List of United States presidential firsts explained

This list lists achievements and distinctions of various presidents of the United States. It includes distinctions achieved in their earlier life and post-presidencies. Due to some confusion surrounding sovereignty of nations during presidential visits, only nations that were independent, sovereign, or recognized by the United States during the presidency are listed here as a precedent.

George Washington (1789–1797)

• First president of the United States.^[1]
• First president to have been born in the 18th century.^[2]
• First president to have been a military veteran.^[3]
• First president to have served in the American Revolutionary War.^[4]
• First president born in Virginia.^[5]
• First president to be elected to a second term in office.^[6]
• First president to own slaves.^[7]
• First president to be an Episcopalian.^[8]
• First president to be a Freemason.^[9]
• First president to appear on a postage stamp.
• First president to receive votes from every presidential elector in an election.^[10]
• First president to be inaugurated in New York City.^[2]
• First president to fill the entire body of the United States federal judges; including the Supreme Court.^[11]
• First president to deliver a State of the Union address (1790).^[12]
• First president to have a First Lady older in age.^[13]
• First president to command a standing field army while in office (during the Whiskey Rebellion).^[14]
• First president who was not affiliated with any political party.^[15]
• First president to go uncontested in an election.^[16]
• First president to not have any biological children.^[17]
• First president to be declared an honorary citizen of a foreign country, and an honorary citizen of France.^[18]
• First president to deliver a Farewell Address.^{[19] [20]}

John Adams (1797–1801)

• First president born in Massachusetts.^[3]
• First president to live in the White House.^[21]
• First president to have previously served as vice president.^[22]
• First president to have previously served as an ambassador to a foreign country.^[23]
• First president to be a lawyer.^[24]
• First president who had never served in the military.^{[25] [26]}
• First president to not be a slave owner.^[27]
• First president to wear a powdered wig tied in a queue in the fashion of the 18th century.^{[28] [29]}
• First president to receive more than 45% of the electoral vote while running for re-election, without being re-elected.
• First president who attended one of the Ivy League colleges.
• First president to have biological children.^[30]
• First president to receive the oath of office from a chief justice of the United States Supreme Court^[31]
• First president not to veto any bills while in office.^[32]
• First president to have a child (Charles Adams) die while in office.^[33]
• First president to be defeated for a second term in office.^[34]
• First president to not attend the inauguration of his successor.
• First president to have a First Lady younger in age.^[35]
• First president to have a child (John Quincy Adams) serve as president of the United States.^[36]
• First president to live to the age of 90.
• First president to have signed the Declaration of Independence.^[37]
• First president to have visited Europe.^[38]
• First president to meet a reigning British monarch.^[38]
• First president to outlive another former president.^[39]
• First president to be multilingual.^[40]

Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)

• First president to have previously been a governor.^[25]
• First president to have previously served as secretary of state.^[41]
• First president to have been widowed prior to his inauguration.
• First president to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C.
• First president to have his inaugural speech reprinted in a newspaper.^[42]
• First president whose inauguration was not attended by his immediate predecessor.^[43]
• First president to live a full presidential term in the White House.^[44]
• First president to defeat an opponent he had previously lost to in a presidential election.
• First president to receive more than 49% of the electoral vote without being elected president.
• First president who defeated an incumbent president.^[23]
• First president to defeat a president under whom he worked.
• First president whose election was decided in the United States House of Representatives.^[45]
• First president to have an inaugural parade; occurred during his second inauguration.^[42]
• First president to cite the doctrine of executive privilege.^[46]
• First president to have a vice president elected under the Twelfth Amendment.^[47]
• First president to expand the country's territory^{[48] [49]}
• First president to have pets at the White House; two grizzly bear cubs and a mockingbird.^{[50] [51]}
• First president to found a university after being in office; the University of Virginia in 1819.^[52]
• First president to serve as rector of a university (University of Virginia).^[53]
• First president to deliver a State of the Union Address via writing; this practice continued until 1913.^[54]
• First president to die on the Fourth of July.^[39]
• First president to be outlived by another former president.^[39]
• First president to defeat his opponent in his opponent's birth state.

James Madison (1809–1817)

• First president to have served in the United States House of Representatives.^[55]
• First president to ask Congress for a Declaration of War.^[56]
• First president to serve as a wartime commander-in-chief.^[57]
• First president to have an Inaugural ball.
• First president to issue a pocket veto.
• First president to have a parent live throughout his presidency.
• First president to have a second cousin as a future president, (Zachary Taylor).^[58]

James Monroe (1817–1825)

• First president to have served in the United States Senate.^[59]
• First president to have a child marry at the White House.^[60]
• First president to ride on a steamboat.^[61]
• First president to have held over 50 years of elected public office positions by the end of his presidency^[62]
• First president to have held two cabinet positions at once prior to assuming office^[62]
• First president to have a foreign capital named after him (Monrovia, Liberia)^[62]

John Quincy Adams (1825–1829)

• First president to be the son of another president.^[63]
• First president whose father lived to see him become president.
• First president to have a foreign-born spouse.^[64]
• First president to have a son marry at the White House.^[60]
• First president to have a surviving photograph of him.^[65]
• First president elected despite receiving fewer votes than his opponent.
• First president to not win a majority of electoral votes.^[66]
• First president to adopt a short haircut instead of long hair tied in a queue.^[67]
• First president to have been inaugurated wearing long trousers instead of knee breeches.^[68]
• First president to serve in Congress after serving in the presidency.^[69]
• First president to die from a stroke.^[70]
• First president to have been nominated to the Supreme Court of the United States.^[71]
• First president with a middle name.
• First president to have any facial hair.
• First president to have a foreign-born child.^[72]
• First president born after the French and Indian War.
• First president who was not a Founding Father.

