kiernan, Henry" style="text-align:left"	Henry Kiernan	United States Army	United States	1962	East Germany^[88]
data-sort-value="Kostede, Albert" style="text-align:left"	Albert Kostede	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Lang, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Lang	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Michael, David" style="text-align:left"	David Michael	Engineer	United States	1962	Cuba^[89]
data-sort-value="Miran, Erwin" style="text-align:left"	Erwin Miran	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
Nguyen Van Cu			1962	Cambodia^[90]
data-sort-value="Reichardt, Klaus" style="text-align:left"	Klaus Reichardt	Bundesluftwaffe	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Salzmann, Willi" style="text-align:left"	Willi Salzmann	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schödder, Peter-Joseph" style="text-align:left"	Peter-Joseph Schödder	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schüssler, Manfred" style="text-align:left"	Manfred Schüssler	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Pilger, Horst" style="text-align:left"	Horst Pilger	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Pitzen, Peter" style="text-align:left"	Peter Pitzen	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Ratzinger, Bodo" style="text-align:left"	Bodo Ratzinger	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schmutzler, Dieter" style="text-align:left"	Dieter Schmutzler	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Schwarz, Otto" style="text-align:left"	Otto Schwarz	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Stanley, Ronald" style="text-align:left"	Ronald Stanley	British Army	United Kingdom	1962	East Germany^[91]
data-sort-value="Steinigtweg, Jürgen" style="text-align:left"	Jürgen Steinigtweg	Bundesmarine Marineflieger	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Stuckhaus, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Stuckhaus	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Vogt, Wolfgang" style="text-align:left"	Wolfgang Vogt	Bundesluftwaffe	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Wizien, Berthold" style="text-align:left"	Berthold Wizien	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1962	East Germany
data-sort-value="Badey, Thomas" style="text-align:left"	Thomas Badey	United States Army	United States	1963	East Germany^[92]
data-sort-value="Barton, Frank" style="text-align:left"	Frank Barton	United States Army	United States	1963	East Germany^[93]
data-sort-value="Bourret, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Bourret	Physicist	United States	1963	Cuba^[94]
data-sort-value="Cain, Benjamin" style="text-align:left"	Benjamin Cain	United States Army	United States	1963	East Germany^[95]
data-sort-value="Chepelier, Klaus" style="text-align:left"style="text-align:left"	Klaus Chepelier	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1963	East Germany^[96]
data-sort-value="Hamilton, Victor Norris" style="text-align:left"		National Security Agency	United States	1963	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Herzet, Reymond" style="text-align:left"	Reymond Herzet	Belgian Army		1963	East Germany^[97]
data-sort-value="Martzke, Gary" style="text-align:left"	Gary Martzke	United States Army	United States	1963	East Germany^[98]
data-sort-value="Michelena, Roberto Ramos" style="text-align:left"	Roberto "Robert" Ramos Michelena	United States Air Force	United States	1963	Cuba^[99]
data-sort-value="Moore, James Carl" style="text-align:left"	James Carl Moore	United States Army	United States	1963	East Germany^[100]
data-sort-value="Newton, Heinrich James" style="text-align:left"	Heinrich James Newton	United States Army	United States	1963	East Germany^[101]
data-sort-value="Parrish, Jerry Wayne" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1963	North Korea
data-sort-value="Patchett, Brian" style="text-align:left"		British Army	United Kingdom	1963	East Germany^[102]
data-sort-value="Pengate, Christopher John" style="text-align:left"	Christopher John Pengate	British Army	United Kingdom	1963	East Germany^[103]
data-sort-value="Philby, Kim" style="text-align:left"			United Kingdom	1963	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Svenson, Alfred" style="text-align:left"	Alfred Svenson	United States Army	United States	1963	East Germany^[104]
data-sort-value="Valentini, Willard E." style="text-align:left"	Willard E. Valentini	United States Army	United States	1963	East Germany^[105]
data-sort-value="Veloso, Jacinto" style="text-align:left"	Jacinto Veloso		Portugal	1963	Mozambique Liberation Front^[106]
Chan Chueh	Olympic Games official	Taiwan	1964	China^[107]
Cheng Yi-Ming		Taiwan	1964	China^[108]
Li Fung-ryong	Republic of Korea Army		1964	North Korea^[109]
data-sort-value="Eijck, Theo" style="text-align:left"	Theo van Eijck		Netherlands	1964	Libya^[110]
data-sort-value="Kotloby, Anatoly P." style="text-align:left"	Anatoly P. Kotloby	Rocket scientist	United States	1964	Soviet Union^[111]
Ma Ching-Shan		Taiwan	1964	China^[112]
data-sort-value="Swain, Claude" style="text-align:left"	Claude Swain	United States Army	United States	1964	East Germany^[113]
Zhao Zongli		Taiwan	1964	China^[114]
Bui Van Trach	Republic of Vietnam Air Force	South Vietnam	1965	Cambodia^[115]
Chan Chen-Chin	Republic of China Army	Taiwan	1965	China^[116]
Chen Li	Intelligence Bureau	Taiwan	1965	China^[117]
