List of United States Army lieutenant generals from 2010 to 2019 explained

This is a list of lieutenant generals in the United States Army from 2010 to 2019. The rank of lieutenant general (or three-star general) is the second-highest rank normally achievable in the U.S. Army, and the first to have a specified number of appointments set by statute. It ranks above major general (two-star general) and below general (four-star general).

There have been 154 lieutenant generals in the United States Army from 2010 to 2019, 35 of whom were promoted to four-star general. All 154 achieved that rank while on active duty in the U.S. Army. Lieutenant generals entered the Army via several paths: 70 were commissioned via Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) at a civilian university, 62 via the U.S. Military Academy (USMA), 13 via ROTC at a senior military college, six via Officer Candidate School (OCS), two via ROTC at a military junior college, and one via direct commission (direct).

List of generals

Entries in the following list of lieutenant generals are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer was promoted to that rank while on active duty, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer did not serve in that rank while on active duty in the U.S. Army or was promoted to four-star rank while on active duty in the U.S. Army. Each entry lists the general's name, date of rank, active-duty positions held while serving at three-star rank, number of years of active-duty service at three-star rank (Yrs), year commissioned and source of commission, number of years in commission when promoted to three-star rank (YC), and other biographical notes.

#! scope="col" style="width: 10em;"
NamePhotoPositionYrsCommissionYCNotes
1data-sort-value="phillips" William N. Phillips1 Feb 2010   41976 (ROTC)[1] 34
2data-sort-value="bostick" Thomas P. Bostick 61978 (USMA) 32 (1956–)
3data-sort-value="caslen" Robert L. Caslen Jr.3 Mar 2010   81975 (USMA) 35 (1953–) President, University of South Carolina, 2019–2021.[2]
4data-sort-value="sterling" John E. Sterling Jr.3 May 2010   21976 (USMA) 34 (1953–)
5data-sort-value="morgan" John W. Morgan III5 May 2010   21974 (ROTC) 36
6data-sort-value="bolger" Daniel P. Bolger21 May 2010   31978 (Citadel) 32 (1957–)
7data-sort-value="troy" William J. Troy5 Aug 2010  
  • Director, Army Staff (DAS), 2010–2013.
31975 (USMA) 35
data-sort-value="grass" Frank J. Grass 21981 (OCS) 29 (1951–) Promoted to general, 7 Sep 2012. Served 12 years in the enlisted ranks before receiving his commission in 1981.
data-sort-value="scaparrotti" Curtis M. Scaparrotti 31978 (USMA) 32 Promoted to general, 2 Oct 2013.
8data-sort-value="johnson" John D. Johnson9 Nov 2010   51977 (VMI) 33 (1952–)
9data-sort-value="formica" Richard P. Formica5 Dec 2010   31977 (ROTC) 33 (1955–)
10data-sort-value="bromberg" Howard B. Bromberg4 Jan 2011   31977 (ROTC) 34
11data-sort-value="ferriter" Michael Ferriter5 Jan 2011   31979 (Citadel) 32 (–) President/CEO, National Veterans Memorial and Museum, 2018–present.[3]
12data-sort-value="wiercinski" Francis J. Wiercinski21 Mar 2011   21979 (USMA) 32 (1956–)
13data-sort-value="lawrence" Susan S. Lawrence25 Mar 2011   21979 (ROTC)[4] 32 (–)[5] Served seven years in the enlisted ranks before receiving her commission in 1979.
14data-sort-value="hernandez" Rhett A. Hernandez25 Mar 2011   21976 (USMA) 35 (1953–)
15data-sort-value="bednarek" J. Michael Bednarek6 Apr 2011  
  • Commanding General, First Army, 2011–2013.
  • Chief, Office of Security Cooperation - Iraq (COSC-I), 2013–2015.
41975 (ROTC) 36
16data-sort-value="campbelldonald" Donald M. Campbell Jr.21 Apr 2011   31978 (ROTC) 33 (1955–)
data-sort-value="brooks" Vincent K. Brooks3 Jun 2011   21980 (USMA) 31 (1958–) Promoted to general, 2 Jul 2013.
data-sort-value="votel" Joseph L. Votel 31980 (USMA) 31 (1958–) Promoted to general, 28 Aug 2014.
17data-sort-value="walker" Keith C. Walker2 Aug 2011   31976 (USMA) 35
data-sort-value="campbell" John F. Campbell 21979 (USMA) 32 (1957–) Promoted to general, 8 Mar 2013.
18data-sort-value="wolff" Terry A. Wolff23 Sep 2011  
  • Director, Strategic Plans and Policy, Joint Staff, J5/Senior Member, U.S. Delegation to the U.N. Military Staff Committee (Sr. Member MSC), 2011–2013.
21979 (USMA) 32
19data-sort-value="flynnmichael" Michael T. Flynn23 Sep 2011   31981 (ROTC) 30 (1958–) National Security Advisor, 2017. Brother of Army four-star general Charles A. Flynn.
20data-sort-value="grisoli" William T. Grisoli11 Oct 2011  
  • Director, Army Office of Business Transformation (DIROBT), 2011–2013.
  • Director, Army Staff (DAS), 2013–2015.
41976 (USMA) 35
21data-sort-value="mason" Raymond V. Mason3 Nov 2011  
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics (DCS G-4), 2011–2014.
31978 (ROTC) 33
22data-sort-value="martz" Joseph E. Martz10 Nov 2011   31979 (USMA) 32
23data-sort-value="vangjel" Peter M. Vangjel14 Nov 2011   31977 (ROTC) 34 (1955–)
24data-sort-value="ingram" William E. Ingram Jr. 31972 (OCS) 39 (1948–)
data-sort-value="perkins" David G. Perkins23 Nov 2011   31980 (USMA) 31 (1957–) Promoted to general, 14 Mar 2014.
25data-sort-value="horoho" Patricia D. Horoho5 Dec 2011   41982 (ROTC) 29 (1960–) Wife of former government official Raymond T. Horoho.[6]
26data-sort-value="terry" James L. Terry10 Jan 2012   31978 (NGC) 34 (1957–)
27data-sort-value="legere" Mary A. Legere2 Apr 2012  
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Intelligence, Army Staff (DCS G-2), 2012–2016.
41982 (ROTC) 30
28data-sort-value="palumbo" Raymond P. Palumbo26 Apr 2012  
  • Director for Defense Intelligence (Warfighter Support) (DDIWS), 2012–2015.
31981 (USMA) 31 (1956–)
29data-sort-value="nicholas" Theodore C. Nicholas II24 May 2012  
  • Assistant Director of National Intelligence, Partner Engagement, Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ADNI-PE), 2012–2015.
31978 (ROTC) 34
30data-sort-value="halverson" David D. Halverson4 Jun 2012   41979 (USMA) 33 (1957–)
31data-sort-value="talley" Jeffrey W. Talley9 Jun 2012   41981 (ROTC) 31 (1959–)
data-sort-value="allyn" Daniel B. Allyn22 Jun 2012   11981 (USMA) 30 (1959–) Promoted to general, 10 May 2013.
data-sort-value="brown" Robert B. Brown4 Jul 2012   41981 (USMA) 31 (1959–) Promoted to general, 30 Apr 2016.
32data-sort-value="garrettwilliam" William B. Garrett III20 Jul 2012   41981 (NGC) 31 (1953–)
