| Location: | Washington, D.C. |
| Type: | Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation |
| Authority: | Constitution of the United States, Art. III, §1 |
| Terms: | life tenure, subject to impeachment and removal |
| Positions: | 9 (by statute) |
This is a list of cases reported in volume 304 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1938.
See also: List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.
See also: List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office.
See also: List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition.
The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices).[1] Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice).
When the cases in volume 304 were decided the Court comprised the following nine members:
| Portrait | Justice | Office | Home State | Succeeded | Date confirmed by the Senate (Vote) | Tenure on Supreme Court |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles Evans Hughes | Chief Justice | New York | William Howard Taft | (52–26) | – June 30, 1941 (Retired) | |
| James Clark McReynolds | Associate Justice | Tennessee | Horace Harmon Lurton | (44–6) | – January 31, 1941 (Retired) | |
| Louis Brandeis | Associate Justice | Massachusetts | Joseph Rucker Lamar | (47–22) | – February 13, 1939 (Retired) | |
| Pierce Butler | Associate Justice | Minnesota | William R. Day | (61–8) | – November 16, 1939 (Died) | |
| Harlan F. Stone | Associate Justice | New York | Joseph McKenna | (71–6) | – July 2, 1941 (Continued as chief justice) | |
| Owen Roberts | Associate Justice | Pennsylvania | Edward Terry Sanford | (Acclamation) | – July 31, 1945 (Resigned) | |
| Benjamin N. Cardozo | Associate Justice | New York | Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. | (Acclamation) | – July 9, 1938 (Died) | |
| Hugo Black | Associate Justice | Alabama | Willis Van Devanter | (63–16) | – September 17, 1971 (Retired) | |
| Stanley Forman Reed | Associate Justice | Kentucky | George Sutherland | (Acclamation) | – February 25, 1957 (Retired) | |
Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938), is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in which the Court held that there is no general American federal common law and that U.S. federal courts must apply state law, not federal law, to lawsuits between parties from different states that do not involve federal questions. In reaching this holding, the Court overturned almost a century of federal civil procedure case law, and established the foundation of what remains the modern law of diversity jurisdiction as it applies to United States federal courts.Although the decision is not widely known by laypeople, most American lawyers and legal scholars regard Erie as one of the most important decisions in U.S. Supreme Court history. The decision "goes to the heart" of the American system of federalism and the relationship between the U.S. federal government and the states.
In Hinderlider, State Engineer v. La Plata River and Cherry Creek Ditch Company, 304 U.S. 92 (1938), the Supreme Court ruled that a "general common law" or "general federal common law" no longer exists in the American legal system. Federal courts, however, retain the power to create federal common law in specific areas related to federal rights and interests (e.g., the interpretation of an interstate compact governing water rights between states.[2]
In United States v. Carolene Products Company, 304 U.S. 144 (1938), the Supreme Court upheld the federal government's power to prohibit filled milk from being shipped in interstate commerce. In his majority opinion for the Court, Associate Justice Harlan F. Stone wrote that economic regulations were "presumptively constitutional" under a deferential standard of review known as the "rational basis test". The case is most notable for Footnote Four, in which Stone wrote that the Court would exercise a stricter standard of review when a law appears on its face to violate a provision of the United States Constitution, restricts the political process in a way that could impede the repeal of an undesirable law, or discriminates against "discrete and insular" minorities. Footnote Four would influence later Supreme Court decisions, and the higher standard of review is now known as "strict scrutiny".
In National Labor Relations Board v. Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company, 304 U.S. 333 (1938), the Supreme Court held that workers who strike remain employees for the purposes of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). The Court granted the relief sought by the National Labor Relations Board, which sought to have the workers reinstated by the employer. However, the decision is much better known today for its obiter dicta[3] [4] [5] in which the Court said that an employer may hire strikebreakers and is not bound to discharge any of them if or when the strike ends. The Mackay doctrine, as the striker replacement portion of the ruling is known, is one of the most significant Supreme Court rulings in American labor law,[6] [7] [8] [9] and has defined collective bargaining in the United States since its publication. "Mackay Radio was more than a decision that provided an instrumental method for a firm to replace economic strikers and to resist their return to employment after a strike. It was also a decision that established important practices that constituted the conduct of union-management bargaining during the post-New Deal Era."[10] The ruling is also highly controversial, even more than 80 years later. It is strongly and uniformly condemned by labor unions, and resolutely defended by employers. Among academics in the political sciences and other related disciplines, "the doctrine continues to provoke the notice and the nearly universal condemnation of scholars."[11]
In Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938), the Supreme Court held that defendants have the right to be represented by an attorney unless they waive their right to counsel knowing full well the potential consequences. The case, however, only made this right applicable to federal defendants and did not extend to defendants in trials under state jurisdiction. Assistance of counsel was held to be requisite to due process of law in state felony proceedings with the Gideon v. Wainwright decision in 1963.
See also: United States district court.
See also: United States court of appeals.
See also: United States federal courts. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region.