data-sort-value="Frenzel, Alfred" style="text-align:left"		Social Democratic Party of Germany politician	West Germany	1965	Exchanged to Czechoslovakia
Hua Tsu-Hsin	Diplomat	Taiwan	1965	China^[118]
data-sort-value="Jenkins, Charles Robert" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1965	North Korea
data-sort-value="Rohrer, Glen Roy" style="text-align:left"		United States Army Military Intelligence	United States	1965	Czechoslovakia
data-sort-value="Silva Pais, Ana Maria" style="text-align:left"	Ana Maria Silva Pais	Daughter of PIDE Director Fernando Silva	Portugal	1965	Cuba^[119]
		United States	1965	China^[120]
Nguyen Chi Canh	Huế police chief	South Vietnam	1965	North Vietnam^[121]
data-sort-value="Biggs, Stephen" style="text-align:left"	Stephen Biggs	British Army	United Kingdom	1965	East Germany^[122]
data-sort-value="Koch, Harold M." style="text-align:left"		Roman Catholic priest	United States	1966	Soviet Union^[123]
data-sort-value="Smith, John Discoe" style="text-align:left"	John Discoe Smith	United States State Department	United States	1966	Soviet Union^[124] ^[125]
Nguyen Duch Hien	Republic of Vietnam Air Force	South Vietnam	1966	Cambodia^[126]
data-sort-value="Anderson, Craig" style="text-align:left"	Craig Anderson		United States	1967	Sweden^[127]
data-sort-value="Bailey, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Bailey	United States Navy	United States	1967	Sweden via Japan
data-sort-value="Barilla, John" style="text-align:left"	John Barilla	United States Navy	United States	1967	Sweden
data-sort-value="Blake, George" style="text-align:left"		MI6	United Kingdom	1967	Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Brown, Lorenzo" style="text-align:left"	Lorenzo Brown		United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Calfelis, Costa" style="text-align:left"	Costa Calfelis	Journalist		1967	Switzerland^[128]
data-sort-value="Carragher, Des" style="text-align:left"	Des Carragher	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Condon, Jerry" style="text-align:left"	Jerry Condon	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Dass, Jerry" style="text-align:left"	Jerry Dass	Green Beret SFOD B, S-5	United States		Sweden^[129] ^[130]
data-sort-value="Dotson, Jimmy" style="text-align:left"	Jimmy Dotson	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Forler, John" style="text-align:left"	John Forler	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Griggs, Kenneth C." style="text-align:left"	Kenneth C. Griggs	United States Army	United States	1967	Cuba^[131]
data-sort-value="Janson, Bob" style="text-align:left"	Bob Janson	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Jones, Roy Ray" style="text-align:left"	Roy Ray Jones	United States Army	United States	1967	Sweden^[132]
data-sort-value="Harshall, Walter" style="text-align:left"	Walter Harshall	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Hayes, Tom" style="text-align:left"	Tom Hayes	United States military	United States		Sweden, later managed Clergy & Layman Concerned
data-sort-value="Hinchliffe, Roger" style="text-align:left"	Roger Hinchliffe	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Kilmer, Dick" style="text-align:left"	Dick Kilmer	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Kinneman, Steve" style="text-align:left"	Steve Kinneman	United States Army	United States	1967	Sweden^[133] via Thailand, and Laos
data-sort-value="Lindner, Michael" style="text-align:left"	Michael Lindner	United States Navy	United States	1967	Sweden
data-sort-value="Males, William" style="text-align:left"	William Males	United States Army	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Nolan, McKinley" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1967	North Vietnam^[134]
data-sort-value="Nordby, Henry" style="text-align:left"	Henry Nordby	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Pauley, Rich" style="text-align:left"	Rich Pauley	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Pearce, Richard Harwood" style="text-align:left"	Richard Harwood Pearce	United States Army	United States	1967	Cuba^[135]
data-sort-value="Rubin, Irving" style="text-align:left"	Irving Rubin	United States Army	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Schölzel, Arnold" style="text-align:left"		Bundeswehr	West Germany	1967	East Germany
data-sort-value="Smith, David" style="text-align:left"	David Smith	United States Army	United States	1967	Sweden^[136]
data-sort-value="Stewart, Joe" style="text-align:left"	Joe Stewart	United States military	United States		Sweden
Tseng Chao-Ping	Republic of China Air Force	Taiwan	1967	China^[137]
data-sort-value="Washington, Herbert" style="text-align:left"	Herbert Washington	United States Army	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Weisberg, Ted" style="text-align:left"	Ted Weisberg	United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Whitmore, Terry" style="text-align:left"		United States military	United States		Sweden
data-sort-value="Argento, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Argento	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden^[138]
data-sort-value="Arnett, Edwin" style="text-align:left"	Edwin Arnett	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden^[139]
data-sort-value="Ashley, John" style="text-align:left"	John Ashley	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Brown, Samuel" style="text-align:left"	Samuel Brown	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden^[140]