Andrew Jackson (1829–1837)

• First president born in a log cabin.^[73]
• First president to be older than the previous president.
• First president born to immigrant parents.^[74]
• First president to be inaugurated on the East Portico of the U.S. Capitol, facing the Library of Congress and Supreme Court.^[42]
• First president to pay off the entire National Debt.^[75]
• First president born after the death of his father.^[76]
• First president elected as a Democrat to the presidency.^[77]
• First president to marry a divorced woman.^[78]
• First president to kill someone in a duel.^[79]
• First president to survive an assassination attempt while in office.^{[80] [81]}
• First president born in the Carolinas.^[82]
• First president to ride on a railroad train.^[83]
• First president to be censured by the US Senate, although it was expunged in 1837.^[84]
• First president to have previously administered the Oath of Office to a vice president of the United States (John C. Calhoun).^[85]
• First president to die outside of the original 13 colonies.^[86]
• First president to be a resident of Tennessee.
• First president to win an election despite losing his birth state.
• First president to defeat a former Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Martin Van Buren (1837–1841)

• First president born after the Declaration of Independence.
• First president to be a non-native speaker of English.^[87]
• First president not of British ancestry.^[88]
• First president to have Dutch ancestry.^[89]
• First president from the state of New York.^[90]
• First president to be born a citizen of the United States and not a British subject.^[91]
• First president to have multiple members of the same party (Whig) run against him.^[92]
• First president to receive over 1 million votes in an election while in office.^[93]
• First president from the Northern United States to have owned a slave.^[94]
• First president to run for presidency on a third-party ticket.^[95]
• First president to run for another term after being defeated.

William Henry Harrison (1841)

• First president elected as a Whig to the presidency.
• First president to have 10 or more biological children.
• First president from the state of Ohio.
• First president to be a grandfather of a future president.^{[96] [97]}
• First president to give an inaugural address of more than 5,000 words.^[98]
• First president to not issue an executive order^[99]
• First president to die in office.^[100]
• First president to serve less than one full term in office.^[101]
• First president to receive over 1 million votes in a presidential election before assuming office.^[102]
• First president to have a photograph taken while in office.^[103]

John Tyler (1841–1845)

• First president to ascend to the presidency by the death of his predecessor.^[104]
• First president to have a veto overridden.^[79]
• First president born after the American Revolutionary War.
• First president to face a vote of impeachment in the House (it was unsuccessful).^[105]
• First president to be widowed while in office^[106]
• First president to remarry while in office.
• First president to be born after the ratification of the United States Constitution.^[107]
• First president to be expelled from his political party while in office.^[108]
• First U.S. president to be buried under a foreign flag.^[109]
• First president to have links to the Confederate States of America.^[110]

James K. Polk (1845–1849)

• First president to be under the age of 50 upon election and upon entering office.^[111]
• First president to have served as speaker of the House of Representatives.
• First president to be elected despite losing his states of birth and residence.
• First president to be nominated by his party as a dark horse.^[112]
• First president not to seek re-election upon the completion of his one term.^[113]
• First president to die before reaching the age of 60.
• First president to predecease a parent and a mother.^{[114] [115]}
• First president not to have any children, either biological, adopted, or even stepchildren.
• First president not to keep a pet during his term in office.^[116]
• First president to have his Cabinet photographed.
• First president to have a surviving photograph taken of him while in office.^[65]

Zachary Taylor (1849–1850)

• First president who had served in no prior elected office.^[117]
• First president to serve in the Mexican–American War.^[5]
• First president to take office while his party held a minority of seats in the U.S. Senate.^[118]
• First president to win election with his party holding no majority in either house of Congress.^[119]
• First president to win the U.S. presidential election in November.^[120]
• First president to be awarded the Congressional Gold Medal more than once.^[121]
• First president to use the term "First Lady".^[122]
• First president to be a second cousin of a previous president. (James Madison) ^[58]

Millard Fillmore (1850–1853)

• First president to establish a permanent White House library.^[123]
• First president born in the 1800s.^[124]
• First president to leave office while his father was alive.
• First president to install a kitchen stove in the White House.^[125]
• First president to formally have a direct communication with Japan.^[126]

Franklin Pierce (1853–1857)

• First president born in New Hampshire.^[127]
• First president born in the 19th century.
• First president to install central heating in the White House.
• First president to deliver his inaugural address from memory.^[128]
• First president who had been elected to actively seek reelection but be defeated for nomination for a second term by his party.^{[129] [130]}
• First president to have a Christmas tree in the White House.
• First president to keep his original cabinet members for his entire four-year term.
• First president to have multiple vetoes overridden.

James Buchanan (1857–1861)

• First president born in Pennsylvania.^[131]
• First president to serve in the military and not become an officer during their service.^[132]
• First president to be a bachelor.

Abraham Lincoln (1861–1865)

• First president born in Kentucky.
• First president born outside of the original 13 colonies.^[133]
• First president to hold a patent.
• First president to be assassinated.
• First president elected as a Republican to the presidency.
• First president to have a beard.^[134]
• First president born in the Southern United States who never owned slaves.^[135]
• First president to defeat a sitting Vice President.
• First president to defeat a resident of the same state.

Andrew Johnson (1865–1869)

• First president to ascend to the presidency by the assassination of his predecessor.^[136]
• First president to be impeached by the House of Representatives.^[137]
• First president to have members of his own party vote for impeachment.^[138]
• First president to serve in the United States Senate after being president.
• First president to issue more than twenty vetoes.
• First president to have more than ten vetoes overridden.

Ulysses S. Grant (1869–1877)

• First president born in Ohio.^[5]
• First president born after the War of 1812.
• First president to have both parents alive during his presidency
• First president to appear with a moustache in office.^[139]
• First president to veto more than fifty bills.
• First president to visit Ireland, Egypt, China, and Japan. (In 1878–1879, after leaving the presidency.)^{[140] [141] [142]}
• First president to publish his memoirs.^[143]
• First president to issue more than 40 pocket vetoes.
• First president to issue more than 100 executive orders^[144]
• First president to attend a synagogue service while in office^[145]
• First president to have served in the American Civil War.^[146]
• First president to host an Indian Chief in the White House.^[125]
• First president to approve of and sign in a National Park.^[147]
• First president to set aside federal land for wildlife protection.^[147]
• First president to be placed under arrest.^[148]

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877–1881)

• First president to hold a state Thanksgiving dinner.
• First president to hold the White House Easter Egg Roll.
• First president to have a telephone installed in the White House.^[149]
• First president to have a typewriter installed in the White House.^[149]
• First president to visit the West Coast of the United States while in office.^[150]
• First president to win the electoral vote but lose the popular vote.^[151]
• First president to be wounded in the American Civil War.^[152]

James A. Garfield (1881)

• First president to be elected to the presidency directly from the House of Representatives.^[153]
• First president to be left-handed or ambidextrous.^[154]
• First president to die before reaching the age of 50.^[155]
• First president to have served as a university president.^{[156] [157]}
• First president to deliver a campaign speech in a language other than English.^[158]
• First president who was a mathematician (he proved the Pythagorean theorem).^{[159] [160]}

Chester A. Arthur (1881–1885)

• First president born in Vermont.^[5]
• First president to take the oath of office in his own home.^[161]
• First president to have an elevator installed in the White House.

