List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy explained

This article presents a list of United States states and territories sorted by their life expectancy at birth, sex, race, and in the past. The data in the 2018 column is taken from work funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation for the 50 states and the District of Columbia;[1] from the World Bank for Guam, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands; and from the CIA World Factbook for American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands. Data in the 2010 columns comes from Health Data.[2]

Overall, life expectancy at birth in Hawaii, Washington, California, and New York are among the longest in the nation, while life expectancy at birth in Mississippi, American Samoa, and West Virginia are among the shortest in the nation.

The life expectancy in some states has fallen in recent years; for example, Maine's life expectancy in 2010 was 79.1 years, and in 2018 it was 78.7 years. The Washington Post noted in November 2018 that overall life expectancy in the United States was declining although in 2018 life expectancy had a slight increase of 0.1 and bringing it to having not changed since 2010.[3]

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019–2020)

Life expectancy at birth in each U.S. state and the District of Columbia in 2019 and 2020 according to [4] [5]

state20192020
malesfemalesoverallmalesfemalesF
US on average 78.8 76.3 81.4 3.1 −1.8 77.0 76.2 79.9 3.7
80.9 78.4 83.3 4.9 −1.9 79.0 76.2 82.0 5.8
80.9 78.0 83.9 5.9 −0.2 80.7 77.6 83.8 6.2
80.7 78.2 83.1 4.9 −3.0 77.7 74.8 80.7 5.9
80.4 78.3 82.6 4.3 −1.3 79.1 76.8 81.4 4.6
80.4 77.9 82.8 4.9 −1.4 79.0 76.4 81.5 5.1
80.3 77.7 82.8 5.1 −1.9 78.4 75.6 81.3 5.7
80.1 77.6 82.5 4.9 −2.6 77.5 74.6 80.5 5.9
80.0 77.9 82.1 4.2 −0.8 79.2 76.9 81.6 4.7
80.0 77.8 82.2 4.4 −1.7 78.3 75.8 80.9 5.1
79.8 77.2 82.3 5.1 −1.0 78.8 76.1 81.4 5.3
79.7 78.0 81.5 3.5 −1.1 78.6 76.7 80.6 3.9
79.6 77.3 81.9 4.6 −0.8 78.8 76.3 81.3 5.0
79.5 77.5 81.5 4.0 −1.1 78.4 76.1 80.8 4.7
79.5 77.0 81.8 4.8 −1.3 78.2 75.5 80.9 5.4
79.4 77.1 81.6 4.5 −0.4 79.0 76.5 81.5 5.0
79.3 77.0 81.5 4.5 −1.6 77.7 75.2 80.3 5.1
79.2 77.1 81.3 4.2 −1.5 77.7 75.2 80.3 5.1
79.1 76.8 81.3 4.5 −1.5 77.6 75.1 80.1 5.0
79.0 76.5 81.6 5.1 −1.5 77.5 74.9 80.1 5.2
79.0 76.4 81.5 5.1 −2.2 76.8 73.8 79.8 6.0
79.0 76.3 81.8 5.5 −1.5 77.5 74.6 80.5 5.9
78.8 76.3 81.5 5.2 −1.9 76.9 74.2 80.0 5.8
78.8 76.1 81.6 5.5 −2.5 76.3 73.4 79.5 6.1
78.6 76.1 81.0 4.9 −2.1 76.5 73.7 79.3 5.6
78.5 75.8 81.2 5.4 −1.7 76.8 73.8 79.7 5.9
78.4 76.2 80.8 4.6 −1.6 76.8 74.2 79.6 5.4
78.4 76.1 80.8 4.7 −1.7 76.7 74.2 79.4 5.2
78.3 75.8 80.9 5.1 −0.5 77.8 74.9 80.7 5.8
78.3 75.7 80.9 5.2 −1.5 76.8 74.0 79.6 5.6
78.2 75.9 80.4 4.5 −1.8 76.4 73.8 79.2 5.4
78.1 75.1 81.0 5.9 −1.4 76.7 73.9 79.5 5.6
78.0 75.6 80.6 5.0 −1.7 76.3 73.5 79.2 5.7
78.0 75.6 80.3 4.7 −2.0 76.0 73.4 78.8 5.4
78.0 74.9 80.8 5.9 −2.7 75.3 71.7 78.7 7.0
77.7 75.8 79.9 4.1 −1.1 76.6 74.3 79.2 4.9
77.7 75.4 80.5 5.1 −1.4 76.3 74.0 78.9 4.9
77.6 75.0 80.1 5.1 −1.5 76.1 73.3 79.0 5.7
77.4 74.9 79.9 5.0 −1.8 75.6 72.8 78.3 5.5
77.0 74.5 79.5 5.0 −2.0 75.0 72.3 77.9 5.6
76.9 74.3 79.5 5.2 −1.6 75.3 72.5 78.1 5.6
76.9 74.1 79.8 5.7 −1.8 75.1 72.1 78.1 6.0
76.9 73.9 80.1 6.2 −2.4 74.5 71.3 77.8 6.5
76.8 73.9 79.7 5.8 −2.0 74.8 71.7 78.0 6.3
75.7 73.2 78.3 5.1 −1.6 74.1 71.5 76.9 5.4
75.7 73.0 78.4 5.4 −1.9 73.8 71.1 76.6 5.5
75.7 72.8 78.6 5.8 −2.6 73.1 69.9 76.4 6.5
75.6 72.8 78.5 5.7 −1.8 73.8 70.7 77.0 6.3
75.5 72.9 78.0 5.1 −2.0 73.5 70.6 76.5 5.9
75.2 72.2 78.2 6.0 −2.0 73.2 70.1 76.4 6.3
74.5 71.9 77.3 5.4 −1.7 72.8 69.8 76.1 6.3
74.4 71.2 77.6 6.4 −2.5 71.9 68.6 75.2 6.6