data-sort-value="Burger, Gerald" style="text-align:left"	Gerald Burger	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Burroughs, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Burroughs	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Carroll, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Carroll	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Cooper, Kenneth" style="text-align:left"	Kenneth Cooper	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Foster, Erwin" style="text-align:left"	Erwin Foster	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Haire, David" style="text-align:left"	David Haire	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden^[141]
data-sort-value="Huth, Rodney" style="text-align:left"	Rodney Huth	United States Marine Corps	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Johnson, Edward" style="text-align:left"	Edward Johnson	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Jones, William" style="text-align:left"	William Jones	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Mayor, Bruce" style="text-align:left"	Bruce Mayor		United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="McKinney, Richard Lee" style="text-align:left"	Richard Lee McKinney	United States Marine Corps	United States	1968	Sweden^[142]
data-sort-value="Moebius, Peter" style="text-align:left"	Peter Moebius	Physicist	West Germany	1968	East Germany^[143]
data-sort-value="Olson, Justin" style="text-align:left"	Justin Olson	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Patzelt, Herbert" style="text-align:left"	Herbert Patzelt	European Atomic Energy Community aide	West Germany	1968	East Germany
data-sort-value="Percell, William" style="text-align:left"	William Percell	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Petras, Ehrenfried" style="text-align:left"	Ehrenfried Petras	Microbiologist	West Germany	1968	East Germany^[144]
data-sort-value="Proctor, Bruce" style="text-align:left"	Bruce Proctor	Former Defense Intelligence Agency analyst	United States	1968	Sweden^[145]
data-sort-value="Propp, Richard Lee" style="text-align:left"	Richard Lee Propp	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Roman, David" style="text-align:left"	David Roman	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Sansiviero, Raymond" style="text-align:left"	Raymond Sansiviero	United States Marine Corps	United States	1968	Sweden^[146]
data-sort-value="Smith, Parker" style="text-align:left"	Parker Smith	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Strollo, Vincent" style="text-align:left"	Vincent Strollo	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Tannimura, Richard" style="text-align:left"	Richard Tannimura	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Vitarelle, Gregory" style="text-align:left"	Gregory Vitarelle	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Warrell, Mark" style="text-align:left"	Mark Warrell	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Westbrooks, Eugene" style="text-align:left"	Eugene Westbrooks	United States Army	United States	1968	Sweden
data-sort-value="Wright, J. W." style="text-align:left"	J. W. Wright	United States Air Force	United States	1968	Soviet Union^[147]
data-sort-value="Brent, William Lee" style="text-align:left"		Black Panther Party activist	United States	1969	Cuba
data-sort-value="Butler, Irvin Leon" style="text-align:left"	Irvin Leon Butler	United States Navy	United States	1969	Sweden^[148]
data-sort-value="Cohen, Lona" style="text-align:left"	Lona Cohen	Atomic spy	United States	1969	Exchanged to the Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Cohen, Morris" style="text-align:left"		Atomic spy	United States	1969	Exchanged to the Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Dass, Jerry Bhagwan" style="text-align:left"	Jerry Bhagwan Dass	United States Army	United States	1969	Sweden^[149]
data-sort-value="Dostlik, Robert Edward" style="text-align:left"	Robert Edward Dostlik	United States Marine Corps	United States	1969	Cuba^[150]
data-sort-value="Felfe, Heinz" style="text-align:left"			West Germany	1969	Exchanged to East Germany
data-sort-value="Foertsch, Olaf" style="text-align:left"	Olaf Foertsch	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1969	East Germany^[151]
data-sort-value="Gummert, Ludwig" style="text-align:left"	Ludwig Gummert	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1969	East Germany^[152]
data-sort-value="Kavanaugh, Thomas" style="text-align:left"	Thomas Kavanaugh	United States Army	United States	1969	East Germany^[153]
data-sort-value="Kruse, Hans-Joachim" style="text-align:left"	Hans-Joachim Kruse	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1969	East Germany^[154]
data-sort-value="Kündiger, Robert" style="text-align:left"	Robert Kündiger	Bundesmarine	West Germany	1969	East Germany^[155]
data-sort-value="Lowney, John" style="text-align:left"	John Lowney	United States Marine Corps	United States	1969	North Vietnam^[156]
data-sort-value="Tsironis, Vassilios" style="text-align:left"	Vassilios Tsironis	Doctor of Medicine	Greece	1969	Albania^[157]
data-sort-value="Walch, Jim" style="text-align:left"	Jim Walch	United States Army	United States	1969	Sweden
Zhou Zhende	Republic of China Army	Taiwan	1969	China^[158]