33data-sort-value="cleveland" Charles T. Cleveland24 Jul 2012   31978 (USMA) 34 (1956–)
34data-sort-value="hogg" David R. Hogg26 Jul 2012   31981 (USMA) 31 (1958–)
35data-sort-value="barclay" James O. Barclay III 21978 (USMA) 34
36data-sort-value="mcquistion" Patricia E. McQuistion2 Aug 2012   31980 (ROTC) 32
37data-sort-value="bowman" Mark S. Bowman22 Sep 2012  
  • Director, Command, Control, Communications and Computers/Cyber, Joint Staff, J6, 2012–2016.
41978 (Norwich) 34
38data-sort-value="hodges" Frederick B. Hodges III30 Nov 2012   61980 (USMA) 32 (1958–)
data-sort-value="milley" Mark A. Milley20 Dec 2012   21980 (ROTC) 32 Promoted to general, 15 Aug 2014.
39data-sort-value="tovo" Kenneth E. Tovo13 Feb 2013   51983 (USMA) 30 (1961–)
40data-sort-value="huggins" James L. Huggins Jr.8 Mar 2013   21980 (ROTC) 34
41data-sort-value="anderson" Joseph Anderson6 Jun 2013   61981 (USMA) 32 (1959–)
42data-sort-value="linnington" Michael S. Linnington27 Jun 2013   21980 (USMA) 33 (1958–) Director, Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, 2015–2016.[9]
43data-sort-value="champoux" Bernard S. Champoux27 Jun 2013   31977 (OCS) 36
44data-sort-value="spoehr" Thomas W. Spoehr17 Jul 2013  
  • Director, Army Office of Business Transformation (DIROBT), 2013–2016.
31980 (ROTC) 33
45data-sort-value="tucker" Michael S. Tucker2 Aug 2013   31980 (OCS) 33 (1959–)
46data-sort-value="mann" David L. Mann12 Aug 2013   41981 (ROTC) 32 (–)
47data-sort-value="cardon" Edward C. Cardon2 Sep 2013   51982 (USMA) 31 (1960–)
data-sort-value="abrams" Robert B. Abrams3 Sep 2013   21982 (USMA) 31 (1960–) Promoted to general, 10 Aug 2015. Son of Army four-star general Creighton Abrams and brother of Army four-star general John N. Abrams.
48data-sort-value="darpino" Flora D. Darpino 41987 (direct) 26 (1961–) First woman to become Judge Advocate General of the United States Army.
49data-sort-value="wiggins" Perry L. Wiggins4 Sep 2013   31983 (ROTC) 30 (1962–)
50data-sort-value="mayville" William C. Mayville Jr.6 Nov 2013   51982 (USMA) 31
51data-sort-value="ferrellrobert" Robert S. Ferrell23 Dec 2013   41983 (ROTC) 30 First African-American to serve as Army chief information officer.
52data-sort-value="lanza" Stephen R. Lanza7 Feb 2014   31980 (USMA) 34 (1957–)
53data-sort-value="sacolick" Bennet S. Sacolick21 Mar 2014   21982 (OCS) 32
54data-sort-value="mangum" Kevin W. Mangum28 Mar 2014   31982 (USMA) 32 (1960–)
55data-sort-value="williamson" Michael E. Williamson4 Apr 2014   31983 (ROTC) 31
data-sort-value="thomas" Raymond A. Thomas III22 May 2014   21980 (USMA) 34 (1958–) Promoted to general, 30 Mar 2016.
56data-sort-value="crutchfield" Anthony G. Crutchfield6 Jun 2014   31982 (ROTC) 32 (1960–)
57data-sort-value="mcmaster" H. R. McMaster15 Jul 2014   41984 (USMA) 30 (1962–) Resigned, 2018.[10]
58data-sort-value="donahue" Patrick J. Donahue II29 Jul 2014   31980 (USMA) 34 (1957–)
data-sort-value="mcconville" James C. McConville 31981 (USMA) 33 (1959–) Promoted to general, 16 Jun 2017.
59data-sort-value="macfarland" Sean B. MacFarland8 Aug 2014   41981 (USMA) 33 (1959–)
60data-sort-value="dyson" Karen E. Dyson12 Aug 2014   31980 (ROTC) 34 (1959–) First female finance officer in any service to achieve three-star rank.[13]
data-sort-value="perna" Gustave F. Perna
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics, Army Staff (DCS G-4), 2014–2016.
21981 (VFMAC) 33 (1960–) Promoted to general, 30 Sep 2016.
data-sort-value="nicholson" John W. Nicholson Jr.23 Oct 2014   21982 (USMA) 32 (1960–) Promoted to general, 2 Mar 2016. Son of Army brigadier general John W. Nicholson; nephew of U.S. Secretary of Veterans Affairs Robert J. Nicholson.
61data-sort-value="ierardi" Anthony R. Ierardi11 Dec 2014   51982 (ROTC) 32 (1960–)
62data-sort-value="quantock" David E. Quantock 41980 (Norwich) 34 (1962–) Provost Marshal General, U.S. Army, 2011–2014.
63data-sort-value="rudesheim" Frederick S. Rudesheim1 Jan 2015   21981 (ROTC) 34 Director, William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, 2018–2022.[14]
64data-sort-value="disalvo" Joseph P. DiSalvo27 Mar 2015   31981 (USMA) 34
65data-sort-value="kadavy" Timothy J. Kadavy 41987 (ROTC) 28 (1963–)
66data-sort-value="wyche" Larry D. Wyche10 Apr 2015   21982 (ROTC) 33 (1957–)
data-sort-value="townsend" Stephen J. Townsend 31982 (NGC) 33 (1959–) Promoted to general, 3 Mar 2018.
67data-sort-value="cheek" Gary H. Cheek
  • Director, Army Staff (DAS), 2015–2018.
31980 (USMA) 35
68data-sort-value="lewis" Ronald F. Lewis23 Jul 2015   01987 (USMA) 28 (1966–) Relieved, 2015.[15]
69data-sort-value="lynn" Alan R. Lynn23 Jul 2015   31979 (ROTC) 36
70data-sort-value="shields" Michael H. Shields27 Jul 2015   31983 (Norwich) 32
data-sort-value="hokanson" Daniel R. Hokanson 51986 (USMA) 29 (1963–) Promoted to general, 3 Aug 2020.
data-sort-value="murray" John M. Murray 31982 (ROTC) 33 (1960–) Promoted to general, 24 Aug 2018.
data-sort-value="lyons" Stephen R. Lyons 31983 (ROTC) 32 (–) Promoted to general, 24 Aug 2018.
71data-sort-value="dahl" Kenneth R. Dahl3 Nov 2015   31982 (USMA) 33
data-sort-value="garrett" Michael X. Garrett 41984 (ROTC) 31 (1961–) Promoted to general, 21 Mar 2019. Chairman, American Battle Monuments Commission, 2023–present.[16] [17]
72data-sort-value="vandal" Thomas S. Vandal2 Feb 2016   21982 (USMA) 34 (1960–2018)[18]
73data-sort-value="west" Nadja Y. West9 Feb 2016   31982 (USMA) 34 (1961–) First African-American woman to achieve the rank of lieutenant general in the Army.[19]
74data-sort-value="ashley" Robert P. Ashley Jr.2 Mar 2016   41984 (ROTC) 32 (1960–)
data-sort-value="miller" Austin S. Miller 21983 (USMA) 33 (1961–) Promoted to general, 2 Sep 2018.
75data-sort-value="nagata" Michael K. Nagata 31982 (ROTC) 34 (1954–)
76data-sort-value="semonite" Todd T. Semonite19 May 2016   41979 (USMA) 37 (1957–)
77data-sort-value="lundy" Michael D. Lundy1 Jun 2016   31987 (ROTC) 29
data-sort-value="williamsdarryl" Darryl A. Williams 61983 (USMA) 33 (1961–) Promoted to general, 27 Jun 2022. First African-American superintendent of the U.S. Military Academy.[20]
78data-sort-value="bingham" Gwendolyn Bingham29 Jun 2016  
  • Assistant Chief of Staff, Installation Management, Army Staff (ACSIM), 2016–2019.
31981 (ROTC) 35 (1959–) Quartermaster General, U.S. Army, 2010–2012.
79data-sort-value="luckey" Charles D. Luckey30 Jun 2016   41977 (ROTC) 39 (1955–)