The Judiciary Act of 1891 created the United States Courts of Appeals and reassigned the jurisdiction of most routine appeals from the district and circuit courts to these appellate courts. The Act created nine new courts that were originally known as the "United States Circuit Courts of Appeals." The new courts had jurisdiction over most appeals of lower court decisions. The Supreme Court could review either legal issues that a court of appeals certified or decisions of court of appeals by writ of certiorari. On January 1, 1912, the effective date of the Judicial Code of 1911, the old Circuit Courts were abolished, with their remaining trial court jurisdiction transferred to the U.S. District Courts.
See also: Hughes Court.
| Case name | Citation | Opinion of the Court | Vote | Concurring opinion or statement | Dissenting opinion or statement | Procedural jurisdiction | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morgan v. United States | 304 U.S. 1 (1938) | Hughes | 6-1[a][b] | none | Black (without opinion) | appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri (W.D. Mo.) | reversed; petition for rehearing denied |
| United States v. Bekins | 304 U.S. 27 (1938) | Hughes | 6-2[a] | none | McReynolds and Butler (joint short statement) | appeals from the United States District Court for the District of California (S.D. Cal.) | reversed |
| Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States | 304 U.S. 55 (1938) | per curiam | 6-2[a] | none | Stone and Black (joint short statement) | appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas (N.D. Tex.) | reversed |
| Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company v. United States | 304 U.S. 58 (1938) | McReynolds | 7-0[a][c] | none | none | appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois (N.D. Ill.) | affirmed |
| Arkansas Louisiana Gas Company v. Department of Public Utilities of Arkansas | 304 U.S. 61 (1938) | McReynolds | 8-0[a] | none | none | appeal from the Arkansas Supreme Court (Ark.) | affirmed |
| Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins | 304 U.S. 64 (1938) | Brandeis | 6-2[a] | Reed (opinion) | Butler (opinion, agreeing with the result but dissenting on the grounds; with which McReynolds concurred) | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.) | reversed |
| Hinderlider, State Engineer v. La Plata River and Cherry Creek Ditch Company | 304 U.S. 92 (1938) | Brandeis | 8-0[a] | none | none | appeal from the Colorado Supreme Court (Colo.) | reversed |
| United States v. Shoshone Tribe | 304 U.S. 111 (1938) | Butler | 6-1[a][d] | none | Reed (without opinion) | certiorari to the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.) | affirmed |
| United States v. Klamath and Moadoc Tribes | 304 U.S. 119 (1938) | Butler | 6-0[a][b][d] | Black (without opinion) | none | appeal from the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.) | affirmed |
| Guaranty Trust Company v. United States | 304 U.S. 126 (1938) | Stone | 7-0[a][b] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.) | remanded for further proceedings |
| United States v. Carolene Products Company | 304 U.S. 144 (1938) | Stone | 6-1[a][b] | Black (without opinion); Butler (opinion) | McReynolds (without opinion) | appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois (S.D. Ill.) | reversed |
| United States v. Pan American Petroleum Corporation | 304 U.S. 156 (1938) | Roberts | 7-0[a][b] | none | none | appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana (E.D. La.) | reversed |
| Crown Cork and Seal Company v. Ferdinand Gutmann Company | 304 U.S. 159 (1938) | Butler | 6-1[a][b] | none | Black (opinion) | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.) | reversed |
| General Talking Pictures Corporation v. Western Electric Company | 304 U.S. 175 (1938) | Butler | 5-1[a][b][e] | none | Black (opinion) | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.) | affirmed |
| Pacific National Company v. Welch | 304 U.S. 191 (1938) | Butler | 7-0[a][b] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (9th Cir.) | affirmed |
| United States v. Kaplan | 304 U.S. 195 (1938) | Butler | 7-0[a][b] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Claims (Ct. Cl.) | reversed |
| Arkansas Fuel Oil Company v. Louisiana ex rel. Muslow | 304 U.S. 197 (1938) | Black | 8-0[a] | Stone (without opinion) | none | appeal from the Louisiana Court of Appeal (La. Ct. App.) | affirmed |
| Ruhlin v. New York Life Insurance Company | 304 U.S. 202 (1938) | Reed | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.) | vacated |
| Petroleum Exploration, Inc. v. Public Service Commission of Kentucky | 304 U.S. 209 (1938) | Reed | 8-0[a] | McReynolds (without opinion); Stone (short statement) | none | appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Kentucky (E.D. Ky.) | affirmed |
| Lone Star Gas Company v. Texas | 304 U.S. 224 (1938) | Hughes | 7-1[a] | none | Black (without opinion) | appeal from the Texas Court of Civil Appeals (Tex. Ct. App.) | reversed |
| International Ladies Garment Workers Union v. Donnelly Garment Company | 304 U.S. 243 (1938) | per curiam | 8-0[a] | none | none | appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri (W.D. Mo.) | vacated |
| California Water Service Company v. City of Redding | 304 U.S. 252 (1938) | per curiam | 8-0[a] | none | none | appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (N.D. Cal.) | affirmed |