data-sort-value="Uomoto, Kimihuro" style="text-align:left"			Japan	1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Fukudome, Kimiko" style="text-align:left"	Kimiko Fukudome	Japanese Red Army	Japan	1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Yoshida, Kintaro" style="text-align:left"	Kintaro Yoshida	Japanese Red Army	Japan	1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Wakabayashi, Moriaki" style="text-align:left"		Japanese Red Army	Japan	1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Akagi, Shirō" style="text-align:left"	Shirō Akagi	Japanese Red Army	Japan	1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Konishi, Takahiro" style="text-align:left"	Takahiro Konishi	Japanese Red Army	Japan	1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Tamiya, Takamaro" style="text-align:left"	Takamaro Tamiya	Japanese Red Army	Japan	1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Okamoto, Takeshi" style="text-align:left"	Takeshi Okamoto	Japanese Red Army	Japan	1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Shibata, Yasuhiro" style="text-align:left"	Yasuhiro Shibata	Japanese Red Army	Japan	1970	North Korea
data-sort-value="Glatkowski, Alvin" style="text-align:left"			United States	1970	Attempted defection to Cambodia
data-sort-value="McKay, Clyde" style="text-align:left"		United States Merchant Marine	United States	1970	Attempted defection to Cambodia
data-sort-value="Carbonneau, Marc" style="text-align:left"			Canada	1970	Cuba
data-sort-value="Cossette-Trudel, Jacques" style="text-align:left"		Front de libération du Québec	Canada	1970	Cuba
data-sort-value="Langlois, Yves" style="text-align:left"		Front de libération du Québec	Canada	1970	Cuba
data-sort-value="Humphrey, Larry" style="text-align:left"	Larry Humphrey	United States Army	United States	1970	Cambodia^[159]
data-sort-value="Maniadakis, Mihalis" style="text-align:left"	Mihalis Maniadakis		Greece	1970	Soviet Union^[160]
Chang Shuang-Chao	Ministry of Finance aide	Taiwan	1971	China^[161]
Sun Chi-Chou	Diplomat	Taiwan	1971	China^[162]
data-sort-value="Deberry, Michael" style="text-align:left"	Michael Deberry	United States Army	United States	1971	Sweden
data-sort-value="Horne, Tom" style="text-align:left"	Tom Horne	Green Beret	United States		Sweden^[163]
data-sort-value="Hunter, Ernest" style="text-align:left"	Ernest Hunter	United States Air Force	United States		Sweden^[164]
data-sort-value="Reinkensmeier, Hans-Dieter" style="text-align:left"	Hans-Dieter Reinkensmeier		West Germany	1971	East Germany^[165]
data-sort-value="Hill, Harold" style="text-align:left"	Harold Hill	Rolls-Royce Limited engineer	United Kingdom	1971	Soviet Union^[166]
data-sort-value="Llana, Esteban" style="text-align:left"	Esteban Llana	United States Air Force	United States	1971	Panama^[167]
data-sort-value="Morais, Jaime" style="text-align:left"	Jaime Morais	Portuguese Army	Portugal	1971	Sweden^[168]
data-sort-value="Pryer, Bernard" style="text-align:left"	Bernard Pryer	United States Army	United States	1971	Panama
data-sort-value="Vequist, John R." style="text-align:left"	John R. Vequist	United States Army	United States	1971	Sweden^[169]
data-sort-value="Wagner, Tobey" style="text-align:left"	Tobey Wagner	United States Army	United States	1971	Panama
data-sort-value="Cadwallader, Kevin" style="text-align:left"	Kevin Cadwallader	British Army	United Kingdom	1972	Sweden^[170]
Ngo Cong Duc	Journalist	South Vietnam	1972	Sweden^[171]
Pham Van Dinh		South Vietnam	1972	North Vietnam
Sung Wei-Pi	Former diplomat	Taiwan	1973	People's Republic of China^[172]
data-sort-value="Burns, Gerard" style="text-align:left"	Gerard Burns	British Army	United Kingdom	1974	Ireland^[173]
Nguyen Thanh Trung	Republic of Vietnam Air Force	South Vietnam	1975	North Vietnam^[174]
data-sort-value="Schneider, Jürgen" style="text-align:left"	Jürgen Schneider	Bundeswehr	West Germany	1976	East Germany^[175]
Bong Ju	Republic of Korea Army		1977	North Korea^[176]
data-sort-value="Black, William Joseph" style="text-align:left"	William Joseph Black	United States Army	United States	1977	Czechoslovakia^[177]
Yu Un-hak	Republic of Korea Army	South Korea	1977	North Korea
data-sort-value="Thompson, Robert" style="text-align:left"		United States Air Force	United States	1978	Exchanged to the Soviet Union
data-sort-value="Mueller, Erhard" style="text-align:left"	Erhard Mueller	Bundesmarine aviation wing	West Germany	1978	East Germany^[178]
Li Jun-gwang	Republic of Korea Army military intelligence	South Korea	1978	North Korea^[179]
data-sort-value="Chung, Roy" style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1979	East Germany, then to North Korea
data-sort-value="Lorenzen, Ursel" style="text-align:left"	Ursel Lorenzen	NATO aide	West Germany	1979	East Germany^[180]
data-sort-value="Broszey, Christel" style="text-align:left"	Christel Broszey	Christian Democratic Union aide	West Germany	1979	East Germany^[181]
data-sort-value="Goliath, Inge" style="text-align:left"	Inge Goliath	Christian Democratic Union aide	West Germany	1979	East Germany
data-sort-value="Roediger, Helga" style="text-align:left"	Helga Roediger		West Germany	1979	East Germany^[182]
data-sort-value="Lambert, Alexander" style="text-align:left"	Alexander Lambert			1979	Sweden^[183]
data-sort-value="Lin, Justin" style="text-align:left"		Republic of China Army	Taiwan	1979	China
data-sort-value="Tomberg, Friedrich" style="text-align:left"	Friedrich Tomberg	Pädagogische Hochschule philosophy professor	West Germany	1979	East Germany^[184]
Kim Ryong-jin	Republic of Korea Army	South Korea	1979	North Korea^[185]