US Mortality DataBase (2019)

!Rank!State/Territory!Life Expectancy 2019!Male!Female
1.81.678.684.6
2.81.278.783.6
3.81.278.683.5
5.80.678.482.8
6.80.678.083.1
4.80.778.183.1
880.278.082.4
7.80.578.082.8
9.80.278.182.3
15.79.676.982.3
11.79.978.281.7
19.79.376.682.1
13.79.677.481.9
-[6] 79.9--
12.79.877.282.2
10.79.977.582.5
-79.8--
22.79.276.681.7
14.79.677.382.0
17.79.477.381.5
-79.6--
18.79.377.081.6
20.79.377.181.5
23.79.176.681.7
16.79.677.781.5
21.79.376.781.8
25.78.876.481.3
24.79.076.281.7
35.78.276.380.4
29.78.575.281.3
28.78.576.181.0
34.78.375.780.9
26.78.676.481.0
-78.8[7] 76.381.4
30.78.475.981.0
32.78.375.980.9
33.78.376.080.6
31.78.475.481.2
27.78.575.981.1
37.77.875.280.3
39.77.274.280.4
36.78.175.780.4
38. Georgia77.775.380.1
40.77.274.480.0
43.76.974.079.8
41.77.174.679.6
42.77.074.579.6
-[8] 76.1--
44.76.073.178.8
47.75.873.078.7
46.75.973.478.5
45.75.973.278.6
48.75.673.178.2
49.75.572.578.5
51.74.571.477.7
-74.8--
50.74.772.177.4

Global Data Lab (2019–2021)