| Federal Trade Commission v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company | 304 U.S. 257 (1938) | per curiam | 6-0[a][b][d] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (6th Cir.) | reversed |
| New York Life Insurance Company v. Jackson | 304 U.S. 261 (1938) | per curiam | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (7th Cir.) | vacated |
| Rosenthal v. New York Life Insurance Company | 304 U.S. 263 (1938) | per curiam | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (8th Cir.) | vacated |
| Lang v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue | 304 U.S. 264 (1938) | McReynolds | 8-0[a] | none | none | certified questions from the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (9th Cir.) | certified questions answered |
| Heiner v. Mellon | 304 U.S. 271 (1938) | Brandeis | 7-0[a][b] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.) | reversed |
| Helvering, Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. National Grocery Company | 304 U.S. 282 (1938) | Brandeis | 5-2[a][b] | none | McReynolds and Butler (without opinions) | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.) | reversed |
| St. Louis, Brownsville and Mexico Railway Company v. Brownsville Navigation District | 304 U.S. 295 (1938) | Butler | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (5th Cir.) | reversed |
| Lowe Brothers Company v. United States | 304 U.S. 302 (1938) | Stone | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (6th Cir.) | affirmed |
| J.D. Adams Manufacturing Company v. Storen, Chief Administrative Officer | 304 U.S. 307 (1938) | Roberts | 6-2[a] | none | McReynolds (without opinion, dissenting in part); Black (opinion, dissenting in part) | appeal from the Indiana Supreme Court (Ind.) | affirmed in part, and reversed in part |
| National Labor Relations Board v. Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company | 304 U.S. 333 (1938) | Roberts | 7-0[a][b] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (9th Cir.) | reversed |
| Taft v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue | 304 U.S. 351 (1938) | Roberts | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (6th Cir.) | affirmed |
| Zerbst v. Kidwell | 304 U.S. 359 (1938) | Black | 7-0[a][b] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (5th Cir.) | reversed |
| General Electric Company v. Wabash Appliance Corporation | 304 U.S. 364 (1938) | Reed | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.) | affirmed |
| Federal Power Commission v. Metropolitan Edison Company | 304 U.S. 375 (1938) | Hughes | 7-0[a][e] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.) | reversed |
| Oklahoma ex rel. Johnson v. Cook | 304 U.S. 387 (1938) | Hughes | 8-0[a] | none | none | original jurisdiction | motion for leave to file complaint denied |
| Hudson v. Moonier | 304 U.S. 397 (1938) | per curiam | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (8th Cir.) | reversed |
| Laclede Gas Light Company v. Missouri Public Service Commission | 304 U.S. 398 (1938) | per curiam | 8-0[a] | none | none | appeal from the Missouri Supreme Court (Mo.) | dismissed |
| Mahoney, Liquor Control Commissioner of Minnesota v. Joseph Triner Corporation | 304 U.S. 401 (1938) | Brandeis | 8-0[a] | Reed (without opinion) | none | appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota (D. Minn.) | reversed |
| Helvering, Commissioner of Internal Revenue v. Gerhardt | 304 U.S. 405 (1938) | Stone | 5-2[a][b] | Black (opinion) | Butler (opinion; with which McReynolds concurred) | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.) | reversed |
| Aetna Insurance Company v. United Fruit Company | 304 U.S. 430 (1938) | Stone | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (2d Cir.) | affirmed |
| Allen v. Regents of the University System of Georgia | 304 U.S. 439 (1938) | Roberts | 6-2[a] | Black (without opinion); Stone (short statement); Reed (opinion) | Butler (opinion; with which McReynolds concurred) | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (5th Cir.) | reversed |
| Johnson v. Zerbst | 304 U.S. 458 (1938) | Black | 6-2[a] | Reed (without opinion) | McReynolds (without opinion); Butler (short statement) | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (5th Cir.) | reversed |
| Denver Union Stock Yard Company v. United States | 304 U.S. 470 (1938) | Butler | 8-0[a] | Black (without opinion) | none | appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Colorado (D. Colo.) | affirmed |
| In re National Labor Relations Board | 304 U.S. 486 (1938) | Roberts | 5-2[a][d] | none | Butler (opinion; with which McReynolds concurred) | Order to show cause to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (3d Cir.) | writs of prohibition and mandamus granted |
| Wright v. Union Central Life Insurance Company | 304 U.S. 502 (1938) | Reed | 8-0[a] | none | none | certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit (7th Cir.) | affirmed in part, and reversed in part |
| Collins v. Yosemite Park and Curry Company | 304 U.S. 518 (1938) | Reed | 8-0[a] | McReynolds (short statement) | none | appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (N.D. Cal.) | reversed |
[a] Cardozo took no part in the case (Justice Cardozo was seriously ill of heart disease and so missed participating in these cases; he died in July 1938.[12])
[b] Reed took no part in the case
[c] Black took no part in the case
[d] Stone took no part in the case
[e] Roberts took no part in the case