data-sort-value="Verrept, Imelda" style="text-align:left"	Imelda Verrept	NATO aide	Belgium	1980	East Germany^[186]
data-sort-value="Guillaume, Günter" style="text-align:left"			West Germany	1981	Exchanged to East Germany
data-sort-value="Terpil, Frank" style="text-align:left"			United States	1981	Libya, then to Cuba^[187]
Huang Zhicheng	Republic of China Air Force	Taiwan	1981	China^[188]
Ma Bi	Kuomintang adviser	Taiwan	1981	China^[189]
data-sort-value="Vesco, Robert" style="text-align:left"		Financier	United States	1982	Cuba
data-sort-value="White, Joseph T." style="text-align:left"		United States Army	United States	1982	North Korea
data-sort-value="G, Gerhard" style="text-align:left"	Gerhard G.	Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz		1982	East Germany^[190]
data-sort-value="Eckert, Gerald Andreas" style="text-align:left"	Gerald Andreas Eckert		South Africa	1983	Mozambique^[191]
Li Dawei	Republic of China Air Force	Taiwan	1983	China^[192]
Mun Sang-chol	Republic of Korea Army		1983	North Korea^[193]
Alessio Casimirri	Red Brigades	Italy	1983	Nicaragua
Nam Mccurdy	Writer	United States	1983	Nicaragua
Alessio Cassimirri	Red Brigades		1983	Nicaragua^[194] |data-sort-value="Shakur, Assata" style="text-align:left"|Assata Shakur || Black Panther Party activist || United States || 1984 || Cuba|-|style="text-align:left"|Xie Yuchen || Film director || Taiwan || 1984 || China^[195] |-|style="text-align:left"|Zhang Jinfeng || Film producer || Taiwan || 1984 || China|-|data-sort-value="Tiedge, Hans" style="text-align:left"|Hans Tiedge || Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz || West Germany || 1985 || East Germany|-|data-sort-value="Carney, Jeffrey" style="text-align:left"|Jeffrey Carney || United States Air Force || United States || 1985 || East Germany|-|style="text-align:left"|Ra Il-ryong || Republic of Korea Army || South Korea || 1985 || North Korea^[196] |-|data-sort-value="Howard, Edward Lee" style="text-align:left"|Edward Lee Howard || Central Intelligence Agency || United States || 1985 || Soviet Union|-|data-sort-value="Luenberg, Sonja" style="text-align:left"|Sonja Luenberg || Aide to the Federal Minister of the Economy Martin Bangemann || West Germany || 1985 || East Germany^[197] |-|data-sort-value="Willner, Herta-Astrid" style="text-align:left"|Herta-Astrid Willner || Aide to the West German Chancellor|| West Germany || 1985 || East Germany^[198] |-|data-sort-value="Willner, Herbert" style="text-align:left"|Herbert Willner || Defence analyst || West Germany || 1985 || East Germany|-|data-sort-value="Alken, Rudolf" style="text-align:left"|Rudolf Alken || University of Mainz researcher || West Germany || 1985 || East Germany^[199] |-|data-sort-value="Koecher, Karl" style="text-align:left"|Karl Koecher || Central Intelligence Agency || United States || 1986 || Exchanged to Czechoslovakia|-|data-sort-value="Almeida, Hugo" style="text-align:left"|Hugo Almeida || United States Army || United States || 1986 || Cuba|-|data-sort-value="Souther, Glenn Michael" style="text-align:left"|Glenn Michael Souther || United States Navy || United States || 1986 || Soviet Union|-|data-sort-value="Lokshin, Arnold" style="text-align:left"|Arnold Lockshin || Biochemist || United States || 1986 || Soviet Union|-|style="text-align:left"|Wang Xijue || Airline pilot || Taiwan || 1986 || China^[200] |-|data-sort-value="Roberts, Wade E." style="text-align:left"|Wade E. Roberts || United States Army || United States || 1987 || Soviet Union^[201] ^[202] |-|data-sort-value="Bergling, Stig" style="text-align:left"|Stig Bergling || Swedish Security Service || Sweden|| 1987 || Soviet Union via Finland^[203] |-|data-sort-value="Branch, Theodore" style="text-align:left"|Theodore Branch || Radio announcer || United States || 1987 || Soviet Union^[204] |-|style="text-align:left"|Choe Deok-sin || Former South Korean diplomat and foreign minister || United States || 1987 || North Korea|-|style="text-align:left"|Song Chang-gu || United States Army aide || South Korea || 1988 || North Korea^[205] |-|style="text-align:left"|Lin Xianshun || Republic of China Air Force || Taiwan || 1989 || China^[206] |-|data-sort-value="Peri, Michael" style="text-align:left"|Michael Peri || United States Army || United States || 1989 || East Germany|} Defections after 1991 Defector Profession/Prominence Country of origin Year of defection Country of defection Maurizio Gelli Businessman Italy 2009 Nicaragua data-sort-value="Snowden, Edward" style="text-align:left" National Security Agency contractor United States 2013 Russia Choe In-guk South Korean citizen South Korea 2019 North Korea Evan Neumann Trumpist militant United States 2022 Belarus data-sort-value="Czeczko, Emil" style="text-align:left" Emil Czeczko Poland 2021 Belarus^[207] data-sort-value="King, Travis" style="text-align:left" United States 2023 North Korea^[208] ^[209] data-sort-value="Puello-Mota, Wilmer" style="text-align:left" Wilmer Puello-Mota Former Holyoke, Massachusetts city councillor and former Massachusetts Air National Guard airman United States 2024 Russia^[210] data-sort-value="Szmydt, Tomasz" style="text-align:left" Tomasz Szmydt Judge Poland 2024 Belarus^[211] See also List of Cold War pilot defections List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors South Korean defectors References

Notes and References

1. News: Long. Vu. 31 August 2012. Lính lê dương Đức trong chiến tranh Đông Dương - Tư liệu. vi. BáoTinTức.vn. baotintuc.vn. 12 March 2015.
