List of United States political appointments across party lines explained

United States presidents typically fill their Cabinets and other appointive positions with people from their own political party. The first Cabinet formed by the first president, George Washington, included some of Washington's political opponents, but later presidents adopted the practice of filling their Cabinets with members of the president's party.[1]

Appointments across party lines are uncommon. Presidents may appoint members of a different party to high-level positions in order to reduce partisanship or improve cooperation between the political parties.[2] Also presidents often appoint members of a different party because they need Senate confirmation for many of these positions, and at the time of appointment the Senate was controlled by the opposition party of the president.[2] Many of the cross-partisan nominees are often moderates within their own parties.[2]

This is a list of people appointed to high-level positions in the United States federal government by a president whose political party affiliation was different from that of the appointee. The list includes executive branch appointees and independent agency appointees. Independent or nonpartisan appointees, nominally apolitical appointments (such as Article III judges and military officers), and members of explicitly bipartisan commissions are not included. A third party member has never been appointed.

List of appointees

AppointeePositionTerm ↑President
NamePartyNameParty
nowrap Joseph HabershamFederalistPostmaster General1801‡ rowspan=2 Thomas Jefferson rowspan=2 Democratic-Republican
Rufus KingFederalistMinister to Britain1801–1803‡
nowrap James BayardFederalistTreaty of Ghent peace commissioner1814 rowspan=3James Madison rowspan=3Democratic-Republican
rowspan=2 Richard Rush rowspan=2 FederalistComptroller of the Treasury1811–1814
Attorney General1814–1817
nowrap Lewis CassDemocraticAmbassador to France1841–1842‡William Henry HarrisonWhig
Joseph HoltRepublicanCommissioner of Patents1857–1859 rowspan=3James Buchanan rowspan=3Democratic
Postmaster General1859–1860
Secretary of War1861
nowrap Andrew JohnsonDemocraticMilitary Governor of Tennessee1862–1865 rowspan=7Abraham Lincoln rowspan=7Republican
nowrap George B. McClellanDemocraticCommanding General of the United States Army1861–1862
nowrap Henry ConnellyDemocraticGovernor of the Territory of New Mexico1861–1865
nowrap George Foster ShepleyDemocraticMilitary Governor of Louisiana1862–1864
nowrap John S. PhelpsDemocraticMilitary Governor of Arkansas1862
nowrap Edwin M. StantonDemocraticSecretary of War1862–1865
Daniel SicklesDemocraticSpecial Minister to the South American Republics1865
nowrap James HarlanRepublicanSecretary of the Interior1865–1866 rowspan=6 Andrew Johnson rowspan=6 Democratic/National Unionist
nowrap Henry StanberyRepublicanAttorney General1866–1868
nowrap Alexander W. RandallRepublicanPostmaster General1866–1869
nowrap Orville H. BrowningRepublicanSecretary of the Interior1866–1869
nowrap John M. SchofieldRepublicanSecretary of War1868–1869
nowrap William M. EvartsRepublicanAttorney General1868–1869
Daniel SicklesDemocraticMinister to Spain1869–1873 rowspan=4Ulysses S. Grant rowspan=4Republican
George BancroftDemocraticMinister to Germany1869–1874‡
James Lawrence OrrDemocraticMinister to Russia1872–1873
Caleb CushingDemocraticMinister to Spain1874–1877
David M. KeyDemocraticPostmaster General1877–1880Rutherford B. HayesRepublican
Allen G. ThurmanDemocraticParis international monetary conference1881James A. GarfieldRepublican
William RosecransDemocraticRegister of the Treasury1889–1893‡Benjamin HarrisonRepublican
Walter Q. GreshamRepublicanSecretary of State1893–1895‡ rowspan=2 Grover Cleveland rowspan=2 Democratic