region201920202020
→2021		20212019
→2021
malefemaleoveralloverallmalefemale
USA on average 79.14 76.60 81.72 5.12 −1.73 77.41 −0.21 77.20 74.30 80.24 5.94 −1.94
81.55 78.49 84.65 6.16 −1.78 79.77 −0.22 79.55 76.14 83.11 6.97 −2.00
81.35 78.99 83.74 4.75 −1.78 79.57 −0.22 79.35 76.62 82.22 5.60 −2.00
81.04 78.70 83.43 4.73 −1.76 79.28 −0.22 79.06 76.34 81.92 5.58 −1.98
81.04 78.70 83.43 4.73 −1.76 79.28 −0.22 79.06 76.34 81.92 5.58 −1.98
80.74 78.39 83.14 4.75 −1.76 78.98 −0.22 78.76 76.03 81.64 5.61 −1.98
80.74 78.25 83.28 5.03 −1.76 78.98 −0.22 78.76 75.90 81.77 5.87 −1.98
80.74 78.25 83.28 5.03 −1.76 78.98 −0.22 78.76 75.90 81.77 5.87 −1.98
80.54 78.35 82.77 4.42 −1.75 78.79 −0.22 78.57 76.00 81.27 5.27 −1.97
80.54 78.10 83.03 4.93 −1.75 78.79 −0.22 78.57 75.75 81.52 5.77 −1.97
80.44 78.35 82.57 4.22 −1.75 78.69 −0.22 78.47 76.00 81.08 5.08 −1.97
80.24 78.00 82.52 4.52 −1.75 78.49 −0.22 78.27 75.66 81.02 5.36 −1.97
80.24 77.74 82.78 5.04 −1.75 78.49 −0.22 78.27 75.41 81.28 5.87 −1.97
80.14 77.96 82.37 4.41 −1.74 78.40 −0.22 78.18 75.62 80.87 5.25 −1.96
80.14 77.59 82.74 5.15 −1.74 78.40 −0.22 78.18 75.26 81.24 5.98 −1.96
80.04 77.59 82.53 4.94 −1.74 78.30 −0.22 78.08 75.27 81.03 5.76 −1.96
79.94 77.49 82.43 4.94 −1.74 78.20 −0.22 77.98 75.17 80.94 5.77 −1.96
79.84 77.20 82.52 5.32 −1.74 78.10 −0.22 77.88 74.89 81.03 6.14 −1.96
79.74 77.60 81.92 4.32 −1.74 78.00 −0.21 77.79 75.27 80.44 5.17 −1.95
79.74 77.45 82.07 4.62 −1.74 78.00 −0.21 77.79 75.13 80.58 5.45 −1.95
79.74 77.04 82.48 5.44 −1.74 78.00 −0.21 77.79 74.73 80.98 6.25 −1.95
79.74 76.91 82.62 5.71 −1.74 78.00 −0.21 77.79 74.60 81.12 6.52 −1.95
79.64 76.80 82.53 5.73 −1.73 77.91 −0.22 77.69 74.49 81.03 6.54 −1.95
79.44 77.05 81.87 4.82 −1.73 77.71 −0.22 77.49 74.74 80.39 5.65 −1.95
79.24 76.85 81.67 4.82 −1.73 77.51 −0.21 77.30 74.54 80.19 5.65 −1.94
79.24 76.70 81.82 5.12 −1.73 77.51 −0.21 77.30 74.40 80.33 5.93 −1.94
79.04 76.50 81.62 5.12 −1.72 77.32 −0.22 77.10 74.21 80.14 5.93 −1.94
78.94 76.40 81.52 5.12 −1.72 77.22 −0.22 77.00 74.10 80.04 5.94 −1.94
78.74 76.41 81.11 4.70 −1.72 77.02 −0.21 76.81 74.12 79.64 5.52 −1.93
78.74 76.25 81.27 5.02 −1.72 77.02 −0.21 76.81 73.96 79.79 5.83 −1.93
78.74 76.05 81.46 5.41 −1.72 77.02 −0.21 76.81 73.77 79.99 6.22 −1.93
78.64 76.05 81.27 5.22 −1.72 76.92 −0.21 76.71 73.77 79.79 6.02 −1.93
78.64 75.74 81.57 5.83 −1.72 76.92 −0.21 76.71 73.47 80.09 6.62 −1.93
78.54 76.20 80.91 4.71 −1.71 76.83 −0.22 76.61 73.92 79.44 5.52 −1.93
78.54 76.15 80.96 4.81 −1.71 76.83 −0.22 76.61 73.87 79.49 5.62 −1.93
78.44 75.95 80.96 5.01 −1.71 76.73 −0.22 76.51 73.67 79.50 5.83 −1.93
78.34 75.86 80.86 5.00 −1.71 76.63 −0.21 76.42 73.58 79.39 5.81 −1.92
78.04 75.50 80.61 5.11 −1.70 76.34 −0.22 76.12 73.23 79.15 5.92 −1.92
78.04 75.35 80.77 5.42 −1.70 76.34 −0.22 76.12 73.08 79.30 6.22 −1.92
77.83 75.20 80.51 5.31 −1.69 76.14 −0.21 75.93 72.94 79.05 6.11 −1.90
77.73 75.05 80.46 5.41 −1.69 76.04 −0.21 75.83 72.80 79.00 6.20 −1.90
77.43 74.85 80.06 5.21 −1.68 75.75 −0.21 75.54 72.60 78.61 6.01 −1.89
77.23 74.29 80.22 5.93 −1.68 75.55 −0.21 75.34 72.06 78.76 6.70 −1.89
76.73 73.86 79.65 5.79 −1.67 75.06 −0.21 74.85 71.64 78.20 6.56 −1.88
76.53 73.70 79.40 5.70 −1.67 74.86 −0.21 74.65 71.49 77.96 6.47 −1.88
76.23 73.55 78.95 5.40 −1.66 74.57 −0.21 74.36 71.34 77.52 6.18 −1.87
76.23 73.30 79.20 5.90 −1.66 74.57 −0.21 74.36 71.10 77.77 6.67 −1.87
76.13 73.55 78.75 5.20 −1.66 74.47 −0.21 74.26 71.34 77.32 5.98 −1.87
75.93 72.90 79.00 6.10 −1.65 74.28 −0.21 74.07 70.71 77.57 6.86 −1.86
75.63 72.75 78.55 5.80 −1.65 73.98 −0.21 73.77 70.57 77.13 6.56 −1.86
75.63 72.71 78.59 5.88 −1.65 73.98 −0.21 73.77 70.53 77.17 6.64 −1.86
75.23 72.09 78.41 6.32 −1.64 73.59 −0.21 73.38 69.92 76.99 7.07 −1.85

