| Location: | Washington, D.C. |
| Type: | Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation |
| Authority: | Constitution of the United States, Art. III, §1 |
| Terms: | life tenure, subject to impeachment and removal |
| Positions: | 9 (by statute) |
This is a list of cases reported in volume 92 of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1876, along with two cases from 1875.[1]
See also: List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.
See also: List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office.
See also: List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition.
The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices).[2] Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice).
When the cases in 92 U.S. were decided the Court comprised the following nine members:
| Portrait | Justice | Office | Home State | Succeeded | Date confirmed by the Senate (Vote) | Tenure on Supreme Court |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Morrison Waite | Chief Justice | Ohio | Salmon P. Chase | (63–0) | – March 23, 1888 (Died) | |
| Nathan Clifford | Associate Justice | Maine | Benjamin Robbins Curtis | (26–23) | – July 25, 1881 (Died) | |
| Noah Haynes Swayne | Associate Justice | Ohio | John McLean | (38–1) | – January 24, 1881 (Retired) | |
| Samuel Freeman Miller | Associate Justice | Iowa | Peter Vivian Daniel | (Acclamation) | – October 13, 1890 (Died) | |
| David Davis | Associate Justice | Illinois | John Archibald Campbell | (Acclamation) | – March 4, 1877 (Resigned) | |
| Stephen Johnson Field | Associate Justice | California | newly created seat | (Acclamation) | – December 1, 1897 (Retired) | |
| William Strong | Associate Justice | Pennsylvania | Robert Cooper Grier | (No vote recorded) | – December 14, 1880 (Retired) | |
| Joseph P. Bradley | Associate Justice | New Jersey | newly created seat | (46–9) | – January 22, 1892 (Died) | |
| Ward Hunt | Associate Justice | New York | Samuel Nelson | (Acclamation) | – January 27, 1882 (Retired) | |
United States v. Reese, 92 U.S. 214 (1876), was a voting rights case in which the Supreme Court narrowly construed the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides that suffrage for citizens can not be restricted due to race, color, or the individual having previously been a slave. The Court held that the 15th Amendment did not confer the right of suffrage, but only prohibited exclusion on racial grounds from a pre-existing right to vote.
Chy Lung v. Freeman, 92 U.S. 275 (1876), involved 22 women from China, including Chy Lung, among the passengers on the steamer Japan that journeyed from China to San Francisco, arriving in 1875.[3] The immigration commissioner examined the passengers and, acting under a California statute, identified Chy Lung and the others as "lewd and debauched women". The captain detained the women on board. The women obtained a writ of habeas corpus, which led to them being moved into the custody of the Sheriff of San Francisco, where they stayed awaiting deportation upon the return of Japan, which had already left for China. The women refused to be deported to China and appealed the decision to deport them. The California Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the statute that was used to deny them entry, and it upheld their deportation. The women appealed the decision in the US Supreme Court. The Court decided unanimously in favor of Chy Lung. It held that the federal government, and not state governments, was in charge of immigration policy and diplomatic relations with other nations; it was not up to California to impose restrictions on Chinese immigration.
In United States v. Cruikshank, 92 U.S. 542 (1876), the Court held that the Bill of Rights did not apply to private actors or to state governments despite the adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision represented a major blow to federal efforts to protect the civil rights of African Americans. The case arose from the hotly-disputed 1872 Louisiana gubernatorial election and the subsequent Colfax massacre, in which dozens of black people and three white people were killed. Federal charges were brought against several white insurgents under the Enforcement Act of 1870, which prohibited two or more people from conspiring to deprive anyone of their constitutional rights. Charges included hindering the freedmen's First Amendment right to freely assemble and their Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms. In his majority opinion, Chief Justice Morrison Waite overturned the convictions of the defendants, holding that the plaintiffs had to rely on state courts for protection. Waite opined that neither the First Amendment nor the Second Amendment applied to the actions of state governments or to individuals, but only to the federal government; also that the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applied to the actions of state governments, but not to individuals. The decision left African Americans in the South at the mercy of increasingly hostile state governments dominated by white Democratic legislatures, and allowed groups such as the Ku Klux Klan to continue to use paramilitary force to suppress black voting.
See also: United States district court.
See also: United States circuit court.
See also: United States federal courts. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region.
Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions.