Grover Cleveland (1885–1889, 1893–1897)

• First president born in New Jersey.^[162]
• First president to get married at the White House.^[60]
• First president to have a child born in the White House.^[163]
• First president to run for a second term after losing in a previous election.
• First president to serve non-consecutive terms.
• First president to be filmed.^[164]
• First president to veto more than 100 bills, with over 500, including over 200 pocket vetoes.

Benjamin Harrison (1889–1893)

• First president to be the grandson of another president.^[97]
• First president to have a lighted Christmas tree at the White House.
• First president to have electric lighting installed in the White House.
• First president to have his voice recorded.^[165]
• First president to create and designate a United States Prehistoric and Cultural Site.^[147]

William McKinley (1897–1901)

• First president to ride in an automobile.^[166]
• First president to campaign by telephone.^[167]
• First president to use a modern campaign button for an election.^[168]
• First president to defeat the same candidate twice.

Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)

• First president born in New York City.^[169]
• First president who ascended to the presidency upon the death of a predecessor, and later was elected to the presidency in his own right.^[170]
• First president (and first American) to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.^{[171] [172] [173]}
• First president to ride in any sort of aircraft.
• First president to ride in a submarine.
• First president to travel outside the contiguous United States and to visit a foreign country while in office.^{[174] [175]}
• First president to have his offices in the West Wing.^[176]
• First president to earn the Medal of Honor.^[177]
• First president to issue over 1000 executive orders.^[178]
• First president to call for global governance.^{[179] [180]}
• First president to fully campaign for a third presidential term.^[181]
• First president to be wounded in an assassination attempt while out of office.^{[80] [81]}
• First president to designate a National Wildlife Refuge.^[147]
• First president to wear eyeglasses full time in office.^[182]

William Howard Taft (1909–1913)

• First president to throw out a ceremonial first pitch.^{[183] [184]}
• First president to have weighed over 300 pounds.^[185]
• First president to own an automobile.
• First president to serve in the federal judiciary, having served on the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.^[186]
• First president to have been a former solicitor general.^[187]
• First president to preside over all of the 48 contiguous states.
• First president to visit Mexico while in office.^[188]
• First president to use the Oval Office.
• First president to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States.^[189]
• First president to serve in all three branches of the Federal Government.
• First president to be honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America^{[190] [191]}
• First president to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery. He was also the first member of the Supreme Court to be buried at Arlington National Cemetery upon his death in 1930.^{[192] [193]}
• First president to win less than 5% of the popular vote while running for re-election.

Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921)

• First president to declare a national emergency.^[194]
• First president to have a PhD
• First president to visit Europe while in office.^[195]
• First president to meet with the pope while in office.^[195]
• First president to meet with a reigning British monarch while in office.^[195]
• First president to hold a press conference or regular news briefings.
• First president to appoint a Jew (Louis Brandeis) to the Supreme Court.
• First president to attend a World Series game.^[196]
• First president to be buried in Washington, D.C.^{[197] [198]}
• First president to have the First Lady perform presidential duties.^{[199] [200]}
• First president to serve in office during a World War.^[201]

Warren G. Harding (1921–1923)

• First president born after the Civil War.^[202]
• First president to have been a publisher.^[202]
• First president to have been a lieutenant governor.^[203]
• First president to be elected while being a sitting U.S. senator.^[204]
• First president to learn about his victory over the radio.^[202]
• First president to be elected on his birthday.^[202]
• First president elected after women gained the right to vote.
• First president to ride to and from his inauguration in a car.
• First president to appoint a former president (William Howard Taft) to the Supreme Court.^[205]
• First president to give his inaugural address over an amplified system.^[202]
• First president to own and install a radio in the White House.^[202]
• First president to learn to drive a car.^[206]
• First president to visit Canada while in office.^[207]
• First president to predecease his father.
• First president to be heard on a radio broadcast, over Navy radio station NOF in Anacostia, D.C.^[208]
• First president to use the term Founding Fathers.^[209]

Calvin Coolidge (1923–1929)

• First president to have the oath of office administered to him by a parent.^[210]
• First president born on the Fourth of July.^[211]
• First president to be sworn in by a former president.
• First president to give a radio broadcast from the White House.^[79]
• First president to visit Cuba while in office.^[212]
• First president to be a Congregationalist.^[213]
• First president to appear on US coinage while alive and in office.^[214]
• First president to serve as both governor and lieutenant governor of a state.^[215]
• First president to be an honorary member of a Native American tribe.^[216]

Herbert Hoover (1929–1933)

• First president born west of the Mississippi River and first born in Iowa.^[5]
• First president who was a Quaker.^[217]
• First president to have a telephone on his desk.
• First president to have a post-presidency of more than 30 years.^[218]
• First president to have a multiethnic and Native American vice president (Charles Curtis).^[219]
• First president to outlive his entire Cabinet.^[220]
• First president to be filmed in color.^[221]
• First president to have a Canadian parent.^[222]
• First president to have Swiss ancestry.^[223]

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)

• First president to be inaugurated on January 20 (per the Twentieth Amendment).
• First president to appoint a woman (Frances Perkins) to a Cabinet post.^[224]
• First president to visit Haiti.^[225]
• First president to appear five times on a national ticket, a record tied by Richard Nixon.^[226]
• First president to appear on television.^{[227] [228]}
• First president to serve more than two terms.
• First president to establish a presidential library^[229]
• First president to veto more than 600 bills.
• First president to issue more than 250 pocket vetoes.
• First president to visit South America while in office.^[230]
• First president to fly in an airplane while in office.^[231]
• First president to make a transatlantic flight.^[232]
• First president to fly for state business in 1943.^[233]
• First president to visit Iran.^[234]
• First president to visit Africa in office.^[235]
• First president to establish the "First 100 Days" benchmark and tradition.^{[236] [237]}
• First president to be named TIME Person of the Year.^[238]
• First president to meet with a king of Saudi Arabia, Ibn Saud in 1945.^[239]
• First president to visit the Soviet Union.^[240]
• First president to use a wheelchair.^[241]
• First president to have a child born in Canada.^[242]

Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)

• First president born in Missouri.^[243]
• First president to be assigned a Secret Service codename.^[244]
• First president to visit Germany while in office.
• First president to serve in World War I.^[245]
• First president to have a nationally televised inauguration.
• First president to leave office on January 20 (after the passage of the Twentieth Amendment).
• First president and person to be issued a Medicare card.^[246]
• First president to have his Farewell Address broadcast from the Oval Office^[19]
• First president to authorize the use of nuclear weapons against a foreign nation.^[247]
• First president to meet a Swedish Prime Minister (he met Tage Erlander in 1952)^[248]

Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)

• First president born in Texas.^[249]
• First president to serve in World War II.^[79]
• First president to serve in both World Wars.^[79]
• First president to preside over all fifty contemporary US states.^[250]
• First president to begin his presidency on January 20 (per the Twentieth Amendment).
• First president awarded the Order of Muhammad.^[251]
• First president to travel by jet aircraft and helicopter.^[252]
• First president and first American to be appointed to the British Order of Merit.
• First president to have a pilot's license.^[253]
• First president to give a televised news conference, in 1955.^[254]
• First president to appear on color television.^[255]
• First president to deliver an address from a communications satellite – the first message from space.^{[256] [257]}
• First president to visit a mosque.^{[258] [259]}
• First president to have received an honorary knighthood from a foreign nation (Eisenhower received 22 such honors).^{[260] [261]}
• First president to receive the Army Distinguished Service Medal, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit.^[260]
• First president to receive the Philippine Distinguished Service Star, the French Médaille militaire, the French Croix de guerre 1939–1945, the Belgian French: [[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de guerre]], and the Luxembourgish Military Medal.^[260]
• First president to be made a Grand Cordon of the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum.^[260]
• First president and American to receive the Soviet Order of Victory, for serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force.^[260]
• First president to receive an Emmy Award.^[262]
• First president to authorize a National Park in a United States territory: Virgin Islands National Park.^[263]
• First president to visit Switzerland, Turkey, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Chile, South Korea, the Philippines and Taiwan while in office.^{[264] [265] [266] [267] [268] [269] [270] [271] [272] [273]}
• First president of Pennsylvania Dutch descent.^[274]

John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)

• First president who was Catholic.^[275]
• First president born in the 20th century.^[276]
• First president to have been a Boy Scout.^[79]
• First president of entirely Irish descent.^[277]
• First president who had no ancestry from the American colonial period.^[278]
• First president to have previously served in the United States Navy.^[279]
• First president to receive the Purple Heart, awarded in 1943 after he was wounded in action aboard PT-109.^[280]
• First president (along with future president Richard Nixon) to participate in the first televised presidential debates.
• First president to win in a case of dueling electors without counsel.^{[281] [282]}
• First president to be awarded a Pulitzer Prize.^{[283] [284]}
• First president to have an inaugural poet; Robert Frost.^[42]
• First president to use the Situation Room.^[285]
• First president to visit Austria, Costa Rica, Venezuela and Ireland while in office.^{[286] [287] [288] [289]}
• First president to be survived by both his parents.
• First president to have both parents alive for his entire presidency.
• First president to be survived by a grandparent.
• First president to have a grandparent alive for his presidency.
• First president to receive the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, awarded for his heroism as commanding officer of the Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 when the ship was rammed and sunk by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri in 1943.^{[290] [291]}
• First president to ceremoniously grant a non-U.S. citizen honorary citizenship.^{[292] [293]}
• First president to have an airport named after him.^[294]

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)

• First president to have been party leader in the United States Senate, having been minority leader from 1953 to 1955 and majority leader from 1955 to 1961.^[295]
• First president to have served as Senate Majority Whip, having served in that office from 1951 to 1953.^[296]
• First president to be inaugurated on an airplane. His inauguration was held aboard Air Force One in 1963.
• First president to be sworn in by a woman (Sarah T. Hughes).
• First president to visit Australia, New Zealand, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Suriname, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala while in office.^{[297] [298] [299] [300] [301] [302] [303]}
• First president to appoint an African American (Thurgood Marshall) to the Supreme Court.^[304]
• First president to appoint an African American (Robert C. Weaver) to a Cabinet post.^[305] Weaver was appointed the first United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1966.
• First president to use the presidential call button^[306]
• First president to receive the Silver Star.^[307]

Richard Nixon (1969–1974)

• First president born in California.
• First president (along with past president John F. Kennedy) to have participated in the first presidential debates. He participated in four televised debates in 1960.
• First non-incumbent vice president to be elected president.^[308]
• First president to be elected to the offices of the vice president (1952 and 1956) and president (1968 and 1972) twice.
• First president to attend an NFL game while in office.^[309]
• First president to visit the People's Republic of China, Indonesia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Israel, Poland, Iceland, Jordan and Syria while in office.^{[310] [311] [312] [313] [314] [315] [316] [317] [318]}
• First president to meet an emperor of Japan, having met Hirohito in 1971.^[319]
• First president to name a vice president during a presidential term. The 25th Amendment had been passed in 1967, allowing the president to nominate a vice president should the office become vacant during a presidential term. Upon the resignation of Spiro Agnew in 1973, Nixon nominated Gerald Ford to replace Agnew. Ford was then confirmed by both the Senate and the House of Representatives and sworn in.
• First president to visit all 50 states.^[320]
• First president to resign from the presidency.^[321] The resignation of Nixon in 1974, was a result of the Watergate scandal. There were efforts by the United States House of Representatives to impeach the president for obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress.^[322]
• First president to be pardoned by another president (Gerald Ford). The pardon of Richard Nixon in 1974, gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.^{[323] [324] [325]}
• First president to relinquish their Secret Service detail.^[326]

Gerald Ford (1974–1977)

• First president born in Nebraska.^[327]
• First president to be an Eagle Scout, and receive the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.^[328]
• First president to serve as House Minority Leader, having served in that office from 1965 to 1973.^[329]
• First president to serve as Republican Conference Chairman of the United States House of Representatives.^[330]
• First president to ascend to the presidency by the resignation of his predecessor.
• First president to have a great-great-grandmother alive at the time of his birth.
• First president to ascend to the presidency without being elected to either the offices of the president or vice president.
• First president to pardon another president (Richard Nixon).^[331] The pardon of Richard Nixon in 1974 gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he might have committed against the United States while president.^{[323] [324] [325]}
• First president to visit Japan and Finland while in office.^{[332] [333]}
• First president to release a full report of his medical checkup to the public.
• First incumbent president to testify in a criminal trial (against Squeaky Fromme, who had attempted to assassinate him).^[334]

Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)

• First president born in Georgia.
• First president who was born in a hospital.^[335] He was born in the Wise Sanitarium of Plains, Georgia, in 1924.
• First president to be born after World War I.
• First president to graduate from the United States Naval Academy; part of the class of 1947.^{[336] [337]}
• First president to use a nickname (Jimmy) in an official capacity.^[338]
• First president to appoint a Secretary of Education (and first woman) (Shirley Hufstedler).^[339]
• First president to visit Nigeria and Guadeloupe while in office.^{[340] [341]}
• First president to appoint a woman to be Secretary of Commerce (Juanita M. Kreps).^[342]
• First president who completed at least one full term in office and never made a nomination to the United States Supreme Court.^[343]
• First president to have hosted an official papal visit at the White House. In 1979, Pope John Paul II became the first pontiff to visit a sitting president at the White House.^{[344] [345]}
• First president to visit North Korea (post-office, on a diplomatic mission).^[346]
• First president to live to the age of 95.^{[347] [348]} He is currently .

