| Location: | Washington, D.C. |
| Type: | Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation |
| Authority: | Constitution of the United States, Art. III, §1 |
| Terms: | life tenure, subject to impeachment and removal |
| Positions: | 9 (by statute) |
This is a list of cases reported in volume 51 (10 How.) of United States Reports, decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1850 and 1851.[1]
In 1874, the U.S. government created the United States Reports, and retroactively numbered older privately published case reports as part of the new series. As a result, cases appearing in volumes 1–90 of U.S. Reports have dual citation forms; one for the volume number of U.S. Reports, and one for the volume number of the reports named for the relevant reporter of decisions (these are called "nominative reports").
Starting with the 42nd volume of U.S. Reports, the Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States was Benjamin Chew Howard. Howard was Reporter of Decisions from 1843 to 1860, covering volumes 42 through 65 of United States Reports which correspond to volumes 1 through 24 of his Howard's Reports. As such, the dual form of citation to, for example, Butler v. Pennsylvania is 51 U.S. (10 How.) 402 (1851).
See also: List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States.
See also: List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office.
See also: List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition.
The Supreme Court is established by Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution of the United States, which says: "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court . . .". The size of the Court is not specified; the Constitution leaves it to Congress to set the number of justices. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Congress originally fixed the number of justices at six (one chief justice and five associate justices).[2] Since 1789 Congress has varied the size of the Court from six to seven, nine, ten, and back to nine justices (always including one chief justice).
When the cases in 51 U.S. (10 How.) were decided the Court comprised these nine members:
| Portrait | Justice | Office | Home State | Succeeded | Date confirmed by the Senate (Vote) | Tenure on Supreme Court |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| John Marshall | (29–15) | – October 12, 1864 (Died) | ||||
(Acclamation) | – April 4, 1861 (Died) | |||||
(Acclamation) | – July 5, 1867 (Died) | |||||
| newly created seat | (28–15) | – May 30, 1865 (Died) | ||||
| newly created seat | (Acclamation) | – July 19, 1852 (Died) | ||||
| Philip P. Barbour | (25–5) | – May 31, 1860 (Died) | ||||
| Smith Thompson | (Acclamation) | – November 28, 1872 (Retired) | ||||
| Joseph Story | (Acclamation) | – September 4, 1851 (Died) | ||||
| Robert Cooper Grier | Henry Baldwin | (Acclamation) | – January 31, 1870 (Retired) | |||
In Strader v. Graham 51 U.S. (10 How.) 82 (1851), the Supreme Court held that the status of three slaves who went by steamboat from the slave state of Kentucky to the free states of Indiana and Ohio depended on Kentucky law rather than on Indiana or Ohio law. The slaves later escaped to Canada. Kentucky law made steamboat operators liable for the value of any slaves escaping by the boat. Writing for the Court, Chief Justice Roger Taney accepted the conclusions of the Supreme Court of Kentucky that refused to rule on the status of the slaves unless they were parties to the lawsuit, and that Kentucky need not apply Indiana or Ohio law under which the three slaves would be considered freed.
See also: United States district court.
See also: United States circuit court.
See also: United States federal courts. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 the federal court structure at the time comprised District Courts, which had general trial jurisdiction; Circuit Courts, which had mixed trial and appellate (from the US District Courts) jurisdiction; and the United States Supreme Court, which had appellate jurisdiction over the federal District and Circuit courts—and for certain issues over state courts. The Supreme Court also had limited original jurisdiction (i.e., in which cases could be filed directly with the Supreme Court without first having been heard by a lower federal or state court). There were one or more federal District Courts and/or Circuit Courts in each state, territory, or other geographical region.
Bluebook citation style is used for case names, citations, and jurisdictions.
See also: Taney Court.
| Case Name | Page and year | Opinion of the Court | Concurring opinion(s) | Dissenting opinion(s) | Lower Court | Disposition |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Missouri v. Iowa | 1 (1851) | per curiam | none | none | boundary set | |
| Webster v. Cooper | 54 (1850) | Taney | none | none | certification | |
| Shelby v. Bacon | 56 (1850) | McLean | none | none | certification | |
| McNulty v. Batty | 72 (1851) | Nelson | none | none | writ abated | |
| Preston v. Bracken | 81 (1851) | Nelson | none | none | writ abated | |
| Strader v. Graham | 82 (1851) | Taney | McLean, Catron | none | dismissed | |
| Wilson v. Sanford | 99 (1851) | Taney | none | none | dismissed | |
| Downs v. Kissam | 102 (1850) | McLean | none | none | reversed | |
| Hoyt v. United States | 109 (1850) | Nelson | none | none | affirmed | |
| Ex parte Rhodes | 144 (1851) | Taney | none | none | dismissal denied | |
| Oldfield v. Marriott | 146 (1851) | Wayne | none | none | affirmed | |
| Hallett v. Collins | 174 (1850) | Grier | none | none | affirmed | |
| Sears v. Eastburn | 187 (1850) | Taney | none | none | reversed | |
| Woodruff v. Trapnall | 190 (1851) | McLean | none | Grier | reversed | |
| Paup v. Drew | 218 (1851) | McLean | Daniel, Nelson | none | affirmed | |
| Trigg v. Drew | 224 (1851) | McLean | none | none | affirmed | |
| Greely v. Thompson | 225 (1851) | Woodbury | none | none | affirmed | |
| Maxwell v. Griswold | 242 (1851) | Woodbury | none | none | affirmed | |
| Gilmer v. Poindexter | 257 (1851) | Daniel | none | none | reversed | |
| Barnard v. Adams | 270 (1851) | Grier | none | Daniel | affirmed | |
| Henderson v. Tennessee | 311 (1851) | Taney | none | Woodbury | dismissed | |
| Stimpson v. Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad Company | 329 (1850) | Daniel | none | none | affirmed | |
| Landes v. Brant | 348 (1851) | Catron | none | none | affirmed | |
| Philadelphia and Wilmington Railroad Company v. Maryland | 376 (1851) | Taney | none | none | affirmed | |
| Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad Company v. Nesbit | 395 (1851) | Daniel | none | none | Baltimore Cnty. Ct. | affirmed |
| Butler v. Pennsylvania | 402 (1851) | Daniel | none | McLean | affirmed | |
| Washington, Alexandria and Georgetown Steam Packet Company v. Sickles | 419 (1851) | Grier | none | none | reversed | |
| United States v. Brooks | 442 (1851) | Wayne | none | none | affirmed | |
| Louisville Manufacturing Company v. Welch | 461 (1851) | Nelson | none | none | reversed | |
| Gayler v. Wilder I | 477 (1851) | Taney | none | McLean | affirmed | |
| Gayler v. Wilder II | 509 (1851) | Taney | none | none | rehearing denied | |
| Town of East Hartford v. Hartford Bridge Company | 511 (1851) | Woodbury | none | none | affirmed | |
| Villalobos v. United States | 541 (1851) | Catron | none | none | Fla. Super. Ct. | affirmed |
| St. John v. Paine | 557 (1851) | Nelson | none | none | affirmed | |
| Newton v. Stebbins | 586 (1851) | Nelson | none | Daniel | affirmed | |
| United States v. d'Auterive | 609 (1851) | Daniel | none | none | reversed | |
| Robinson v. Minor | 627 (1851) | McLean | none | none | affirmed | |