80data-sort-value="twitty" Stephen M. Twitty15 Jul 2016   41985 (ROTC) 31 (1963–)
81data-sort-value="buchanan" Jeffrey S. Buchanan26 Aug 2016   31982 (ROTC) 34
82data-sort-value="piggee" Aundre F. Piggee30 Sep 2016  
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics, Army Staff (DCS G-4), 2016–2019.
31981 (ROTC) 36 (1959–)
data-sort-value="nakasone" Paul M. Nakasone
  • Commanding General, U.S. Army Cyber Command/Commanding General, Second U.S. Army/Commander, Joint Force Headquarters - U.S. Army Cyber Command (CG ARCYBER/CDRJFHQ-ARCYBER), 2016–2017.
  • Commanding General, U.S. Army Cyber Command/Commander, Joint Force Headquarters - U.S. Army Cyber Command (CG ARCYBER/CDRJFHQ-ARCYBER), 2017–2018.
21986 (ROTC) 32 (1963–) Promoted to general, 4 May 2018. Director, National Security Agency, 2018–2024.
83data-sort-value="hoover" Reynold N. Hoover 21983 (USMA) 33 (1961–)
data-sort-value="dickinson" James H. Dickinson 31985 (ROTC) 32 (–) Promoted to general, 20 Aug 2020.
data-sort-value="funk" Paul E. Funk II 21984 (ROTC) 33 (1962–) Promoted to general, 21 Jun 2019. Son and son-in-law of Army lieutenant generals Paul E. Funk and John J. Yeosock.
84data-sort-value="volesky" Gary J. Volesky3 Apr 2017   31983 (ROTC) 30 (1961–)
85data-sort-value="williamsdarrell" Darrell K. Williams1 May 2017   31983 (ROTC) 34 (1961–) President, Hampton University, 2022–present.[22]
data-sort-value="fenton" Bryan P. Fenton 51987 (ROTC) 30 (1965–) Promoted to general, 30 Aug 2022.
86data-sort-value="ostrowski" Paul A. Ostrowski15 May 2017   31985 (USMA) 32 (–) Director, Supply, Production, and Distribution, Operation Warp Speed/Federal COVID-19 Response for Vaccine and Therapeutics, 2020–2021.[23]
87data-sort-value="seamands" Thomas C. Seamands26 May 2017   31981 (ROTC) 36 (1959–)
data-sort-value="richardsonlaura" Laura J. Richardson 41986 (ROTC) 31 (1963–) Promoted to general, 29 Oct 2021. Wife of Army lieutenant general James M. Richardson.
88data-sort-value="pede" Charles N. Pede 41984 (ROTC) 33
89data-sort-value="hooper" Charles W. Hooper31 Jul 2017   31979 (USMA) 38 (1957–)
data-sort-value="clarke" Richard D. Clarke Jr.
  • Director, Strategic Plans and Policy, Joint Staff, J5/Senior Member, U.S. Delegation to the U.N. Military Staff Committee (Sr. Member MSC), 2017–2019.
21984 (USMA) 33 (1960–) Promoted to general, 29 Mar 2019.
data-sort-value="daly" Edward M. Daly1 Aug 2017   31987 (USMA) 30 (1965–) Promoted to general, 2 Jul 2020.
90data-sort-value="crawford" Bruce T. Crawford 31986 (ROTC) 31
91data-sort-value="horlander" Thomas A. Horlander 41983 (OCS) 34
92data-sort-value="wendt" Eric P. Wendt31 Oct 2017  
  • U.S. Security Coordinator, Israel-Palestinian Authority (USSC PNA), 2017–2019.
  • Commander, NATO Special Operations Headquarters (CDRNSHQ), 2019–2021.
41986 (ROTC) 31
93data-sort-value="bills" Michael A. Bills5 Jan 2018   21983 (ROTC) 35 (1958–)
data-sort-value="cavoli" Christopher G. Cavoli 21987 (ROTC) 31 (–) Promoted to general, 1 Oct 2020.
data-sort-value="lacamera" Paul J. LaCamera 11985 (USMA) 33 (1963–) Promoted to general, 18 Nov 2019. Brother-in-law of Army major general Jeffrey L. Bannister.
94data-sort-value="berrier" Scott D. Berrier 61983 (ROTC) 35 (1962–)
95data-sort-value="smith" Leslie C. Smith 31983 (ROTC) 35
96data-sort-value="martintheodore" Theodore D. Martin 41983 (USMA) 35 (1960–)
97data-sort-value="wesley" Eric J. Wesley12 Apr 2018   21986 (USMA) 32 (1964–)
98data-sort-value="fogarty" Stephen G. Fogarty
  • Commanding General, U.S. Army Cyber Command/Commander, Joint Force Headquarters - U.S. Army Cyber Command (CG ARCYBER/CDRJFHQ-ARCYBER), 2018–2022.
41983 (NGC) 35 (–)
99data-sort-value="rogers" Darsie D. Rogers Jr.24 May 2018   21987 (ROTC) 31
100data-sort-value="beaudette" Francis M. Beaudette 31989 (Citadel) 29
data-sort-value="martinjoseph" Joseph M. Martin
  • Director, Army Staff (DAS), 2018–2019.
11986 (USMA) 32 (1962–) Promoted to general, 26 Jul 2019.
101data-sort-value="thomson" John C. Thomson III3 Aug 2018   21986 (USMA) 32 (1961–)
102data-sort-value="pasquarette" James F. Pasquarette 31983 (ROTC) 35 (1961–)
103data-sort-value="richardsonjames" James M. Richardson 41983 (ROTC) 35 (1960–) Husband of Army four-star general Laura J. Richardson.[24]
104data-sort-value="becker" Bradley A. Becker5 Sep 2018   11986 (ROTC) 32 (–) Relieved, 2019.[25]
105data-sort-value="james" Thomas S. James Jr. 31985 (Citadel) 33 (1963–)
data-sort-value="rainey" James E. Rainey 41987 (ROTC) 33 (–) Promoted to general, 4 Oct 2022.
data-sort-value="poppas" Andrew P. Poppas 31988 (USMA) 31 (1966–) Promoted to general, 8 Jul 2022.
106data-sort-value="ferrellterry" Terry R. Ferrell 21984 (ROTC) 35 (1962–)
107data-sort-value="gibson" Karen H. Gibson28 Mar 2019  
  • Deputy Director of National Intelligence, National Security Partnerships (DDNI-NSP), 2019–2020.
11986 (ROTC)[26] 33 Sergeant at Arms, U.S. Senate, 2021–present.[27]
108data-sort-value="thurgood" L. Neil Thurgood 31986 (ROTC) 33
109data-sort-value="piatt" Walter E. Piatt
  • Director, Army Staff (DAS), 2019–2024.
51987 (ROTC) 32 (–) Served eight years in the enlisted ranks before receiving his commission in 1987.
110data-sort-value="white" Robert P. White 31986 (ROTC) 33 (1963–)
111data-sort-value="quintas" Leopoldo A. Quintas Jr. 21986 (USMA) 33 (1964–)
data-sort-value="flynncharles" Charles A. Flynn 21985 (ROTC) 34 (1963–) Promoted to general, 4 Jun 2021. Brother of Army lieutenant general and former National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn.
112data-sort-value="place" Ronald J. Place 433
113data-sort-value="gamble" Duane A. Gamble
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Logistics, Army Staff (DCS G-4), 2019–2022.
31985 (ROTC) 34 (–) Relieved, 2022.[29]
114data-sort-value="waddell" Ricky L. Waddell 21982 (USMA) 37 (1959–) Deputy National Security Advisor, 2017–2018.
115data-sort-value="evans" Jason T. Evans
  • Deputy Chief of Staff, Installations, Army Staff (DCS G-9), 2019–2022.
31981 (WMA) 38
116data-sort-value="dingle" R. Scott Dingle27 Sep 2019   51988 (ROTC) 31 (1965–)
data-sort-value="kurilla" Michael E. Kurilla7 Oct 2019   31988 (USMA) 31 (1966–) Promoted to general, 1 Apr 2022.
117data-sort-value="schwartz" Mark C. Schwartz 21987 (ROTC) 32
118data-sort-value="deedrick" E. John Deedrick Jr. 41988 (Citadel) 31
119data-sort-value="karbler" Daniel L. Karbler 51987 (USMA) 32 (1966–)