2. Web site: Ernst Frey - Bücher. Perlentaucher Das Kulturmagazin. de. 12 March 2015.
3. News: Thế Tào. Hoàng. 27 December 2012. Phi công "ngoại" đầu tiên của không quân Việt Nam. vi. The First "Foreign" Pilot of the Vietnam Air Force. Người đưa tin. 8 December 2021.
4. News: Makris. A. 20 October 2012. Sarantidis: The Greek Who Fought in Vietnam. Greek Reporter. 8 December 2021.
5. Web site: Cổng TTĐT Cộng Đồng - Trang chủ - Quê Việt. queviet.pl. 12 March 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20120108190515/http://www2.queviet.pl/tin-cong-dong/nguoi-viet-o-ba-lan/28037-stefan-kubiak-nguoi-ba-lan-da-phat-hien-ra-to-quoc-thu-hai-cua-minh-viet-nam.html. 8 January 2012. dead.
6. Book: Yonhap News Agency, Seoul. North Korea Handbook. 2002. M. E. Sharpe Incorporated. 9780765635235. 175. 12 March 2015.
7. Web site: LeMO Bestand: Biografie Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler. hdg.de. 12 March 2015.
8. Buchvernissage: Von der Fremdenlegion zum vietnamesischen Widerstand (Book Launch: From the Foreign Legion to the Vietnamese Resistance). Universität Basel 28 October 2011.
9. News: 28 February 1948. American Woman Quits Embassy Job in Moscow. St. Petersburg Times. 8 December 2021.
10. Book: North Korea under Kim Chong-il: Power, Politics, and Prospects for Change: Power, Politics, and Prospects for Change. Gause, K.E.. 2011. ABC-CLIO. 9780313381768. 45. 12 March 2015.
11. Book: Korean War Almanac. Edwards, P.M.. 2006. Facts On File, Incorporated. 9780816074679. registration. 28. 12 March 2015.
12. Book: National Consciousness in Korean Art Songs: Selected Six Composers. Kim, H.. Arizona State University. 2009. Arizona State University. 9781109179545. 25. 12 March 2015.
13. News: The Press: No Sale . https://web.archive.org/web/20110131124045/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,813277,00.html . dead . 31 January 2011 . Time . 18 September 1950.
14. News: 28 October 1949. Scot "Quite Happy" In Soviet Zone. The Glasgow Herald. 8 December 2021.
15. Kudrna, Ladislav. Indočína – největší bojiště čechoslováků od skončení druhé světové války (Indochina: The Czechoslovaks' Largest Battlefield Since the End of World War II). Valka.cz 23 March 2011.
16. News: Walker. Tony. 10 February 1982. An Englishman's 30 years in China. The Age. 8 December 2021.
17. Lenihan. Denis. 11 June 2008. Was Ian Milner a Spy? A Review of the Evidence. New Zealand Notes & Queries. 1–18. 10.26686/knznq.v0i0.785. free.
18. Web site: The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
19. Web site: Delany. Sheila. Feminist Legacies: Female Medieval Scholars and the Academy. dead. The University of Iowa. 12 March 2015. 7 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150107141431/http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1297&context=mff.
20. News: 17 October 1951. Renegade Premier Ordered Arrested. Spokane Daily Chronicle. 8 December 2021.
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23. News: Thanksgiving, for Odd Sort of Harvard Expatriate . The New York Times . Alan . Cowell . 29 November 1996.
24. Politella, Dario (1958). Operation Grasshopper: The Story of Army Aviation in Korea From Aggression to Armistice. Wichita, Kansas: R.R. Longo Co. p. 136.
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26. News: Paterson. Tony. 20 April 2013. Hello Lenin! How the 'Red Elvis' went East. The Independent. 8 December 2021.
27. https://archive.today/20130923052739/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2206&dat=19521229&id=dDs0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=k-sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4839,4632863 Reds Say Deserter Feared Korean Exile.
28. Web site: PDS - Hohenschönhausen [Berlin]. Dr. Wolfgang Gans Edler Herr zu Putlitz. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110718201331/http://home.arcor.de/prignitzportal/citizen/seite_putlitz_wolfgang.htm. 18 July 2011. Prignitzlexikon.