Data source: Global Data Lab[9]

Past life expectancy, 1940–2019

!State/Territory!2019!2010[10] !2000!1990!1980!1970!1960!1950!1940!Change1940-2019
78.878.776.875.473.770.869.768.164.0 14.8
75.575.374.473.772.369.267.965.960.2 15.3
78.277.976.275.072.469.267.265.858.1 20.1
[11] 74.871.671.470.970.269.367.0N/AN/AN/A
79.379.177.176.274.270.969.366.159.0 20.3
75.976.074.874.473.370.869.969.064.3 11.6
81.280.578.175.874.371.870.869.365.3 15.9
80.280.078.477.275.472.170.969.264.7 15.5
80.680.778.377.174.972.671.170.166.3 14.3
78.478.276.475.073.269.969.167.165.0 13.4
78.576.872.167.468.965.266.363.756.0 22.5
79.678.977.075.773.870.869.967.861.6 18.0
Georgia77.777.275.173.872.168.467.565.860.2 17.5
79.977.075.071.969.365.761.0N/AN/AN/A
81.681.279.578.277.174.071.370.065.8 15.8
79.679.478.177.275.272.071.469.266.9 12.7
79.378.976.674.973.370.169.668.064.8 14.5
77.177.576.075.473.970.970.368.664.9 12.2
79.179.678.377.575.872.671.970.568.1 11.0
78.378.577.477.075.272.871.970.367.3 11.0
75.675.875.174.472.870.069.667.562.1 13.5
76.075.774.173.171.668.767.966.661.2 14.8
78.479.177.676.674.470.770.269.164.8 13.6
79.078.976.274.973.370.268.667.161.6 17.4
80.780.578.276.874.871.970.569.765.7 15.0
78.178.076.475.173.770.770.268.565.1 13.0
80.680.879.077.876.173.071.870.567.9 12.7
74.574.873.473.171.868.467.665.560.3 14.2
77.277.476.075.373.670.670.268.664.5 12.7
78.678.577.376.473.870.869.668.165.0 13.6
79.479.678.376.975.472.572.070.768.3 11.1
78.377.875.974.572.669.367.666.061.6 16.7
79.680.378.577.075.171.670.769.366.2 13.4
80.579.977.375.473.871.069.968.464.5 16.0
77.278.177.176.073.870.569.365.959.0 18.2
81.280.277.674.673.470.569.768.264.9 16.3
77.877.875.674.773.069.368.266.961.9 15.9
79.279.678.877.575.673.071.570.067.4 11.8
76.176.475.874.373.671.469.3N/AN/AN/A
77.077.676.375.373.370.870.268.764.7 12.3
75.975.775.075.073.671.170.869.865.3 10.6
79.679.577.876.574.972.471.069.866.9 12.7
78.578.476.775.473.370.469.567.763.9 14.6
79.878.476.774.273.771.568.7N/AN/AN/A
79.879.578.076.474.671.770.668.565.5 14.3
76.976.774.773.671.868.166.164.357.1 19.8
78.579.278.077.174.872.370.569.867.1 11.4
75.876.174.774.273.170.069.467.162.4 13.4
78.878.376.575.273.670.870.267.862.8 16.0
79.979.878.678.075.872.871.869.966.8 13.1
79.678.076.674.271.769.166.2N/AN/AN/A
79.980.078.276.774.371.970.469.365.6 14.3
79.379.076.875.373.370.268.766.459.9 19.4
80.280.078.276.875.071.971.169.466.4 13.8
74.775.474.974.472.669.269.667.462.8 11.9
79.379.678.076.975.372.571.169.767.4 11.9
78.378.077.176.473.870.869.268.065.1 13.2