See also: Waite Court.
| Case Name | Page and year | Opinion of the Court | Concurring opinion(s) | Dissenting opinion(s) | Lower Court | Disposition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blease v. Garlington | 1 (1876) | Waite | none | none | C.C.D.S.C. | affirmed |
| Gaines v. Fuentes | 10 (1876) | Field | none | Bradley | reversed | |
| Hall v. United States | 27 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | Ct. Cl. | affirmed |
| The City of Washington | 31 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | C.C.E.D.N.Y. | affirmed |
| Roberts v. United States | 41 (1876) | Bradley | none | Swayne | reversed | |
| Farnsworth v. Minnesota and Pacific Railroad Company | 49 (1876) | Field | none | none | C.C.D. Minn. | affirmed |
| Shuey v. United States | 73 (1876) | Strong | none | none | Ct. Cl. | affirmed |
| United States v. Landers | 77 (1876) | Field | none | none | reversed | |
| O'Brien v. Weld | 81 (1876) | Hunt | none | none | reversed | |
| Cheatham v. United States | 85 (1876) | Miller | none | none | C.C.M.D. Tenn. | affirmed |
| Walker v. Sauvinet | 90 (1876) | Waite | none | none | La. | affirmed |
| Magee v. Manhattan Life Insurance Company | 93 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | affirmed | |
| Neblett v. MacFarland | 101 (1876) | Hunt | none | none | C.C.D. La. | affirmed |
| Totten v. United States | 105 (1876) | Field | none | none | Ct. Cl. | affirmed |
| Stott v. Rutherford | 107 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | reversed | |
| Harrison v. Myer | 111 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | La. | affirmed |
| Kittredge v. Race | 116 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | C.C.D. La. | affirmed |
| First National Bank v. National Exchange Bank | 122 (1876) | Waite | none | none | Md. | affirmed |
| Rockhold v. Rockhold | 129 (1876) | Waite | none | none | dismissed | |
| Phillips v. Payne | 130 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | Sup. Ct. D.C. | affirmed |
| Wills v. Claflin | 135 (1876) | Davis | none | none | C.C.N.D. Ill. | affirmed |
| Markey v. Langley | 142 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | C.C.D.S.C. | affirmed |
| Terry v. Tubman | 156 (1876) | Hunt | none | none | C.C.S.D. Ga. | affirmed |
| Hoffman v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company | 161 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | C.C.N.D. Ohio | affirmed |
| Whitfield v. United States | 165 (1876) | Waite | none | none | Ct. Cl. | affirmed |
| Carey v. Brown | 171 (1875) | Swayne | none | none | C.C.D. La. | affirmed |
| Baker v. White | 176 (1876) | Miller | none | none | dismissed | |
| Burbank v. Bigelow | 179 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | reversed | |
| Smith v. Vodges | 183 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | reversed | |
| Lamar v. Browne | 187 (1876) | Waite | none | Field | C.C.D. Mass. | affirmed |
| Wallach v. Van Riswick | 202 (1876) | Strong | none | none | reversed | |
| United States v. Reese | 214 (1876) | Waite | none | Clifford; Hunt | C.C.D. Ky. | affirmed |
| Montgomery v. Bucyrus Machine Works | 257 (1876) | Davis | none | none | C.C.W.D. Mo. | affirmed |
| Henderson v. City of New York | 259 (1876) | Miller | none | none | C.C.S.D.N.Y. | reversed |
| Chy Lung v. Freeman | 275 (1876) | Miller | none | none | reversed | |
| United States v. Ross | 281 (1876) | Strong | none | none | reversed | |
| New York Life Insurance Company v. Hendren | 286 (1876) | Waite | none | Bradley | dismissed | |
| Elmwood Township v. Marcy | 289 (1876) | Davis | none | Strong | reversed | |
| Chamberlain v. St. Paul and Sioux City Railroad Company | 299 (1876) | Field | none | none | C.C.D. Minn. | affirmed |
| Laramie County v. Albany County | 307 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | Sup. Ct. Terr. Wyo. | affirmed |
| Republican River Bridge Company v. Kansas Pacific Railway Company | 315 (1876) | Miller | none | none | Kan. | affirmed |
| Wilson v. Boyce | 320 (1876) | Hunt | none | none | C.C.E.D. Mo. | affirmed |
| Brown v. Atwell | 327 (1876) | Waite | none | none | N.Y. Sup. Ct. | dismissed |
| Angle v. Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company | 330 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | reversed | |
| Oaksmith's Lessee v. Johnson | 343 (1876) | Field | none | none | Sup. Ct. D.C. | affirmed |
| Reckendorfer v. Faber | 347 (1876) | Hunt | none | Strong | affirmed | |
| Potts v. Chumasero | 358 (1876) | Waite | none | none | dismissed | |
| Scammon v. Kimball | 362 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | reversed | |
| Pace v. Burgess | 372 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | C.C.E.D. Va. | affirmed |