29. L'inauguration de l'ambassade du Maroc au Vietnam en août dernier permet de revenir sur une histoire commune (Last August's Opening of Moroccan Embassy in Vietnam Allows Return to Common History.) Aujourdhui.ma 22 September 2006.
30. http://www.kwva.org/graybeards/gb_02/gb_0208_final.pdf Where are Korean War Defectors Now?
31. Book: Germans and African Americans: Two Centuries of Exchange. Greene, L.A.. Ortlepp, A.. 2010. University Press of Mississippi. 9781604737851. 12 March 2015.
32. News: 1 October 1962. Korean Veteran Leaves Red China. The Age. 8 December 2021.
33. Drei britische Soldaten baten um Asyl (Three British Soldiers Asked for Asylum). ADN. Neues Deutschland 15 February 1953.
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35. Book: Agent 2996 Enthüllt. Höher, W.. 1954. Kongress Verlag. 12 March 2015.
36. News: 25 October 1953. Koreans Admit Pilot Deserted. Eugene Register-Guard. 8 December 2021.
37. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1917&dat=19540104&id=wokuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W4EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=680,395435 GI Goes AWOL to E. Germany, Can't Stand It.
38. Amerikanischer und holländische Soldaten baten um Asyl in der DDR (American and Dutch Soldiers Asked for Asylum in the GDR). ADN. Neues Deutschland 7 October 1953.
39. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19531220&id=VScsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=R58FAAAAIBAJ&pg=1846,3316029 Soldier Flees to Reds After Breaking Jail.
40. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2202&dat=19531127&id=AzkmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=8v0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=2160,5209314 Pole Flees to East Germany.
41. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19540306&id=S9cjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0SMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7059,1826424 Yank Officer Picks Soviet.
42. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1898&dat=19540120&id=jhNJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MQYNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3747,1497325 South Korean Airman Sneaks Plane to Reds.
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44. News: U. S. Army Admits GI Fled to Czechoslovakia . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023521/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/505373512.html?dids=505373512:505373512&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=May+21,+1954&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=U.+S.+Army+Admits+GI+Fled+to+Czechoslovakia&pqatl=google . dead . 29 June 2011 . Chicago Daily Tribune . 21 May 1954.
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50. News: 26 May 1955. Reds say Cross can realize his ambitions. The Leader-Post. 8 December 2021.
51. News: 23 May 1955. Airman Defects to Communists. The Age. 8 December 2021.
52. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19570918&id=NXhAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qqMMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3389,2095029 American Soldier Sentenced.
53. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-A8rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=J5oFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3727,6190407&dq=horst+spanier&hl=en East Germany Grants Asylum to American.
54. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19550317&id=s2sjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=rCMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5745,611141 General Defects.
55. Web site: The 23rd National Assembly House of Representatives Foreign Affairs Committee No. 2. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20160826173908/http://kokkai.ndl.go.jp/SENTAKU/syugiin/023/0082/02312030082002a.html. 26 August 2016. House of Representatives of Japan. ja.
56. News: W. German Deserter Announced by Reds . https://web.archive.org/web/20121107010033/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/2063382212.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+06,+1956&author=&pub=Daily+Boston+Globe+(1928-1960)&desc=W.+German+Deserter+Announced+by+Reds&pqatl=google . dead . 7 November 2012 . Daily Boston Globe . 6 July 1956.
57. News: Education: The Defector . https://web.archive.org/web/20081214120639/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,867524,00.html . dead . 14 December 2008 . Time . 31 December 1956.
58. Book: Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations. Trahair, R.C.S.. 2004. Greenwood Press. 9780313319556. 340. 12 March 2015.
59. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=ClJLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=eyMNAAAAIBAJ&pg=7267,1730144&dq=spanish+sailor+asylum+mexico&hl=en 5 Spanish Sailors Win Appeal For Political Asylum in Mexico.
60. NATO-Soldat bat um Asyl (NATO Soldier Asked for Asylum). ADN. Neues Deutschland 3 January 1958.
61. News: A.W.O.L. Yank Plans To Stay in E. Germany . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629023543/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/593455242.html?dids=593455242:593455242&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Aug+08,+1959&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=A.W.O.L.+YANK+PLANS+TO+STAY+IN+E.+GERMANY&pqatl=google . dead . 29 June 2011 . Chicago Daily Tribune . 8 August 1959.
62. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1948&dat=19590614&id=P9cwAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UeEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6351,2004915
63. News: Soldier held for deserting U.S. army 30 years ago . https://web.archive.org/web/20110628221742/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/471471941.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Feb+01,+1990&author=(AP)&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Soldier+held+for+deserting+U.S.+army+30+years+ago&pqatl=google . dead . 28 June 2011 . 1 February 1990 . Toronto Star.
64. Greene, Larry A. (2011). Germans and African Americans: Two Centuries of Exchange. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. . p. 187.