• First president to have been married for 77 years.^[349] (Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter were married for .)
• First living president to have an official White House ornament.^[350]

Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)

• First president born in Illinois.^[351]
• First president to have been divorced.^[352] He married his first wife Jane Wyman in 1940, and the couple divorced in 1949.
• First president to be the head of a union (the Screen Actors Guild).^{[353] [354]}
• First president to nominate a woman to the Supreme Court (Sandra Day O'Connor).^[355]
• First president to be inaugurated at the West Front of the United States Capitol Building.^[356]
• First president to be re-elected over the age of seventy, as he was 73 years old when he was re-elected in 1984.^[357]
• First president to visit the New York Stock Exchange, (on March 28, 1985) while in office.^[358]
• First president to attend and open an Olympic Games (the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles) while in office.^[359]
• First president to address both houses of the British parliament (on June 8, 1982).^[360]
• First president to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.^[361]
• First president to win a Golden Globe Award.^[362]
• First president to win a Razzie Award^[363]
• First president to win a Golden Boot Award^[363]
• First president to nominate an Italian-American to the United States Supreme Court (Antonin Scalia).^[364]
• First president to grant civilians access to military GPS satellite technology.^{[365] [366] [367] [368]}
• First president to be wounded in an assassination attempt while in office and survive his injuries.^{[80] [81]}
• First president to visit an independent Jamaica, Barbados, and Grenada while in office.^{[369] [370] [371]}
• First president to temporarily transfer power to the vice president, invoking the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution^[372]

George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)

• First president to have been a naval aviator.^[253]
• First president to have served as a United States Ambassador to the United Nations (1971–1973).^[373]
• First president to have served as the chief of the United States Liaison Office in China (1974–1975).^[374]
• First president to have served as director of Central Intelligence (office is now the director of the Central Intelligence Agency) (January 1976 – January 1977).^{[375] [376] [377]}
• First president to have served as the chairperson of the Republican National Committee (1973–1974).^[378]
• First president to have served as acting president (when Reagan was sedated for eight hours due to colon surgery).^[379]
• First president to have the first Hispanic and first woman Surgeon General (Antonia Novello, M.D.).^[380]
• First president to visit Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Singapore, Somalia, and the Russian Federation, as well as a reunified Germany while in office.^{[381] [382] [383] [384] [385] [386]}
• First president to have received a Distinguished Flying Cross.^{[387] [388]}
• First president to formally pardon a turkey, officially sparking the Turkey Pardon Tradition.^[389]
• First president to have been married for 73 years.^[390] (George and Barbara Bush were married for .)
• First president to have lived at both Number One Observatory Circle and the White House.^{[391] [392]}

Bill Clinton (1993–2001)

• First president born in Arkansas.
• First president to be born after World War II
• First president to be a Rhodes Scholar.^[393]
• First president whose inauguration was streamed on the internet.
• First president with an official White House website^[394]
• First president to appoint an African-American man to be Secretary of Commerce (Ron Brown).^[342]
• First president to appoint a Jewish woman (Ruth Bader Ginsburg) to the Supreme Court.^[395]
• First president to appoint a woman as Secretary of Energy (Hazel O'Leary).^[396]
• First president to appoint a woman as Attorney General (Janet Reno).^{[397] [398]}
• First president to host and perform in a jazz festival while in office.^{[399] [400] [401]}
• First president to appoint an African-American man to be Director of the CDC (David Satcher).^[402]
• First president to appoint an African-American woman to be Surgeon General (Joycelyn Elders).^[403]
• First president to appoint an African-American man to be Surgeon General (David Satcher).^[402]
• First president to visit Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Kuwait, the Czech Republic, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Denmark, Ghana, Uganda, Rwanda, post-apartheid South Africa, Botswana, Senegal, Slovenia, the Republic of Macedonia, Norway, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Bangladesh, Oman, Tanzania, Brunei, as well as reunited Vietnam while in office.^{[404] [405] [406] [407] [408] [409] [410] [411] [412] [413] [414] [415] [416] [417] [418] [419] [420] [421] [422] [423] [424]}
• First president to visit and address the Palestinian National Authority while in office.^[425]
• First president to send an email.^[426]
• First president to appoint an Asian-American to a Cabinet post (Norman Mineta).^[427]
• First president to establish GPS modernization.^{[428] [429] [366] [430] [431]}
• First president to be married to a member of Congress.^[432]

George W. Bush (2001–2009)

• First president born in Connecticut.
• First president to have an MBA.^[433]
• First president to have a State of the Union live broadcast on the Internet.^[434]
• First president to have a 90% approval rating in the history of modern political polling.^[435]
• First president to appoint an African-American secretary of state; Colin Powell.^{[436] [437]}
• First president to appoint a Hispanic man as attorney general; Alberto Gonzales.^{[397] [438]}
• First president to open the Winter Olympic Games (the 2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City) while in office.^[439]
• First president to attend an Olympic Games in a foreign country (the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing) while in office.^[440]
• First president to leave office at the end of his term with both parents still alive.^[441]
• First president to celebrate Diwali.^[442]
• First president to visit Sweden, Lithuania, Qatar, Iraq, Slovakia, Georgia, Mongolia, Estonia, Albania, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, and Benin while in office.^{[443] [444] [445] [446] [447] [448] [449] [450] [451] [452] [453] [454]}

Barack Obama (2009–2017)