| Piedmont and Arlington Life Insurance Company v. Ewing | 377 (1876) | Miller | none | none | C.C.W.D. Mo. | reversed |
| Savage v. United States | 382 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | Ct. Cl. | affirmed |
| Smeltzer v. White | 390 (1876) | Strong | none | none | C.C.D. Iowa | affirmed |
| Hobson v. Lord | 397 (1876) | Clifford | none | Bradley | C.C.S.D.N.Y. | affirmed |
| Butler v. Thomson | 412 (1876) | Hunt | none | none | reversed | |
| Clements v. Macheboeuf | 418 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | Sup. Ct. Terr. Colo. | affirmed |
| Ives v. Hamilton | 426 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | affirmed | |
| The America | 432 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | C.C.S.D.N.Y. | reversed |
| The Galatea | 439 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | reversed | |
| Otis v. Cullum | 447 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | C.C.D. Kan. | affirmed |
| Barney v. Watson | 449 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | C.C.S.D.N.Y. | reversed |
| Terry v. Commercial Bank of Alabama | 454 (1876) | Miller | none | none | affirmed | |
| Williams v. United States | 457 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | D. Cal. | affirmed |
| City of St Louis v. United States | 462 (1876) | Miller | none | none | Ct. Cl. | affirmed |
| Tyng v. Grinnell | 467 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | C.C.S.D.N.Y. | affirmed |
| Miller v. Dale | 473 (1876) | Field | none | none | Cal. | affirmed |
| Kennard v. Louisiana ex rel. Morgan | 480 (1876) | Waite | none | none | La. | affirmed |
| Town of Coloma v. Eaves | 484 (1876) | Strong | Bradley | none | C.C.N.D. Ill. | affirmed |
| Town of Venice v. Murdock | 494 (1876) | Strong | none | none | C.C.N.D.N.Y. | affirmed |
| Town of Genoa v. Woodruff | 502 (1876) | Strong | none | none | C.C.N.D.N.Y. | affirmed |
| Converse v. City of Ft. Scott | 503 (1876) | Strong | none | none | C.C.N.D. Kan. | reversed |
| Carrol v. Green | 509 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | reversed | |
| Franklin Fire Insurance Company v. Vaughan | 516 (1876) | Hunt | none | none | C.C.E.D. Ark. | affirmed |
| United States v. Diekelman | 520 (1876) | Waite | none | none | reversed | |
| Board of Liquidation of Louisiana v. McComb | 531 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | C.C.D. La. | multiple |
| United States v. Cruikshank | 542 (1876) | Waite | none | Clifford | C.C.D. La. | affirmed |
| Harshman v. Bates County | 569 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | C.C.W.D. Mo. | affirmed |
| State Railroad Tax Cases | 575 (1876) | Miller | none | none | reversed | |
| Lewis v. United States | 618 (1876) | Swayne | none | none | C.C.E.D. Pa. | affirmed |
| Town of Concord v. Portsmouth Savings Bank | 625 (1876) | Strong | none | none | reversed | |
| Moultrie County v. Rockingham Ten-Cent Savings Bank | 631 (1876) | Strong | none | none | C.C.S.D. Ill. | affirmed |
| Marcy v. Oswego Township | 637 (1876) | Strong | none | none | reversed | |
| Humboldt Township v. Long | 642 (1876) | Strong | none | Miller | C.C.D. Kan. | affirmed |
| Intermingled Cotton Cases | 651 (1876) | Waite | none | none | Ct. Cl. | affirmed |
| Morrison v. Jackson | 654 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | C.C.E.D. Mo. | affirmed |
| Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia v. Georgia | 665 (1876) | Strong | none | none | reversed | |
| South-Western Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia v. Georgia | 676 (1876) | Strong | none | none | reversed | |
| Branch v. City of Charleston | 677 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | C.C.D.S.C. | affirmed |
| Garsed v. Beall | 684 (1876) | Clifford | none | none | C.C.S.D. Ga. | affirmed |
| The Alabama | 695 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | reversed | |
| Hot Springs Cases | 698 (1876) | Bradley | none | none | Ct. Cl. | affirmed |
| Burdell v. Denig | 716 (1876) | Miller | none | none | reversed | |
| McStay v. Friedman | 723 (1876) | Waite | none | none | Cal. | dismissed |
| Hammond v. Mason and Hamlin Organ Company | 724 (1876) | Miller | none | none | C.C.D. Mass. | affirmed |
| Hall v. Weare | 728 (1876) | Strong | none | none | reversed | |
| Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston Railroad Company v. United States | 733 (1876) | Davis | none | Field | C.C.D. Kan. | affirmed |
| Missouri, Kansas, and Texas Railway Company v. United States | 760 (1875) | Davis | none | none | C.C.D. Kan. | affirmed |
| Newhall v. Sanger | 761 (1876) | Davis | none | Field | reversed | |