Timeline

2010–2019

History

See also: List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960.

Quasi-War

The rank of lieutenant general in the United States Army was established in 1798 when President John Adams commissioned George Washington in that grade to command the armies of the United States during the Quasi-War with France. The next year, Congress replaced the office of lieutenant general with that of General of the Armies of the United States but Washington died before accepting the new commission, remaining a lieutenant general until posthumously promoted to General of the Armies in 1976.[31]

Mexican War

In 1855 Congress rewarded the Mexican War service of Major General Winfield Scott by authorizing his promotion to brevet lieutenant general, to rank from 29 March 1847, the date of the Mexican surrender at the Siege of Veracruz.[32] As a lieutenant general only by brevet, Scott remained in the permanent grade of major general but was entitled to be paid as a lieutenant general from the date of his brevet commission, resulting in a public tussle with Secretary of War Jefferson Davis over the amount of backpay Scott was owed. Congress resolved all issues in Scott's favor once Davis left office in 1857, and allowed Scott to retire at full pay in 1861.[33]

Civil War

The grade of lieutenant general was revived in February 1864 to allow President Abraham Lincoln to promote Major General Ulysses S. Grant to command the armies of the United States during the American Civil War. After the war, Grant was promoted to general and his vacant lieutenant general grade was filled by Major General William T. Sherman. When Grant became President in 1869, Sherman succeeded him as general and Major General Philip H. Sheridan succeeded Sherman as lieutenant general. Congress suspended further promotions to general and lieutenant general in 1870, but made an exception in 1888 to promote Sheridan on his deathbed by discontinuing the grade of lieutenant general and merging it with the grade of general.[34]

In 1895 Congress briefly revived the grade of lieutenant general to promote Sheridan's successor as commanding general of the Army, Major General John M. Schofield. Schofield had lobbied for the grade to be permanently reestablished in order to cement the primacy of all future commanding generals over the Army's other major generals. However, Congress regarded the lieutenant generalcy as the penultimate military accolade, second only to promotion to full general, and refused to devalue the title's significance by conferring it on any future commanding general less eminent than previous recipients. Instead, Schofield himself was promoted to lieutenant general as a one-time personal honor eight months before he retired.[35] In retirement Schofield argued that the rank of lieutenant general ought to be permanently associated with the office of commanding general, not the individual officers occupying it, and that an officer serving as commanding general should hold the ex officio rank of lieutenant general while so detailed but revert to his permanent grade of major general upon leaving office. Over the next five decades, Schofield's concept of lieutenant general as temporary ex officio rank would slowly prevail over the concept of lieutenant general as permanent personal grade.[36]

Spanish–American War

The question of whether the lieutenant generalcy should be a permanent personal grade or a temporary ex officio rank was phrased in terms of the line of the Army, whose officers commanded combat formations, and its staff, whose officers performed specialized support functions. Permanent personal promotions to general officer grades were only available in the line, but staff officers could temporarily acquire general officer rank while detailed to an office bearing that statutory rank, so officers holding the permanent grade of general officer were called general officers of the line and ex officio general officers were called general officers of the staff.[37]

In June 1900 Schofield's successor as commanding general, Major General Nelson A. Miles, was made a lieutenant general of the staff by an amendment to the United States Military Academy appropriations bill that granted the rank of lieutenant general to the senior major general of the line commanding the Army.[38] Eight months later, the 1901 Army reorganization bill replaced this ex officio rank with the permanent grade of lieutenant general of the line.[39] When Miles retired in 1903, the senior major general was Adjutant General Henry C. Corbin, but as a staff corps officer Corbin was ineligible to command the Army, so the lieutenant generalcy went instead to the senior major general of the line, Samuel B. M. Young. Young reached the statutory retirement age five months later and was succeeded by Adna R. Chaffee. Seniority and scheduled retirements suggested that Chaffee would be succeeded in 1906 by Arthur MacArthur Jr., but both Corbin and Major General John C. Bates were scheduled to retire for age that year and it was decided that MacArthur's ascension would not be materially delayed by first promoting Bates and Corbin to lieutenant general for the few months of active duty remaining to them.[40]

Corbin's promotion became controversial when he declined to be detailed as chief of staff of the Army. Corbin felt the chief of staff should be a younger officer with the time and energy to enact a long-range program, not a superannuated placeholder on the cusp of retirement, so when Bates retired Corbin became lieutenant general but Brigadier General J. Franklin Bell became chief of staff.[41] However, by divorcing the Army's highest grade from its highest office, Corbin had again reduced the lieutenant generalcy to a personal honor. Many in Congress believed Corbin was not in the same class as Grant, Sherman, Sheridan, and Schofield, and pressed to abolish the lieutenant generalcy immediately, but after a heated debate MacArthur's supporters managed to preserve the grade until after MacArthur's promotion.[42]

MacArthur was promoted to lieutenant general in August 1906. Since he was the last Civil War officer expected to succeed to the grade, Congress stopped further promotions to lieutenant general in March 1907 and stated that the active-duty grade would be abolished when MacArthur retired.[43] Later that month, MacArthur asked to be relieved of his duties, disgruntled at his anomalous position of being the ranking officer of the Army yet consigned to the command of a mere division and subject to orders from an officer he outranked, Chief of Staff Bell, whose four-year term extended beyond MacArthur's statutory retirement date. MacArthur returned home to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he marked time writing up travel reports until he retired in 1909.[44]

World War I

In October 1917, Congress authorized the President to appoint as generals the chief of staff of the Army and the commander of the United States forces in France, and as lieutenant generals the commanders of the field armies and army corps, so that they would not be outranked by their counterparts in allied European armies. Unlike previous incarnations, these new grades were time-limited, authorized only for the duration of the World War I emergency, after which their bearers would revert to their lower permanent grades. The commander of the American Expeditionary Force, Major General John J. Pershing, was immediately appointed emergency general, as were two successive Army chiefs of staff, but no emergency lieutenant generals were named for over a year because the armies they would command had not yet been organized.[45]

On 21 October 1918, Major Generals Hunter Liggett, commander of the First Army, and Robert L. Bullard, commander of the Second Army, were nominated to be emergency lieutenant generals, less than three weeks before the Armistice.[46] With victory imminent, Secretary of War Newton D. Baker sought legislation to reward the Army's high commanders by making their emergency grades permanent. However, Army Chief of Staff Peyton C. March had alienated many members of Congress by unilaterally reorganizing the Army without their input and his enemies blocked every effort to honor any officer but Pershing with higher rank. In the end, Pershing was promoted to permanent General of the Armies, but March, Liggett, and Bullard reverted to their permanent grades of major general when their emergency grades expired on 1 July 1920.[47]

After the war, there were a number of unsuccessful attempts to retire as lieutenant generals a list of officers that variously included Major Generals March, Liggett, Bullard, Enoch H. Crowder, Joseph T. Dickman, Leonard Wood, John F. Morrison, James G. Harbord, James W. McAndrew, Henry P. McCain, Charles P. Summerall, Ernest Hinds, Harry F. Hodges, William Campbell Langfitt, and George W. Goethals; Surgeon General Merritte W. Ireland; and Colonel William L. Kenly.[48] Finally, on 7 August 1929, the Army chief of engineers, Major General Edgar Jadwin, was retired as a lieutenant general by a 1915 law that automatically promoted officers one grade upon retirement if they had helped build the Panama Canal.[49] There was some consternation that a peacetime staff corps officer had secured more or less by chance a promotion deliberately withheld from the victorious field commanders of World War I, so the year after Jadwin's promotion all World War I officers were advanced to their highest wartime ranks on the retired list, including Liggett and Bullard.[50]

In 1942, Congress allowed retired Army generals to be advanced one grade on the retired list or posthumously if they had been recommended in writing during World War I for promotion to a higher rank which they had not since received, provided they had also been awarded the Medal of Honor, the Distinguished Service Cross, or the Distinguished Service Medal; retired Major Generals James G. Harbord and William M. Wright were both advanced to lieutenant general under this provision.[51]