• First president born outside of the 48 contiguous states.^[455]
• First president born in Hawaii.^[455]
• First president to be multiethnic; his European-American mother was from Kansas and his African father was from Kenya.^[456]
• First president to be African-American.^[457]
• First president to take residence in Indonesia and first to have been an Indonesian Scout member.^[458]
• First president to have a Catholic vice president (Joe Biden).^[459]
• First president to appoint a former first lady to the Cabinet (Hillary Clinton as Secretary of State).^[460]
• First president to appoint a woman to be Secretary of Homeland Security; Janet Napolitano.^[461]
• First president to appoint an African-American as attorney general; Eric Holder.^{[397] [462]}
• First president to publicly endorse same-sex marriage.^[463]
• First president to appoint an Indian-American surgeon general (Vivek Murthy).^[464]
• First president to appoint a Latino American to the Supreme Court (Sonia Sotomayor).^[465]
• First president to visit a federal prison.^[466]
• First president to have his official photograph portrait taken with a digital camera.^[467]
• First president to light a diya for Diwali at the White House.^[468]
• First president to have the nuclear option invoked on his nominees.^[469]
• First president to address the African Union while in office.^[470]
• First president to have visited the Arctic Circle while in office.^[471]
• First president to visit Hiroshima, Japan, the location where the U.S. dropped the first atomic bomb used in warfare in 1945.^[472]
• First president to write a scholarly article in a scholarly journal while president.^[473]
• First president to visit an independent Trinidad and Tobago, Cambodia, Myanmar, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Laos while in office.^{[474] [475] [476] [477]}
• First president to appoint an African-American woman as Attorney General (Loretta Lynch).^{[397] [478]}
• First president to make his presidential library digital, as opposed to a physical facility.^[479]
• First president to visit Wales while in office.^[480]
• First president to appear on a podcast while in office.^[481]

Donald Trump (2017–2021)

• First president to reach the age of 70 prior to his election to the presidency.^[482]
• First president to assume the office without having had any prior public service experience, military or political.^{[483] [484]}
• First president presumed to be a billionaire prior to assuming office.^[485]
• First president to have been divorced more than once. He married his first wife Ivana Trump in 1977 and divorced in 1992, married his second wife Marla Maples in 1993 and divorced in 1999.^[486]
• First president to marry three times.
• First president to have children from three different wives.^[486]
• First president to be a resident of Florida.^[487]
• First president to have an Orthodox Jewish rabbi (Marvin Hier) give a benediction at his inauguration.^[488]
• First president to have a female campaign manager (Kellyanne Conway).^[489]
• First president to appoint an Indian American to a Cabinet-level position (Nikki Haley).^[490]
• First president to begin tenure with a net negative approval rating in the history of modern political polling.^{[491] [492]}
• First president to meet with two emperors of Japan while in office, Akihito and Naruhito.^[493]
• First president to cross over the DMZ and enter North Korea while in office. (2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit)^[494]
• First president to have a personal YouTube channel and reach 1 million subscribers.^{[495] [496]}
• First president to attend a UFC fight.^[497]
• First president to attend the NYC Veterans Day Parade while in office.^[498]
• First president to send a presidential text alert (in this case as a test) through the National Wireless Emergency Alert System.^{[499] [500]}
• First president to appoint a Hasidic Jew to an U.S. administration position requiring Senate confirmation (Mitchell Silk).^{[501] [502]}
• First president to run for reelection after being impeached.^[503]
• First president to directly support and oversee private spaceflight in the United States.^{[504] [505] [506]}
• First president to appoint an openly gay person to serve in an acting Cabinet-level position (Richard Grenell).^[507]
• First president to be impeached twice by the U.S. House of Representatives.^[508]
• First president to never receive an approval rating over 50%.^[509]
• First president to not personally hand over the nuclear football to his successor.^[510]
• First president to have a Senate impeachment trial after his presidency.^[511]
• First president to attend and speak at the Libertarian National Convention, as well as speak at a convention for an opposing political party.^[512]
• First president to be indicted by a grand jury in a state case.^[513]
• First president to be indicted by a grand jury in a federal case.^[514]
• First president to be indicted by a grand jury in a federal case for actions taken while in office.^[515]
• First president to stand trial for state criminal charges.^[516]
• First president to be held in criminal contempt of court in a state trial.
• First president to be found guilty of committing felony offenses.^[517]

Joe Biden (2021–present)

• First president to hold the office over the age of 78.^{[518] [519]}
• First president to have been a senator for over 35 years, having served as a senator from Delaware for 36 years (1973–2009).^{[520] [521]}

• First president to receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom prior to taking office.^[522]
• First president to have a sign language interpreter participate in the White House press briefings on a daily basis.^[523]
• First president to formally recognize the Armenian genocide.^{[524] [525] [526]}
• First president to visit the site of the 1921 Tulsa race massacre in Tulsa, Oklahoma, while in office.^[527]
• First president to formally recognize Indigenous Peoples' Day.^[528]
• First president to win over 80 million votes in an election (in 2020).^[529]
• First president to attend the Maccabiah Games.^[530]
• First president to turn 80 while in office.^[531]
• First president to meet with two British monarchs while in office (Queen Elizabeth II and King Charles III).^[532]
• First president to travel to an active conflict zone not controlled by the American military (Ukraine).^[533]
• First president to join a picket line while in office.^[534]
• First president to have one of his children convicted in a criminal trial while in office.^[535]
• First president to suspend their reelection campaign after winning their party’s primary.^[536]

Cabinet

• First president to serve with a female, Black, and Asian-American vice president (Kamala Harris).^[537]
• First president to appoint an African-American as Secretary of Defense (Lloyd Austin).^[538]
• First president to appoint a woman as Secretary of the Treasury (Janet Yellen).^{[539] [540]}
• First president to appoint a Latino American as Secretary of Health and Human Services (Xavier Becerra).^{[541] [542]}
• First president to appoint an openly gay person confirmed by the U.S. Senate to serve in a cabinet position (Pete Buttigieg, as Secretary of Transportation).^{[543] [544]}
• First president to appoint a Latino American and an immigrant as Secretary of Homeland Security (Alejandro Mayorkas).^[545]
• First president to appoint a Native American as a Cabinet Secretary (Deb Haaland, as Secretary of the Interior).^{[546] [547] [548]}
• First president to appoint an African-American as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (Michael S. Regan).^[549]
• First president to appoint a woman to be Director of National Intelligence (Avril Haines).^[550]
• First president to appoint an Asian-American as United States Trade Representative (Katherine Tai).^[551]
• First president to appoint an African-American as Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (Cecilia Rouse).^[552]
• First president to have the Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy at cabinet level (Eric Lander).^[553]