Theodore RooseveltRepublicanCivil Service Commissioner1893–1895‡
rowspan=2 Edward S. Bragg rowspan=2 DemocraticConsul General in Havana1902 rowspan=4Theodore Roosevelt rowspan=4Republican
Consul General in Hong Kong1903–1906
Luke E. WrightDemocraticSecretary of War1908–1909
Francis CockrellDemocraticInterstate Commerce Commissioner1905–1910
Jacob M. DickinsonDemocraticSecretary of War1909–1911William Howard TaftRepublican
Herbert HooverRepublicanAdministrator of the United States Food Administration1917–1919 rowspan=3 Woodrow Wilson rowspan=3 Democratic
Elihu RootRepublicanAmbassador extraordinary, mission to Russia1917
Edmund PlattRepublicanVice Chair of the Federal Reserve1920–1921
Daniel Richard CrissingerDemocraticChairman of the Federal Reserve1923Warren HardingRepublican
Theodore Roosevelt Jr.RepublicanGovernor-General of the Philippines1933‡ rowspan=18 Franklin Roosevelt rowspan=18 Democratic
rowspan=3 Hugh R. Wilson[3] rowspan=3 Republican[4] Ambassador to Switzerland1933–1937‡
Assistant Secretary of State1937–1938
Ambassador to Germany1938
nowrap William M. JardineRepublicanAmbassador to Egypt1933‡
William H. WoodinRepublicanSecretary of the Treasury1933
Marriner S. EcclesRepublican[5] Chairman of the Federal Reserve1933–1948
nowrap Henry StimsonRepublicanSecretary of War1940–1945
Robert P. PattersonRepublicanUnder Secretary of War1940–1945
nowrap Frank KnoxRepublicanSecretary of the Navy1940–1944
rowspan=2 Nelson Rockefeller rowspan=2 RepublicanCoordinator of the Office of Inter-American Affairs1940–1944
Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs1944–1945
nowrap Fiorello La GuardiaRepublicanOffice of Civilian Defense1941
rowspan=2 William Donovan rowspan=2 RepublicanHead of the Office of the Coordinator of Information1941–1942
Head of the Office of Strategic Services1942–1945
rowspan=2 Patrick J. Hurley rowspan=2 RepublicanMinister to New Zealand1942
Ambassador to China1945
rowspan=2 John Gilbert Winant rowspan=2 RepublicanAmbassador to Britain1941–1946
U.S. Representative to UNESCO1946 rowspan=8 Harry S. Truman rowspan=8 Democratic
Robert P. PattersonRepublicanSecretary of War1945–1947
Lewis StraussRepublicanMember of the Atomic Energy Commission1946–1950
Herbert HooverRepublicanChairman of the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government (Hoover Commission)1947
Warren AustinRepublicanAmbassador to the United Nations1947–1953
Thomas B. McCabeRepublicanChairman of the Federal Reserve1948–1951
John Sherman CooperRepublicanU.S. Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly1949–1952
Robert A. LovettRepublicanSecretary of Defense1951–1953
nowrap Martin Patrick DurkinDemocraticSecretary of Labor1953 rowspan=6 Dwight Eisenhower rowspan=6 Republican
nowrap Walter F. GeorgeDemocraticSpecial Ambassador to NATO1957
nowrap William McChesney MartinDemocraticChairman of the Federal Reserve1955–1961‡
Robert Bernard AndersonDemocraticSecretary of Navy1953–1954
Deputy Secretary of Defense1954–1957
Secretary of the Treasury1957–1961
nowrap Robert McNamaraRepublican[6] Secretary of Defense1961–1968John F. KennedyDemocratic
nowrap C. Douglas DillonRepublicanSecretary of the Treasury1961–1965
nowrap John McConeRepublicanDirector of Central Intelligence1961–1965
nowrap McGeorge BundyRepublican[7] [8] National Security Advisor1961–1966
nowrap Christian HerterRepublicanU.S. Trade Representative1962–1966
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.RepublicanAmbassador to South Vietnam1963–1964
Lyndon B. JohnsonDemocratic
1965–1967
Ambassador-at-large1967–1968
Ambassador to West Germany1968–1969
nowrap John W. GardnerRepublicanSecretary of Health and Human Services1965–1968
nowrap Jack VaughnRepublicanDirector of the Peace Corps1966–1969