Interwar

After Pershing retired in 1924, the rank of the Army chief of staff reverted to major general, the highest permanent grade in the peacetime Army. However, the Navy continued to maintain three ex officio vice admirals and four ex officio admirals, including the chief of naval operations, so in 1929 Congress raised the ex officio rank of the Army chief of staff to full general.[52] In 1939 Congress also assigned the ex officio rank of lieutenant general to the major generals of the Regular Army specifically assigned to command each of the four field armies, allowing President Franklin D. Roosevelt to appoint the first new active-duty lieutenant generals since World War I: First Army commander Hugh A. Drum, Second Army commander Stanley H. Ford, Third Army commander Stanley D. Embick, and Fourth Army commander Albert J. Bowley. Congress extended similar rank in July 1940 to the major generals commanding the Panama Canal and Hawaiian Departments.[53]

As general officers of the staff, these new lieutenant generals bore three-star rank only while actually commanding a field army or department, and reverted to their permanent two-star rank upon being reassigned or retired. However, during World War II most lieutenant generals of the staff received concurrent personal appointments as temporary lieutenant generals in the Army of the United States so that they could be reassigned without loss of rank. Postwar legislation allowed officers to retire in their highest temporary grades, so most lieutenant generals of the staff eventually retired at that rank.[54] Of the lieutenant generals of the staff who were never appointed temporary lieutenant generals, Albert J. Bowley, Stanley H. Ford, Charles D. Herron, Daniel Van Voorhis, Herbert J. Brees, and Walter C. Short retired as major generals upon reaching the statutory retirement age; and Lloyd R. Fredendall qualified to retire in grade due to physical disability incurred during his term as lieutenant general. After the war, Brees and Short both applied to be advanced to lieutenant general on the retired list under a 1948 law; Brees was promoted but the administration specifically declined to advance Short, who had been relieved of command of the Hawaiian Department a few days after the defeat at Pearl Harbor.[55]

World War II

In September 1940, Congress authorized the President to appoint Regular Army officers to temporary higher grades in the Army of the United States during time of war or national emergency. The first temporary lieutenant general appointed under this authority was Major General Delos C. Emmons, Commander, General Headquarters Air Force; followed by Major General Lesley J. McNair, Chief of Staff, General Headquarters, U.S. Army. In July 1941, retired four-star general Douglas MacArthur was recalled to active duty and appointed temporary lieutenant general as Commanding General, U.S. Army Forces in the Far East.[56]

Dozens of officers were promoted to temporary lieutenant general during World War II. Lieutenant generals typically commanded one of the numbered field armies or air forces; served as deputy theater commanders; or headed major headquarters staffs, administrative commands, or support organizations. Officers were only allowed to retire in their temporary grades if they were retired due to disability incurred in the line of duty, but those compelled by good health to retire in a lower grade were eventually restored to their highest wartime ranks on the retired list.[57]

Subject to Senate approval, anyone could be appointed temporary lieutenant general, even a civilian. In January 1942, the outgoing Director General of the Office of Production Management, William S. Knudsen, was commissioned temporary lieutenant general in the Army of the United States, the only civilian ever to join the Army at such a high initial rank.[58]

Postwar

The modern office of lieutenant general was established by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, which authorized the President to designate certain positions of importance and responsibility to carry the ex officio rank of general or lieutenant general, to be filled by officers holding the permanent or temporary grade of major general or higher. Officers could retire in their highest active-duty rank, subject to Senate approval. The total number of positions allowed to carry such rank was capped at 15 percent of the total number of general officers, which worked out initially to nine generals and thirty-five lieutenant generals, of whom four generals and seventeen lieutenant generals were required to be in the Air Corps. All Air Corps personnel were transferred in grade to the United States Air Force by the National Security Act of 1947.[59]

Lieutenant generals typically headed divisions of the General Staff in Washington, D.C.; field armies in Europe, Japan, and the continental United States; the Army command in the Pacific; the unified command in the Caribbean; the occupation force in Austria; and senior educational institutions such as the National War College, the Army War College, and the Armed Forces Staff College. During the Korean War, the commanding general of the Eighth Army was elevated to full general, and the Eighth Army deputy commanding general and subordinate corps commanders were elevated to lieutenant general.

By mid-1952, the number of active-duty general officers had swelled to nearly twice its World War II peak. In response, Congress enacted the Officer Grade Limitation Act of 1954, which tied the maximum number of generals to the total number of officers. However, the real limit was the so-called Stennis ceiling imposed by Mississippi Senator John C. Stennis, whose Senate Armed Services Committee refused to confirm general or flag officer nominations beyond what he considered to be a reasonable total, which typically was much lower than the statutory limit. The Stennis ceiling remained in effect from the mid-1950s until the post-Vietnam War drawdown.[60]

Unlike the temporary general and flag officer ranks of World War II, the 1947 ranks were attached to offices, not individuals, and were lost if an officer was reassigned to a lesser job. Army generals almost always preferred to retire rather than revert to a lower permanent grade. A rare exception was Lt. Gen. John W. O'Daniel, who temporarily relinquished his third star upon becoming chief of the Military Assistance Advisory Group in French Indochina so that he would not outrank the theater commander in chief, French lieutenant general Henri Navarre. O'Daniel got his star back five months later when France withdrew from Indochina following Navarre's defeat at Dien Bien Phu.[61]

The rules dictating appointment of lieutenant generals, including the role of the Senate in confirming nominees, have remained largely consistent since the passing of the 1947 act, only changing periodically with congressionally dictated amendments to general and flag officer distributions.[62] Section 526 of the United States Code codifies the limits placed on general and flag officer appointments, specifying further for appointments above two-star grade.

The formation of a series of new agencies directly under the Department of Defense in the 1960s and succeeding decades due to interservice deficiencies between the military departments necessitated an increase in joint duty three-star appointments.[63] The same became true for the two-star chiefs of service reserve commands in 2001[64] and service judge advocates general in 2008,[65] courtesy of the annually passed National Defense Authorization Acts.

War on Terror

The national emergency declared by President George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11 attacks[66] effectively removed all statutory limits for general officers in the Army. This resulted in the creation of a disproportionate number of lieutenant general billets for operations against extremist groups in the Middle East as part of the War on Terror, as land warfare was predominant against the guerilla tactics of groups such as al-Qaeda, ISIL and the Taliban.[67] It thus became commonplace for corps or field army commanders in the United States to be dual-hatted as the commander of a coalition force in support of such campaigns, such as Multi-National Corps – Iraq. A majority of eminent generals in the 2000s and 2010s either served as three-star field commanders or coalition commanders in the Middle Eastern theater of operations, including John Abizaid, David Petraeus, Peter Chiarelli,[68] Raymond Odierno and Lloyd Austin.

In anticipation of the end of the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan in 2011 and 2021 respectively, Congress moved to sharply reduce general and flag officer caps in directly preceding years, coinciding with the deactivations or American withdrawal from the respective campaigns' attached three-star and four-star commands.[69] [70] The latest of these cuts, as part of the National Defense Authorization Act of 2017,[71] reduces the present cap further to 220 for the Army, 151 for the Navy, 187 for the Air Force, and 62 for the Marine Corps.[72]

Modern use

Aside from the conventional role of lieutenant generals as corps or field army commanders, three-star billets in the United States Army also include senior staff positions under the authority of the four-star chief and vice chief of staff (such as the director of the Army staff), high-level specialty positions like the judge advocate general,[73] chief of engineers,[74] surgeon general[74] and chief of Army Reserve,[75] deputy commanders of four-star Army commands and the commanders of the Army service component commands. The superintendent of the United States Military Academy has also been a lieutenant general without interruption since 1981, as has been the director of the Army National Guard[76] since 2001.[77]

About 20 to 30 joint service three-star billets exist at any given time that can be occupied by an Army lieutenant general, among the most prestigious being the director of the Joint Staff (DJS), principal staff advisor to the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and historically considered a stepping stone to four-star rank.[78] All deputy commanders of the unified combatant commands are of three-star rank, as are directors of Defense Agencies not headed by a civilian such as the director of the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIRDIA).[79] Internationally-based three-star positions include the United States military representative to the NATO Military Committee (USMILREP), the commander of Allied Land Command (LANDCOM), and the security coordinator for the Palestinian National Authority in Israel. All nominees for three-star rank must be confirmed via majority by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank.[80]

Statutory limits, elevations and reductions

The U.S. Code states that no more than 38 officers in the U.S. Army may be promoted beyond the rank of major general and below the rank of general on the active duty list.[81] However, the President[81] may designate up to 15 additional three-star appointments, with the condition that for every service branch allotted such additional three-star appointments, an equivalent number must be reduced from other service branches. Other exceptions exist for non-active duty or reserve appointments, as well as other circumstances.[82] As such, three-star positions can be elevated to four-star grade or reduced to two-star grade when necessary, either to highlight their increasing importance to the defense apparatus (or lack thereof) or to achieve parity with equivalent commands in other services or regions. Few three-star positions are set by statute, leading to their increased volatility as they do not require congressional approval to be downgraded.