Other appointments

• First president to appoint an openly transgender federal official confirmed by the Senate (Rachel Levine, as Assistant Secretary for Health).^[554]
• First president to have the National Security Council include an official dedicated to climate change (John Kerry, as U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate).^[555]
• First president to have a national climate advisor (Gina McCarthy).^[556]
• First president to appoint a Muslim American as a federal judge (Zahid Quraishi).^[557]
• First president to appoint a Black woman to the Supreme Court (Ketanji Brown Jackson).^[558]

See also

• List of First Lady of the United States firsts

Sources

• .
• Hardesty, Von. Air Force One: The Aircraft that Shaped the Modern Presidency. Chanhassen, Minnesota: Northword Press, 2003. .
• Book: Leech, Margaret . Margaret Leech . 1959 . In the Days of McKinley . registration . Harper and Brothers . 594–600 . New York . 456809 . .
• Book: Miller, Nathan . 1992 . Theodore Roosevelt: A Life . registration . William Morrow & Co. 9780688067847 . . .
• Book: Pringle, Henry F.. Henry F. Pringle. The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography. 1939. 978-0-945707-20-2. American Political Biography Press. 2008 reprint. Newtown, CT. 1. .
• Book: Pringle, Henry F.. The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography. 1939. 978-0-945707-19-6. American Political Biography Press. 2008 reprint. Newtown, CT. 2. .
• Book: Blake. Estin. George (magazine). George Magazine. The Book of Political Lists. Villard. 1998. 978-0-375750-11-3. none.

External links

• Presidential Firsts
• Inaugural Firsts
• List of Presidential birthplaces, libraries, museums and graves