65. News: 21 July 1959. Red-Labeled 'Defector' Sold House In Florida. St. Petersburg Times. 8 December 2021.
66. Web site: Archiv - Hamburger Abendblatt . https://web.archive.org/web/20111009025405/http://suche.abendblatt.de/ashao/search.do%3Bjsessionid%3D3DF15649976C0ADF9F0318041D470870?method=search&search=%2A&dateTo=30.05.1959&current=0&length=10&pagenum=11&categories=0&lastobj=608550471402%2C195905300000%2C0%2C11%2C110&outputs=4&dateFrom=30.05.1959&date=period&similar= . 9 October 2011 . dead . 12 March 2015 .
67. News: Geschichte des öffentlichen Rechts in Deutschland: Bd. Staats- und Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft in West und Ost, 1945-1990. 9783406632037. Stolleis. Michael. 1988.
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69. http://www.nd-archiv.de/artikel/1771716.html Bundeswehrangehörige baten um Asyl
70. Web site: Ottawa Citizen - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
71. Bundeswehrsoldaten desertieren (Bundeswehr Soldiers Desert). AND. Neues Deutschland 9 August 1960.
72. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iYRWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1OUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1127,5788191&dq=deserter+defected&hl=en Deserter.
73. https://archive.org/details/Aviation_Week_1960-09-26/page/n16/mode/1up Defectors Termed No Threat to U.S. Codes
74. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TWQhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=64YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6949,17262&dq=serafin+sanchez+defected&hl=en
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77. News: 15 December 1960. Canadian Defector Returned. The Montreal Gazette. 8 December 2021.
78. News: Bonn Mapmaker Said To Defect To East . https://web.archive.org/web/20110629024039/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1707789962.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jul+17,+1960&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Bonn+Mapmaker+Said+To+Defect+To+East&pqatl=google . dead . 29 June 2011 . 17 July 1960 . The Sun.
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82. http://allafrica.com/stories/200804090891.html Mozambique: Guebuza Gives Funeral Eulogy for Fernando Ganhao.
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97. Belgischer Soldat bat um Asyl (Belgian Soldier Asks for Asylum). AND. Neues Deutschland 20 October 1963.
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114. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA352941.pdf Taiwan Defector Made PLA Navy Fleet Department Deputy Head
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124. Web site: Indonesia, 1957-1958: War and pornography  - William Blum. killinghope.org. 12 March 2015. 7 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121107020533/http://killinghope.org/bblum6/indo1.htm. dead.
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129. Lucinda Franks. Waiting Out a War: The Exile of Private John Picciano, N.Y.: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1974, pp. 187-188.
130. Mark Lane. Conversations with Americans, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 1970, p. 117.
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135. Web site: The Montreal Gazette - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
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139. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19680915&id=Q8syAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tMYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2498,2262599 Deserter Opposes War.
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142. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2506&dat=19680718&id=nKBIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WQsNAAAAIBAJ&pg=3806,2882291 Soldier Given Asylum in Sweden.
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146. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19680808&id=FWpYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EfgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3559,2256411 U.S. Deserter Is In Sweden.
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149. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1817&dat=19690408&id=ZyceAAAAIBAJ&sjid=BZwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=7382,1531540 Persistent About Joining Army; Now He's a Deserter.
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155. Book: Die Bundeswehr 1955 bis 2005: Rückblenden, Einsichten, Perspektiven. Nägler, F.. Germany. Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. 2007. Oldenbourg. 9783486579581. 427. 12 March 2015.
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162. Web site: The Milwaukee Journal - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
163. Lucinda Franks. Waiting Out a War: The Exile of Private John Picciano, N.Y.: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1974, pp. 202-206.
164. Lucinda Franks. Waiting Out a War: The Exile of Private John Picciano, N.Y.: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1974, pp. 199-200.
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172. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19730305&id=eHlWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=LeUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4830,1801155 Former Canberra Envoy Defects.
173. McConnell, Tom. Detention for Scots Deserter Who Sought Political Asylum in Eire. Glasgow Herald 28 September 1976: 5.
174. Questions of Loyalty - The Nation. The Nation. thenation.com. 12 March 2015. 3 April 2008. Steinglass. Matt. 27 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141127144544/http://www.thenation.com/article/questions-loyalty. dead.
175. Angehöriger der Bundeswehr bat um Asyl in der DDR (Member of the Bundeswehr Asked for Asylum in the GDR). ADN. Neues Deutschland 29 September 1976.
176. https://newspaperarchive.com/berkshire-eagle/1977-10-20/page-2 South's Officer Said to Defect to N. Korea.
177. News: Czechs report GI's defection . https://archive.today/20130131140130/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/613591442.html?dids=613591442:613591442&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jan+14,+1977&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=Czechs+report+GI's+defection&pqatl=google . dead . 31 January 2013 . Chicago Tribune . 14 January 1977.
178. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_x8yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=saQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1899,979142&dq=erhard-mueller&hl=en Defector Says NATO Fed Doctored Figures.
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185. https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1821&dat=19790804&id=5iYtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0aQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4216,3153559 South Korean Defects.
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189. Web site: The Hour - Google News Archive Search. 12 March 2015.
190. Web site: West German Defector Isn't Dead After All - tribunedigital-orlandosentinel. Orlando Sentinel. 12 March 2015.
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