Life expectancy in counties with 500,000+ people in 2019

Life expectancy by U.S. county (years)
CountyStateTotalWhiteHispanicBlackAsian
Los Angeles82.481.284.476.187.7
Cook79.781.185.673.389
Harris79.979.284.374.887.5
Maricopa80.580.781.67787.2
San Diego82.281.484.178.287.9
Orange83.281.784.78188.1
Miami-Dade82.480.184.27791.1
Dallas79.178.884.474.987.7
Kings82.983.883.581.489.2
Riverside80.979.583.677.587
Clark7977.48674.785.4
King82.482.186.477.687.8
Queens84.182.288.381.589.9
San Bernardino78.876.581.87586.7
Tarrant79.378.68576.686.8
Bexar78.978.579.675.687.9
Broward81.579.686.980.889
Santa Clara84.983.184.379.790
Wayne75.577.580.272.290.4
Alameda83.182.284.575.788.6
New York85.387.68677.190.3
Middlesex82.481.989.682.790.5
Philadelphia76.477.28073.689.5
Sacramento79.678.982.875.184.9
Palm Beach82.681.9878192.1
Hillsborough79.67982.976.589.5
Suffolk80.980.685.778.188.9
Orange80.679.683.878.389.5
Bronx80.979.183.47991.7
Nassau83.182.787.781.290.7
Franklin77.277.690.374.387.1
Travis81.981.584.977.688.8
Hennepin81.381.988.577.385.8
Oakland80.480.683.977.292.6
Cuyahoga7778.382.773.689
Allegheny78.178.99072.486.4
Salt Lake79.879.482.875.683.8
Contra Costa82.581.985.276.688.4
Fairfax85.684.79284.190.3
Wake81.882.487.478.190.4
Mecklenburg80.681.788.67787.3
Fulton Georgia79.682.887.775.488.9
Collin82.781.887.480.490
Pima79.579.580.775.788.1
Montgomery84.683.892.482.190.2
Fresno78.9788172.181.7
St. Louis7879.986.971.789.1
Pinellas79.279.184.874.988.4
Duval76.175.783.874.288.7
Marion7676.586.873.384.9
Westchester83.683.589.180.792.7
Honolulu82.581.976.68683.2
Milwaukee76.978.682.571.783.5
Gwinnett Georgia81.28088.280.186.7
Fairfield8382.887.780.894.2
Shelby75.57886.573.286.3
Bergen83.281.988.380.392.4
Denton8281.18980.588.6
DuPage82.581.887.678.190.6
Erie78.779.481.37488.8
Pierce79798476.182.8
Prince George's79.679.286.678.689.2
Kern77.575.681.172.384.1
Hartford80.280.181.979.190.1
Hidalgo81.981.381.388.394.8
Macomb7878.38373.587.8
San Francisco8483.385.473.187.8
New Haven80.18083.777.598.8
Ventura82.581.584.780.889.3
El Paso80.176.78178.586.1
Fort Bend8381.586.580.589
Montgomery80.980.886.877.988.6
Snohomish80.579.785.683.388.7
Worcester79.379.382.181.590
Baltimore78.17890.576.589.4
Middlesex81.779.485.88090.4
Hamilton76.677.797.373.186.1
Multnomah79.779.685.274.184.3
Oklahoma76.176.382.472.983.8
Suffolk81.680.78979.790.9
Essex79.882.184.875.693.8
Essex80.279.886.48089
Lee82.581.785.28197.6
San Joaquin78.677.381.87283.2
Jefferson76.176.589.273.382.7
Cobb Georgia80.780.688.778.789.2
DeKalb Georgia80.482.78778.490.4
San Mateo8583.487.87989.5
Polk78.678.182.875.791
Monroe79.880.780.674.588.4
Denver79.98179.675.486.5
El Paso78.97979.875.385.9
District ofColumbia798888.372.789.9
Norfolk81.981.388.881.790.9
Jackson77.278.483.472.886.3
Davidson7777.788.67486.3
Lake81.681.485.175.191.2
Will79.879.385.37792.1
Bernalillo78.479.37874.686.4
Hudson82.679.586.475.892.2
Kent8080.485.174.792.9
Tulsa76.877.485.771.383.6
Arapahoe81.381.283.779.487.6
Jefferson74.67679.172.783.6
Utah80.680.386.977.982.9
Providence79.478.591.382.885.9
Bucks79.979.587.878.289.1
Montgomery79.778.986.577.492.8
Monmouth80.680.483.875.889.6
Williamson82.181.385.379.790.1
Ocean79.178.885.676.591.3
Brevard77.877.284.376.690.2
Johnson81.781.784.476.987.2
Washington82.782.188.784.387.8
Baltimore City72.875.792.870.695.3
Jefferson80.8818073.486.3
Anne Arundel79.379.186.47885.1
Douglas79.179.589.573.185.8
Pasco77.876.883.878.587.6
Bristol78.778.984.783.691.8
Delaware78.67982.975.691.3
New Castle78.478.586.175.990.6
Volusia76.87682.475.386.8
Union81.681.387.67891.7
Dane81.88285.273.789.5
Stanislaus78.276.582.673.182.9
Ramsey79.980.782.975.580.5
Lancaster80.580.582.777.886.9
Guilford78.178.788.175.689.2
Summit77.277.899.972.882.6
Greenville78.478.68675.587.7
Montgomery74.975.593.571.788.4
Kane81.680.988.277.187.6
Spokane78.678.584.277.484.4
Chester81.481.388.175.893.8
Plymouth79.879.586.98588.5
Sedgwick77.677.982.872.989
Adams79.478.682.176.385.8
Camden77.277.581.373.289.4
Passaic80.679.7877490.5
Clark80.179.885.777.285.8
Morris82.681.988.979.591.9
Lake76.376.881.972.488