Senate confirmations

Military nominations are considered by the Senate Armed Services Committee. While it is rare for three-star or four-star nominations to face even token opposition in the Senate, nominations that do face opposition due to controversy surrounding the nominee in question are typically withdrawn. Nominations that are not withdrawn are allowed to expire without action at the end of the legislative session.

Additionally, events that take place after Senate confirmation may still delay or even prevent the nominee from assuming office.

Legislative history

The following list of Congressional legislation includes all acts of Congress pertaining to appointments to the grade of lieutenant general in the United States Army from 2010 to 2019.

Each entry lists an act of Congress, its citation in the United States Statutes at Large or Public Law number, and a summary of the act's relevance, with officers affected by the act bracketed where applicable. Positions listed without reference to rank are assumed to be eligible for officers of three-star grade or higher.

Legislation! width = 105
CitationSummary
Act of January 7, 2011[Ike Skelton National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011] 
 
  • Authorized officers frocked to grade of lieutenant general or general to wear the insignia of that grade for up to 14 days before assuming position for which that grade is authorized.
  • Repealed 30-day waiting period following congressional notification before officers below grade of lieutenant general or vice admiral may wear insignia of the next higher grade.
Act of December 31, 2011[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012] 
  • Reestablished position of vice chief of the National Guard Bureau and assigned officeholder statutory grade of lieutenant general.
  • Excluded vice chief of the National Guard Bureau from general and flag officer distribution limits.
Act of December 23, 2016[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017] 
 
 
 
 
 
  • Repealed authorization for the Chief of Staff to the President, if a general or flag officer of the United States Armed Forces, to be designated a position of importance and responsibility with grade of lieutenant general or vice admiral.[104]
  • Removed statutory requirement for the director of the Department of Defense Test Resource Management Center, if a commissioned officer, to hold grade of lieutenant general or vice admiral.
  • Repealed statutory requirement for the director of the Missile Defense Agency, if a commissioned officer, to hold grade of lieutenant general or vice admiral.[105]
  • Repealed statutory requirement for senior members of the United Nations Military Staff Committee to hold grade of lieutenant general or vice admiral.[106]
  • Repealed statutory requirement for the directors of the Army National Guard and Air National Guard to hold grade of lieutenant general (Timothy J. Kadavy).[107]
  • Repealed statutory requirement for chiefs of Army branches (chief of engineers, surgeon general, judge advocate general) to hold grade of lieutenant general (Todd T. Semonite, Nadja Y. West, Flora D. Darpino).
  • Repealed statutory requirement for the chief of Army Reserve to hold grade of lieutenant general (Charles D. Luckey).
Act of December 12, 2017[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2018] 
  • Repealed statutory requirement for the principal military deputy to the assistant secretary of the Army for acquisition, technology, and logistics to hold grade of lieutenant general (Michael E. Williamson).
Act of December 12, 2019[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020] 
  • Required advice and consent of the Senate on any proposal by the secretary of defense to increase the retired grade of any military officer through the reopening of the determination or certification of said officer's retired grade.