nowrap Edward BrookeRepublicanMember of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission)1967
nowrap John LindsayRepublicanVice Chairman of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission)1967
nowrap William McCullochRepublicanMember of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission)1967
no wrap Erwin GriswoldRepublicanSolicitor General1967–1969
no wrap William H. Brown IIIRepublicanEqual Employment Opportunity Commissioner1968–1969
Sargent ShriverDemocraticAmbassador to France1969–1970‡Richard NixonRepublican
Elizabeth HanfordDemocratic <-- was Democratic until 1975-->Deputy Assistant to president for Consumer Affairs1969–1973
Federal Trade Commissioner1973–1977
Paul VolckerDemocraticUnder Secretary of the Treasury for International Monetary Affairs1969–1974
John ConnallySecretary of the Treasury1971–1972
George W. MitchellDemocraticVice Chair of the Federal Reserve1973–1974
Armistead I. Selden Jr.DemocraticAmbassador to Fiji1974–1977
Daniel Patrick MoynihanDemocraticAssistant for Urban Affairs1969–1970
Ambassador to India1973–1975
Gerald FordRepublican
Ambassador to the United Nations1975–1976
Armistead I. Selden Jr.DemocraticAmbassador to New Zealand and Samoa1974–1977
Togo D. West Jr.DemocraticAssociate Deputy Attorney General1975–1976
Robert CaseyDemocraticFederal Maritime Commissioner1976–1977
James SchlesingerRepublicanSecretary of Energy1977–1979Jimmy CarterDemocratic
Lawrence EagleburgerRepublicanAmbassador to Yugoslavia1977–1981
Kingman Brewster Jr.RepublicanAmbassador to the United Kingdom1977–1981
William H. WebsterRepublicanDirector of the FBI1978–1981
Frank CarlucciRepublicanDeputy Director of the CIA1978–1981
Mike MansfieldDemocraticAmbassador to Japan1981–1988‡Ronald ReaganRepublican
Paul VolckerDemocraticChairman of the Federal Reserve1983–1987‡
Jeane KirkpatrickDemocraticAmbassador to the United Nations1981–1985
rowspan=2 William Bennett rowspan=2 DemocraticChair of the National Endowment for the Humanities1981–1985
Secretary of Education1985–1988
R. James Woolsey Jr.DemocraticDelegate at Large to the U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms Reduction Talks1983–1986
Delegate to the Nuclear and Space Arms Talks[9] 1986–1987
Paul NitzeDemocraticChief Negotiator of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty1981–1984
Eric J. FygiDemocraticDeputy General Counsel of the Department of Energy1981–1989‡
Max KampelmanDemocraticAmbassador to the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe1981–1983‡
Delegation to the Negotiations with the Soviet Union on Nuclear and Space Arms in Geneva1985–1989
Counselor to the Department of State1987–1989
Richard StoneDemocraticAmbassadors-at-large and Special Envoy to Central America1983–1984
Preston Robert TischDemocraticPostmaster General1986–1988
John P. LaWareDemocraticFederal Reserve Board of Governors1988–1989
Lauro CavazosDemocraticSecretary of Education1988–1990
rowspan=8 George H. W. Bush rowspan=8 Republican
Dennis B. RossDemocraticDirector of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff1989–1992
Eric J. FygiDemocraticDeputy General Counsel of the Department of Energy1989–1993‡
Griffin BellDemocraticCommission on Federal Ethics Law Reform1989
William HathawayDemocraticFederal Maritime Commissioner1990–1993
Robert StraussDemocraticAmbassador to Soviet Union/Russia1991–1992
Diane RavitchDemocraticAssistant Secretary of Education1991–1993
Richard StoneDemocraticAmbassador to Denmark1992–1993
Michael ChertoffRepublicanAttorney for the District of New Jersey1993–1994‡ rowspan=17 Bill Clinton rowspan=17 Democratic
William S. SessionsRepublicanDirector of the Federal Bureau of Investigation1993‡
David GergenRepublicanCounselor to the President1993–1993
Sheila BairRepublican1993