Notes and References

1. Book: President's Day Fun. 10.
2. The White House. "George Washington". Retrieved December 28, 2020.
3. Web site: Washington and the French & Indian War. George Washington's Mount Vernon.
4. Web site: National Museum of the United States Army. www.thenmusa.org.
5. Book of Political Lists, p. 5
6. Web site: Second Term (1793-1797) .
7. Web site: Ten Facts About Washington & Slavery. January 9, 2021. George Washington's Mount Vernon.
8. Web site: The Religion of George Washington. https://web.archive.org/web/20060213115014/http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/George_Washington.html. usurped. February 13, 2006. adherents.com. September 19, 2008.
9. Book: The Book of Political Lists, from the editors of George. 1998. 22.
10. Book: Ellis, Joseph J.. Joseph Ellis . His Excellency: George Washington . Alfred A. Knopf. New York. 2004. 978-1-4000-4031-5. His Excellency: George Washington.
11. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2021. "George Washington and the Supreme Court" Retrieved January 18, 2021.
12. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2021. "State of the Union Address (1790)" Retrieved January 18, 2021.
13. Web site: Ten Facts About Martha Washington .
14. Kohn. Richard H.. The Washington Administration's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion. The Journal of American History. December 1972. 58. 3. 567–584. 1900658. 10.2307/1900658.
15. Web site: George Washington's views on political parties in America. December 31, 2014. January 30, 2019. Dennis. Jamison. The Washington Times.
16. Web site: JAMES MONROE: CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS. 2019. November 23, 2020. Daniel. Preston.
17. Web site: George Washington Raised Martha's Children and Grandchildren as His Own. Dave. Roos. HISTORY. March 27, 2023 .
18. Web site: Honorary French Citizenship. MountVernon.org.
19. Web site: A History of the Presidential Farewell Address. January 10, 2017. History.com.
20. Web site: George Washington, September 17, 1796, Farewell Address. September 19, 1796. Library of Congress.
21. Book: Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. Robert P.. Watson. 18. 978-0-7914-8507-1. February 2012. State University of New York Press .
22. Book: American Political Leaders 1789–2009 . CQ Press . 2009. 978-1-4522-6726-5.
23. Book: Lederer, Richard . Presidential Trivia. 978-1-4236-1052-6. February 19, 2009 . Gibbs Smith . Richard Lederer .
24. Web site: Barack Obama: The U.S.'s 44th President (and 25th Lawyer-President!) . Wall Street Journal . November 5, 2008.
25. Book of Political Lists, p. 17
26. Web site: Military Roots: Presidents who were Veterans. U.S. Department of Veterans' Affairs. October 3, 2014. October 6, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141006065456/http://www.va.gov/health/NewsFeatures/20110221a.asp. dead.
27. Web site: Slaveholding Presidents. Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies, Grand Valley State University. May 29, 2012. November 25, 2016. March 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180322012852/http://hauensteincenter.org/slaveholding/. dead.
28. Book: John. Whitcomb. Claire. Whitcomb. Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America's Most Famous Residence. 2002. Psychology Press. 978-0-415-93951-5. 37.
29. Web site: Frequently Asked Questions: Did George Washington wear a wig?. https://web.archive.org/web/20051120035433/http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/project/faq/index.html. November 20, 2005. The Papers of George Washington . University of Virginia. October 4, 2010.
30. Book of Political Lists, p. 60
31. Web site: THE 6th PRESIDENTIAL INAUGURATION. Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. July 5, 2021.
32. Web site: Presidential Vetoes, 1789–1988 . U.S. Government Printing Office . 1992 . ix.
33. Web site: The Adams Children . PBS . American Experience . July 20, 2014.
34. Book: Guide to the Presidency and the Executive Branch . Michael . Nelson . 1653. 978-1-4522-3428-1. August 13, 2012 . CQ Press .
35. Web site: Abigail Adams . June 22, 2023 .
36. Web site: John Quincy Adams. The White House.
37. Web site: Declaration of Independence. October 30, 2015.
38. https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/eyewitness/html.php?section=19
39. Web site: Deaths of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson on July 4th . Library of Congress . July 6, 2022 . Amber Paranick.
40. Crapo (2007), 4.
41. Web site: Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates?. Smithsonian.
42. Wolly, Brian. December 17, 2008. "Inaugural Firsts" Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
43. Web site: Frantz. Christine. Rowen. Beth. Inaugural Trivia Firsts and facts about presidential inaugurations. Infoplease.com. November 26, 2016.
44. Book: Watson, Robert P.. Life in the White House: A Social History of the First Family and the President's House. 2012. SUNY Press. 978-0-7914-8507-1. 18.
45. Deadlock: What Happens if Nobody Wins . Laurence H. . Tribe . Thomas M. . Rollins . The Atlantic . October 1980.
46. Book: Vecchione, Glen . The Little Giant Book of American Presidents . 2007. 101. registration . 978-1-4027-2692-7. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated.
47. Web site: The Charters of Freedom: The United States Constitution. United States National Archives. October 30, 2015.
48. Web site: US Territorial Acquisitions. archive.globalpolicy.org.
49. Web site: The Louisiana Purchase. Monticello.
50. Presidential Pet Museum. March 30, 2014. "Grizzly Bears at the White House" Retrieved January 26, 2021.
51. Presidential Pet Museum. March 30, 2014. "Thomas Jefferson’s Mockingbird Named Dick" Retrieved January 26, 2021.
52. Juliana LaBianca (November 4, 2020). "13 Unlikely Jobs U.S. Presidents Held After the White House" Reader's Digest. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
53. Web site: 1817: The First Meeting of the Board of Visitors. University of Virginia Magazine. UVA Alumni Association. October 18, 2023. Fall 2012. In March 1819, Thomas Jefferson was appointed the University's first rector..
54. Web site: State of the Union Address . United States Senate . November 29, 2021.
55. Book of Political Lists, p. 18
56. Book of Political Lists, p. 29
57. Web site: History of American Wars – Three Centuries of American Wars. www.history-of-american-wars.com.
58. Book: Hamilton, Holman . Zachary Taylor: Soldier of the Republic . 1941 . . Indianapolis, Ind. . 1. 22, 259.
59. Book of Political Lists, p. 19
60. Web site: Wedding Ceremonies Held at the White House. White House Historical Association.
61. February 1998. Fast Facts: Hail to the Chief. Boys' Life.
62. News: 13 Facts About James Monroe. Biography.
63. Web site: About the Presidents: John Quincy Adams . WhiteHouse.gov.
64. Book: Schneider . Dorothy . First Ladies: A Biographical Dictionary . Schneider . Carl J. . Facts on File . 2010 . 978-1-4381-0815-5 . 3rd . 42–52 . en.
65. Web site: The First Photographs of US Presidents PetaPixel. June 5, 2012. First photographs of US presidents
66. Web site: Presidential Election of 1824. 270toWin.com.
67. Book: Presidents and Presidencies in American History: A Social, Political, and Cultural Encyclopedia and Document Collection– Google Knihy . October 7, 2019. November 9, 2019. 9781440865916 . Girard . Jolyon P. . Abc-Clio .
68. Web site: John Quincy Adams Takes the Oath of Office – Wearing Pants. New England Historical Society. March 4, 2015.
69. Book: How to Draw the Life and Times of John Quincy Adams . Betsy Dru Tecco. . 2006 . 24. PowerKids Press . 978-1-4042-2983-9.
70. The White House. "John Quincy Adams" Retrieved January 16, 2021.
71. Web site: McMillion. Barry J.. Rutkus. Denis Steven. July 6, 2018. Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2017: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President. Congressional Research Service. Washington, D.C.. August 26, 2018.
72. Lewis L. Gould, American First Ladies: Their Lives and Their Legacy (2014), p. 47
73. Book: Barden, Cindy . Meet the Presidents . 71.
74. News: Legend Andrew Jackson's Effect on America. The Hermitage. July 21, 2017. en-US.
75. Web site: Episode 273: When the U.S. Paid off the Entire National Debt. January 3, 2018.
76. Web site: Deaths of Parents. Presidents' Parents. July 21, 2017.
77. Book: 2001 New York Times Almanac. New York Times. 2001. 102–114.
78. Web site: Education & Resources – National Women's History Museum – NWHM. www.nwhm.org. en. January 4, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20161108021827/https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/rachel-donelson-robards-jackson/. November 8, 2016. dead.
79. Vecchione, 101
80. Web site: IN THE LINE OF FIRE. Apple. Charles. The Spokesman-Review.
81. Web site: U.S. presidential assassinations and attempts. January 22, 2012 . Los Ángeles Times.
82. Web site: Presidents North Carolina Gave the Nation | NCpedia .
83. Book: Virginia & Maryland: Including Washington DC . Moon . Michaela Riva Gaaserud . 42.
84. Web site: U.S. Senate: Senate Censures President. www.senate.gov. December 21, 2017.
85. Web site: Vice-Presidential Inaugurations. www.aoc.gov. January 21, 2020.
86. Web site: The Health Of The President: Andrew Jackson . Marx . Rudolph . healthguidance.org . December 18, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053053/http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/8908/1/The-Health-Of-The-President-Andrew-Jackson.html . December 22, 2017 .
87. Web site: Martin van Buren [1782–1862] ]. New Netherland Institute.
88. Web site: Our Non-Anglo-Saxon Presidents . July 25, 2012 .
89. Web site: Our Non-Anglo-Saxon Presidents . July 25, 2012 .
90. Web site: Not just Trump: New Yorkers in the White House. Ben. Adler. February 16, 2018. CSNY. September 15, 2020.
91. Web site: Martin Van Buren. January 9, 2021. HISTORY. May 27, 2020 .
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93. Web site: Presidential Election of 1840: A Resource Guide. Library of Congress. November 29, 2021.
94. Web site: Adamack . Joe . 2008 . Politics versus Convictions: Martin Van Buren, Roger Sherman Baldwin, and the Trials of Mutinous Slaves . October 14, 2020.
95. In the 1844 United States presidential election, Van Buren unsuccessfully ran as a candidate for the Free Soil Party.
96. [Benjamin Harrison]
97. Book: Calhoun, Charles William. Charles W. Calhoun. 2005. Benjamin Harrison. Macmillan. 978-0-8050-6952-5.
98. Book of Political Lists, p. 25
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105. Book of Political Lists, p. 28
106. Web site: Presidents who were Widowers . https://web.archive.org/web/20150611002121/http://robinsonlibrary.com/america/unitedstates/presidents/widowers.htm . usurped . June 11, 2015 . The Robinson Library.
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196. Web site: President Woodrow Wilson. www.classroomhelp.com.
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245. Book of Political Lists, p. 15
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284. Web site: Things You Didn't Know About the Pulitzer Prizes . Forget . Abigail . January 25, 2016 . The Low Down . Columbia Alumni Association . Columbia University, New York City . November 17, 2018.
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287. Web site: Presidents' Travels to Venezuela . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
288. Web site: Presidents' Travels to Costa Rica . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
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311. Web site: Presidents' Travels to Indonesia . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
312. Web site: Presidents' Travels to Romania . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
313. Web site: Presidents' Travels to Yugoslavia . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
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316. Web site: Presidents' Travels to Iceland . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
317. Web site: Presidents' Travels to Jordan . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
318. Web site: Presidents' Travels to Syria . U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian.
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320. Web site: Jobs of the President | Free Middle School Teaching Resources. junior.scholastic.com.
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