See also

References

Notes

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Cortez. Steve. Lt. Gen. William N. Phillips retires after 38 years of service [Image 6 of 10]]. April 4, 2014. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523121751/https://www.dvidshub.net/image/1224301/lt-gen-william-n-phillips-retires-after-38-years-service. May 23, 2022. U.S. Army. Joint Base Myer–Henderson Hall, Virginia. DVIDS.
  2. Web site: Sullivan. Becky. University Of South Carolina President Resigns After Plagiarizing Part Of Speech. May 13, 2021. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210514020726/https://www.npr.org/2021/05/13/996523535/university-of-south-carolina-president-resigns-after-plagiarizing-commencement-s. May 14, 2021. NPR.
  3. Web site: Our Leadership National Veterans Memorial & Museum. May 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220512082456/https://nationalvmm.org/about/board-staff/leadership/. May 12, 2022. National Veterans Memorial and Museum.
  4. Web site: Former U.S. Army Chief Information Officer Gen. Susan Lawrence (Ret.) Joins Accenture Federal Services. October 31, 2017. May 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419225747/https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/former-us-army-chief-information-officer-gen-susan-lawrence-ret-joins-accenture-federal-services.htm. April 19, 2021. Arlington, Virginia. Accenture.com.
  5. News: Censer. Marjorie. Forty years after enlisting in the Army, three-star general accepts first private sector gig. February 14, 2014. May 21, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523123201/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/capitalbusiness/forty-years-after-enlisting-in-the-army-three-star-general-accepts-first-private-sector-gig/2014/02/14/988ed3c6-9262-11e3-b46a-5a3d0d2130da_story.html. May 23, 2022. The Washington Post.
  6. Web site: Biography - Raymond T. Horoho. November 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20201102192205/https://www.asamra.army.mil/docs/bio-horoho.pdf. November 2, 2020. Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs.
  7. Web site: History of CJTF-OIR. March 9, 2020. May 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220425220055/https://www.inherentresolve.mil/Portals/14/Documents/20200903_History_of_CJTF-OIR.pdf?ver=mIQbnGWQSx_UTq-2Ho3Y2w%3D%3D. 25 April 2022. Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve.
  8. Web site: U.S., NATO formally end Afghanistan combat mission. December 8, 2014. May 20, 2022. Associated Press. Kabul, Afghanistan. Mercury News.
  9. Web site: Cahn. Dianna. POW-MIA families' meeting overshadowed by departure of DPAA leader. 2016-06-23. 2023-05-14. https://archive.today/20230514085304/https://www.stripes.com/pow-mia-families-meeting-overshadowed-by-departure-of-dpaa-leader-1.415907. 2023-05-14. Arlington, Virginia. Stars and Stripes.
  10. Web site: Ewing. Philip. Trump National Security Adviser H.R. McMaster To Resign, Be Replaced By John Bolton. March 22, 2018. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20180919175835/https://www.npr.org/2018/03/22/593283104/trump-national-security-adviser-h-r-mcmaster-to-resign-be-replaced-by-john-bolto. September 19, 2018. NPR.
  11. Web site: Sparks. Donald. III Corps assumes Operation Inherent Resolve mission. September 22, 2015. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210714122636/https://www.centcom.mil/MEDIA/NEWS-ARTICLES/News-Article-View/Article/885293/iii-corps-assumes-operation-inherent-resolve-mission/. July 14, 2021. Combined Joint Task Force - Operation Inherent Resolve. Southwest Asia. U.S. Central Command.
  12. Web site: Townsend Takes Command of Operation Inherent Resolve. August 21, 2016. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523114715/https://www.inherentresolve.mil/Releases/News-Releases/Article/920989/townsend-takes-command-of-operation-inherent-resolve/. May 23, 2022. Southwest Asia. Combined Joint Task Force - Operation Inherent Resolve.
  13. Web site: Ferdinando. Lisa. Army finance officer attains historic third star. 2014-08-14. 2023-05-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20151024114252/http://www.army.mil/article/131731/Army_finance_officer_attains_historic_third_star/. 2015-10-24. Army News Service. Washington, D. C.. U.S. Army.
  14. Web site: Farewell and Presentation of Public Service Medal to Perry Center Director. May 2, 2022. July 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220723051609/https://www.williamjperrycenter.org/center-news/farewell-and-presentation-public-service-medal-perry-center-director. July 23, 2022. William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies.
  15. News: Ryan. Missy. Whitlock. Craig. Pentagon chief Ashton Carter just fired his top military aide over 'misconduct'. November 12, 2015. August 20, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20151203032112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2015/11/12/pentagon-chief-ashton-carter-just-fired-his-top-military-adviser-over-misconduct/. December 3, 2015. The Washington Post.
  16. Web site: Byrnes. Ashleigh. The American Battle Monuments Commission welcomes U.S. Army Gen. (Ret.) Michael X. Garrett as new chairman. 2023-08-01. 2023-11-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107084001/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/450443/american-battle-monuments-commission-welcomes-us-army-gen-ret-michael-x-garrett-new-chairman. 2023-11-07. American Battle Monuments Commission. Arlington, Virginia. DVIDS.
  17. Web site: The Commission American Battle Monuments Commission. American Battle Monuments Commission. https://web.archive.org/web/20231107083831/https://www.abmc.gov/about-us/commission. November 7, 2023. American Battle Monuments Commission. November 7, 2023.
  18. Web site: Tan. Michelle. Newly retired 3-star, former commander of 8th Army, 2nd Infantry Division, dies. October 9, 2018. May 18, 2022. Army Times.
  19. Web site: Nadja West GW Alumni Association. May 18, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220307053542/https://www.alumni.gwu.edu/nadja-west. March 7, 2022. George Washington University Alumni.
  20. Web site: Maldonado. Samantha. West Point appoints Darryl A. Williams as first black superintendent. July 2, 2018. May 18, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220518175520/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/07/02/us/west-point-darryl-a-williams-first-black-superintendent/index.html. May 18, 2022. CNN.
  21. Web site: Operation Inherent Resolve Transitions Commanders for Defeat-ISIS Mission. September 13, 2018. May 14, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220514064002/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/1631934/operation-inherent-resolve-transitions-commanders-for-defeat-isis-mission/. May 14, 2022. U.S. Department of Defense.
  22. Web site: Hampton University Names Alumnus and Retired Three-Star General Darrell Williams as New President. April 13, 2022. May 14, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508004848/http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/Hampton-University-Names-Alumnus-and-Retired-Three--Star-General-Darrell-Williams-as-New-President. May 8, 2022. Hampton, Virginia. Hampton University News.
  23. News: Coronavirus: Vaccine Distribution with Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Paul Ostrowski. 2020-12-07. 2023-05-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20220126042346/https://www.washingtonpost.com/washington-post-live/2020/12/07/coronavirus-vaccine-distribution-with-lt-gen-paul-ostrowski/. 2022-01-26. Washington Post Live. The Washington Post.
  24. Web site: Lacdan. Joe. Husband and wife, both three-star generals, share secrets to dual family success. August 28, 2019. May 13, 2022. Washington, D. C.. U.S. Army News Service. Joint Base San Antonio.
  25. Web site: Schogol. Jeff. We finally know why the Army fired its three-star general in charge of housing. October 27, 2021. May 13, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220804104353/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/army-lt-gen-bradley-becker-firing/. August 4, 2022. Task & Purpose.
  26. Web site: Maddox. Mike. Lt. Gen. (Ret.) Karen H. Gibson. July 8, 2021. May 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523123522/https://www.army.mil/article/248068/lt_gen_ret_karen_h_gibson. May 23, 2022. U.S. Army.
  27. Web site: Sergeant at Arms Karen Gibson. May 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220509213841/https://www.senate.gov/reference/common/person/gibson-karen.htm. May 9, 2022. U.S. Senate.
  28. Web site: Coalition welcomes new commander, continues mission. September 10, 2020. May 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20200919065448/https://www.inherentresolve.mil/Releases/News-Releases/Article/2342126/coalition-welcomes-new-commander-continues-mission/. September 19, 2020. Southwest Asia. Combined Joint Task Force – Operation Inherent Resolve.
  29. Web site: Britzky. Haley. Army 3-star general suspended amid investigation into toxic climate and racist comments. February 16, 2022. May 13, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220412055618/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/army-general-duane-gamble-suspended-toxic-climate/. April 12, 2022. Task & Purpose.
  30. Web site: Lieutenant General Raymond S. Dingle (USA). May 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210514041545/https://www.gomo.army.mil/public/Biography/usa-9642/raymonds-dingle. May 14, 2021. General Officer Management Office.
  31. Acts of May 28, 1798, and March 3, 1799. Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part One.
  32. Senate Journal, 33rd Congress, 2nd session, 28 February 1855, 409: Nomination of Winfield Scott
  33. Acts of March 3, 1857, and August 3, 1861. Fry, pp. 208–209; Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part Five.
  34. Acts of July 28, 1866; July 15, 1870; and June 1, 1888. Bell, p. 24.
  35. Act of February 5, 1895. Connelly, p. 313.
  36. Connelly, p. 331.
  37. For statutory definitions of "general officer of the line" and "general officer of the staff," see Sec. 4, Act of June 3, 1916.
  38. Act of June 6, 1900.
  39. Act of February 2, 1901.
  40. .
  41. .
  42. .
  43. Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part Three.
  44. Act of March 2, 1907. ; Young, The General's General, pp. 332–334.
  45. Acts of July 15, 1870, and October 6, 1917. .
  46. .
  47. Act of June 4, 1920. Coffman, pp. 194–195.
  48. ; ; .
  49. Act of March 4, 1915. .
  50. Act of June 21, 1930. ; .
  51. Acts of June 13, 1940, and July 9, 1942. Army Register.
  52. Act of February 23, 1929. ; Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part Four.
  53. Acts of August 5, 1939, and July 31, 1940. .
  54. Act of August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947]. Army Register.
  55. Acts of June 29, 1943, and June 29, 1948 [Army and Air Force Vitalization and Retirement Equalization Act of 1948]. Army Register; Anderson, pp. 193–197; Dorn, p. I-1.
  56. Act of September 9, 1940. Wiener, "Three Stars and Up," Part Four.