Roger W. JohnsonRepublicanGSA Administrator1993–1996
Louis FreehRepublicanDirector of the Federal Bureau of Investigation1993–2001
John NegroponteRepublicanAmbassador to the Philippines1993–1996
rowspan=2 William J. Crowe rowspan=2 RepublicanChair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board1993–1994
Ambassador to the United Kingdom1994–1997
Julie BelagaRepublicanBoard of Directors of the Export Import Bank1994–1999
Marc L. MarksRepublicanFederal Mine Safety and Health Review Commissioner1994–2000
rowspan=2 John Hamre rowspan=2 RepublicanComptroller of the Department of Defense1994–1997
Deputy Secretary of Defense1997–2000
Alan GreenspanRepublicanChairman of the Federal Reserve1995–2001‡
William CohenRepublican[10] Secretary of Defense1997–2001
Robert MuellerRepublicanAttorney for the Northern District of California1998–2001
David M. WalkerRepublicanComptroller General of the United States1998–2001
John DiIulioDemocratic[11] Director of the Office of Faith-Based and Community Initiatives2001 rowspan=22 George W. Bush rowspan=22 Republican
George McGovernDemocraticAmbassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture2001‡[12]
Richard SwettDemocraticAmbassador to Denmark2001‡
John MarburgerDemocraticDirector of the Office of Science and Technology Policy2001–2009
rowspan=2 Tom Schieffer rowspan=2 DemocraticAmbassador to Australia2001–2005
Ambassador to Japan2005–2009
Eric J. FygiDemocraticDeputy General Counsel of the Department of Energy2001–2009‡
Norman MinetaDemocraticSecretary of Transportation2001–2006
Richard CarmonaDemocraticSurgeon General2002–2006
Tony P. HallDemocraticAmbassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture2002–2006
Paul McHaleDemocraticAssistant Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense2003–2009
Gracia HillmanDemocraticElection Assistance Commissioner2003–2009
Pam IovinoDemocraticAssistant VA Secretary for Congressional and Legislative Affairs2004–2005
Joseph E. BrennanDemocraticFederal Maritime Commissioner2004–2009‡
Christine GriffinDemocraticEqual Employment Opportunity Commissioner2005–2009
R. David PaulisonDemocraticFederal Emergency Management Agency2005–2009
rowspan=2 Pete Geren rowspan=2 DemocraticActing Secretary of the Air Force2005
Secretary of the Army2006–2009
Zell MillerDemocraticAmerican Battle Monuments Commission member[13] 2005–2009
Lanny DavisDemocraticPrivacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board2006–2007
Diane FarrellDemocraticBoard of Directors of the Export Import Bank2007–2009
Lois LernerDemocraticDirector Exempt Organizations2006–2009
Neel KashkariRepublicanAssistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability2009‡ rowspan=20 Barack Obama rowspan=20 Democratic
Michael B. DonleyRepublicanSecretary of the Air Force2009–2013‡
Robert MuellerRepublicanDirector of the Federal Bureau of Investigation2009–2013‡
Ray LaHoodRepublicanSecretary of Transportation2009–2013
Robert GatesRepublicanSecretary of Defense2009–2011‡
Jon Huntsman Jr.RepublicanAmbassador to China2009–2011
Dan RooneyRepublicanAmbassador to Ireland2009–2012
Douglas KmiecRepublicanAmbassador to Malta2009–2011
John M. McHughRepublicanSecretary of the Army
Jim LeachRepublicanChair of the National Endowment for the Humanities2009–2013
rowspan=2 Chuck Hagel rowspan=2RepublicanCo-chair of President's Intelligence Advisory Board2009–2013
Secretary of Defense2013–2015
Larry PresslerRepublicanU.S. Commission for the Preservation of America's Heritage Abroad2009–2014
Ben BernankeRepublicanChairman of the Federal Reserve2009–2014‡
Connie MorellaRepublicanAmerican Battle Monuments Commission member2010–2017
Jeff ImmeltRepublicanChairperson of the President's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness2011–2013