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 2022 . Life Expectancy . 2023-06-29 . University of Wisconsin Population Health Institute.
  2. Web site: US Health Map . Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington . 2014 . May 22, 2021.
  3. News: U.S. life expectancy declines again, a dismal trend not seen since World War I . The Washington Post . subscription . Bernstein . Lenny . November 29, 2018 . May 22, 2021.
  4. Arias. Elizabeth. Xu. Jiaquan. Tejada-Vera. Betzaida. Bastian. Brigham. U.S. State Life Tables, 2019. 10 February 2022. National Vital Statistics Reports. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 70. 18. 3. — Table A
  5. Arias. Elizabeth. Xu. Jiaquan. Tejada-Vera. Betzaida. Murphy. Sherry L.. Bastian. Brigham. U.S. State Life Tables, 2020. 23 August 2022. National Vital Statistics Reports. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 71. 2. 3. — Table A
  6. Web site: The World Bank. Life Expectancy at Birth, total (years) - Puerto Rico, Guam, Virgin Islands (U.S.) . May 22, 2021.
  7. Web site: 2019 mortality.
  8. Web site: CIA world factbook . 2020-06-24 . 2019-01-09 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190109030048/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/355rank.html . dead .
  9. Web site: Life expectancy 2021 - Maps Subnational HDI (v7.0) . Global Data Lab . en . 7 September 2024.
  10. Woolf . Steven H. . Schoomaker . Heidi . Life expectancy and mortality rates in the United States, 1959-2017 SUPPLEMENTAL ONLINE CONTENT. Journal of the American Medical Association . 2019-11-26 . 322 . 20 . 1996–2016 . 10.1001/jama.2019.16932 . 31769830 . 7146991 .
  11. Web site: Country Profiles . May 22, 2021 . Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluarion, University of Washington.

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