  57. Acts of June 29, 1943; August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947]; and June 24, 1948 [Army and Air Force Vitalization and Retirement Equalization Act of 1948].
  58. .
  59. Acts of July 27, 1947 [National Security Act of 1947], and August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947].
  60. Mylander, pp. 26–27.
  61. Eckhardt, p. 11;
  62. Acts of November 5, 1990 [National Defense Authorization Act Year 1991], October 23, 1992 [National Defense Authorization Year 1993], February 10, 1996 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996], September 23, 1996 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997], October 17, 1998 [Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999], October 5, 1999 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000], December 2, 2002 [Bob Stump National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003] and January 2, 2012 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013].
  63. https://www.fas.org/irp/dia/dia_history_2007.pdf A History of the Defense Intelligence Agency
  64. Act of October 30, 2000 [National Defense Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2001]
  65. Act of April 14, 2008 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008], Section 543
  66. Web site: Bush. George W.. Declaration of National Emergency by Reason Of Certain Terrorist Attacks. September 14, 2001. June 12, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20100220102840/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010914-4.html. 20 February 2010. Office of the White House Press Secretary. The White House, Washington, D. C..
  67. - Authority to suspend sections 523, 525, and 526.
  68. Book: The Fourth Star: Four Generals and the Epic Struggle for the Future of the United States Army. David Cloud, Greg Jaffe. October 13, 2009. 978-0307409072.
  69. News: Whitlock. Craig. Pentagon trimming ranks of generals, admirals. December 28, 2011. May 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20120410164201/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/pentagon-trimming-ranks-of-generals-admirals/2011/12/20/gIQAhAU7MP_story.html. April 10, 2012. The Washington Post.
  70. Web site: Clark. James. Does The US Military Have Too Many Generals?. May 16, 2016. May 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20211026151045/https://taskandpurpose.com/news/us-military-many-generals/. October 26, 2021. Task & Purpose.
  71. Act of December 23, 2016 [National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017], Div A., Title V, Section 501
  72. - Authorized strength after December 31, 2022: general officers and flag officers on active duty.
  73. - Judge Advocate General, Deputy Judge Advocate General, and general officers of Judge Advocate General’s Corps: appointment; duties.
  74. - Chiefs of branches: appointment; duties.
  75. - Office of Army Reserve: appointment of Chief.
  76. - Other senior National Guard Bureau officers.
  77. Web site: PUBLIC LAW 106–398—OCT. 30, 2000, National Defense Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2001.. October 30, 2000. May 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220417065333/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ398/pdf/PLAW-106publ398.pdf. April 17, 2022. U.S. Government Publishing Office.
  78. Book: Woodward, Bob. State of Denial: Bush at War, Part III. 22, 40. Simon and Schuster. 2006. 978-0-7432-7223-0. registration. scott fry joint staff..
  79. Web site: On Raising the Rank of the Chief of the National Guard Bureau. February 2007. Library of Congress. dead. Library of Congress. 2021-07-24. 2021-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20210724170501/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/CNGR_Raising-Rank-Chief-NGB.pdf.
  80. – Positions of importance and responsibility: generals and lieutenant generals; admirals and vice admirals.
  81. - Distribution of commissioned officers on active duty in general officer and flag officer grades.
  82. - Authorized strength: general and flag officers on active duty.
  83. Web site: Assessment of the DoD Establishment of the Office of Security Cooperation-Iraq. March 16, 2012. May 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220417065333/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-106publ398/pdf/PLAW-106publ398.pdf. 17 April 2022. U.S. Department of Defense Inspector General.
  84. Web site: Greenhill. Jim. Air Force Maj. Gen. Joseph Lengyel nominated as vice chief, National Guard Bureau. June 19, 2012. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20211026145851/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/90255/air-force-maj-gen-joseph-lengyel-nominated-vice-chief-national-guard-bureau. October 26, 2021. National Guard Bureau. Arlington, Virginia. DVIDS.
  85. Web site: Greenhill. Jim. Chief, vice chief of National Guard Bureau confirmed. July 26, 2012. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523115914/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/printable/92232%7Ctitle%3DChief%2C%20vice%20chief%20of%20National%20Guard%20Bureau%20confirmed. May 23, 2022. DVIDS.
  86. Web site: Milham. Matt. After 61 Years, NATO Headquarters in Heidelberg Deactivates. March 14, 2013. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20211026145237/https://www.stripes.com/after-61-years-nato-headquarters-in-heidelberg-deactivates-1.211806. 26 October 2021. Heidelberg, Germany. Stars and Stripes.
  87. Web site: LANDCOM Activation. October 29, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210706140513/https://lc.nato.int/media-center/news-archive/previous-news/landcom-activation. July 6, 2021. NATO Public Affairs Office. Allied Land Command.
  88. Web site: Mitchell. Billy. Army CIO Lt. Gen. Bruce Crawford retires. August 12, 2020. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20211026151434/https://www.fedscoop.com/army-cio-bruce-crawford-retires/. October 26, 2021. FedScoop.
  89. Web site: PN2034 — Maj. Gen. John B. Morrison Jr. — Army, 116th Congress (2019-2020). June 24, 2020. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211026143231/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/116th-congress/2034. October 26, 2021. U.S. Congress.
  90. Web site: Eversden. Andrews. Pomerleau. Mark. Morrison nominated for one the Army's top IT jobs. July 15, 2020. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210809163215/https://www.c4isrnet.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2020/07/14/morrison-nominated-for-one-the-armys-top-it-jobs/. August 9, 2021. C4ISRNet.
  91. Web site: Miller. Jason. The four pillars of focus for the Army's new technology office. October 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20211127234934/https://federalnewsnetwork.com/army/2020/10/the-four-pillars-of-focus-for-the-armys-new-technology-office/. November 27, 2021. Federal News Network.
  92. Web site: Ford. Joshua. Dahl promoted, takes command of U.S. Army IMCOM. May 11, 2015. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20211026145209/https://www.wsmr.army.mil/fn/Pages/Dahlpromoted,takescommandofUSArmyIMCOM.aspx. October 26, 2021. Fort Sam Houston, Texas. White Sands Missile Range.
  93. Web site: Crane. Conrad. Lynch. Michael. Reilly. Shane. A History of the Army's Future: 1990-2018 v.20. https://web.archive.org/web/20220516152238/https://ahec.armywarcollege.edu/documents/History-of-the-Future.pdf. May 16, 2022. U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center.
  94. Web site: Voss. Michael Vernon. ARCIC transitions from TRADOC to AFC. December 10, 2018. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20211023125656/https://www.army.mil/article/214823/arcic_transitions_from_tradoc_to_afc. October 23, 2021. Fort Eustis, Virginia. U.S. Army.
  95. Web site: McKean promoted to Lt. Gen.; assumes responsibilities at AFC, FCC. November 2, 2020. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20211023130156/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/382354/mckean-promoted-lt-gen-assumes-responsibilities-afc-fcc. October 23, 2021. Futures and Concepts Center. Austin, Texas. DVIDS.
  96. Web site: PN762 — Maj. Gen. Ryan F. Gonsalves — Army, 115th Congress (2017-2018). July 13, 2017. August 11, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20220316032413/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/115th-congress/762. March 16, 2022. U.S. Congress.
  97. Web site: Myers. Meghann. Army 2-star loses promotion after calling congressional staffer 'sweetheart'. January 6, 2018. May 20, 2022. Army Times.
  98. Web site: Bryant. Kevin. Army general now 'special assistant' after 'sweetheart' comment to female staffer. January 10, 2018. May 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523121217/https://kdhnews.com/military/army-general-now-special-assistant-after-sweetheart-comment-to-female-staffer/article_a300d970-f65a-11e7-b19d-bf6689125789.html. May 23, 2022. KDH News.
  99. Web site: Vandiver. John. General retires 6 months after IG chastised his behavior toward congressional staffer. May 3, 2018. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20210111010545/https://www.stripes.com/general-retires-6-months-after-ig-chastised-his-behavior-toward-congressional-staffer-1.525211. January 11, 2021. Stars and Stripes.
  100. Web site: PN1329 — Maj. Gen. John G. Rossi — Army, 114th Congress (2015-2016). April 14, 2016. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20220316025538/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/114th-congress/1329. March 16, 2022. U.S. Congress.
  101. Web site: Rossi confirmed for appointment to SMDC. May 3, 2016. May 23, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220417065333/https://www.army.mil/article/167241/rossi_confirmed_for_appointment_to_smdc. April 17, 2022. USASMDC/ARSTRAT Public Affairs. Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. U.S. Army.
  102. Web site: Army: Two-star general committed suicide on Alabama military base. October 28, 2016. May 20, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220316032159/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/army-two-star-general-committed-suicide-alabama-military-base/. March 16, 2022. Associated Press. Washington, D. C.. CBS News.
  103. Web site: PN1823 — Maj. Gen. James H. Dickinson — Army, 114th Congress (2015-2016). November 15, 2016. August 10, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20220321004122/https://www.congress.gov/nomination/114th-congress/1823. March 21, 2022. U.S. Congress.
  104. Web site: 10 USC 720: Chief of Staff to President: appointment. October 28, 2021. www.uscode.house.gov.
  105. Web site: §203. Director of Missile Defense Agency. October 28, 2021. www.uscode.house.gov.
  106. Web site: §711. Senior members of Military Staff Committee of United Nations: appointment. October 28, 2021. www.uscode.house.gov.
  107. Web site: §10506. Other senior National Guard Bureau officers. October 28, 2021. www.uscode.house.gov.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of United States Army lieutenant generals from 2010 to 2019".

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