Jerome PowellRepublicanFederal Reserve Board of Governors2012–2017
James ComeyRepublicanDirector of the Federal Bureau of Investigation2013–2017
Sloan D. GibsonRepublicanUnited States Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs2014–2017
Robert A. McDonaldRepublicanSecretary of Veterans Affairs2014–2017
Michael FlynnDemocratic[14] National Security Advisor2017Donald TrumpRepublican
Gary CohnDemocraticDirector of the National Economic Council2017–2018
Ivanka TrumpDemocratic[15] Advisor to the President2017–2021
rowspan=2 Peter Navarro rowspan=2 DemocraticDirector of the National Trade Council2017
Director of the Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy2017–2021
Robert O. WorkDemocraticDeputy Secretary of Defense2017‡
Eric J. FygiDemocraticDeputy General Counsel of the Department of Energy2017–2021‡
Dan MaffeiDemocraticFederal Maritime Commissioner2019–2021‡
Christopher A. WrayRepublicanDirector of the Federal Bureau of Investigation2021–present‡ rowspan=8 Joe Biden rowspan=8 Democratic
Zalmay KhalilzadRepublicanU.S. Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation2021‡
John J. SullivanRepublicanAmbassador to Russia2021–2022‡
Jeff FlakeRepublicanAmbassador to Turkey2021–present
Cindy McCainRepublicanAmbassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture2021–2023
Jerome PowellRepublicanChairman of the Federal Reserve2022–present‡
Meg WhitmanRepublicanAmbassador to Kenya2022–present
Michael B. DonleyRepublicanDirector of Administration and Management2021–present
‡ Person was an appointee of the previous administration and was reappointed or retained by the President.

Other notable appointments that crossed party lines

Notes and References

  1. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/11/07/100380419.pdf Mr. Wilson's Cabinet; Will Be Sagacious Men, But Not Political Experts
  2. William S. Cohen, Across Party Lines, Washington Post, December 17, 2000
  3. Web site: Hugh Robert Wilson - People - Department History - Office of the Historian. history.state.gov.
  4. http://www.pa-roots.org/data/read.php?104,576367 Wilson, Hugh R.
  5. Web site: Marriner Eccles: Father of the Modern Federal Reserve. Center for Financial Stability. September 3, 2014.
  6. https://web.archive.org/web/20081106140808/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,895133-1,00.html SIX FOR THE KENNEDY CABINET
  7. Hodgson, Godfrey. Obituary: McGeorge Bundy. The Independent, September 18, 1996.
  8. Web site: Obituary: McGeorge Bundy.
  9. Web site: James Woolsey - 9/11 Encyclopedia . December 25, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101212062915/http://911review.org/Sept11Wiki/Woolsey,James.shtml . December 12, 2010 . dead .
  10. Dana Priest, An 'Outsider' Set to Take Over Pentagon, Washington Post, Wednesday, January 22, 1997; Page A21. "Although other presidents have crossed party lines to fill the top defense post, Cohen ... would be the first Republican politician to serve a Democratic president in the position."
  11. Tapper, Jake. Losing his religion? Negotiating a bill through Congress, Bush's faith czar expresses frustration with his own White House . Salon.com, June 5, 2001.
  12. Becker, Elizabeth. PUBLIC LIVES; A McGovern Liberal Who's Content to Stick to the Label. Nytimes.com, July 23, 2001.
  13. "member, American Battle Monuments Commission, 2005–"
  14. News: Michael Flynn, Anti-Islamist Ex-General, Offered Security Post, Trump Aide Says. Rosenberg. Matthew. November 16, 2016. Haberman. Maggie. The New York Times. 0362-4331. January 21, 2017.
  15. Web site: March 3, 2020. Ivanka and Jared register as Republicans: Now people like us "feel comfortable" being part of GOP. Salon.com.
  16. http://votesmart.org/candidate/biography/118837/philip-martinez#.U-qSEYCSyaw Philip Martinez