List of Spanish flu cases explained

The 1918–1920 flu pandemic is commonly referred to as the Spanish flu, and caused millions of deaths worldwide.

To maintain morale, wartime censors minimized early reports of illness and mortality in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States.^{[1] [2]} Papers were free to report the epidemic's effects in neutral Restoration-era Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII).^[3] This created a false impression of Spain as especially hard hit,^[4] thereby giving rise to the pandemic's nickname, "Spanish flu".^[5]

Notable fatalities

Listed alphabetically by surname

• Turki I bin Abdulaziz, eldest son of Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia (1919)^[6]
• Johnny Aitken, American auto racer, led first lap of the first Indianapolis 500 (October 15, 1918)^{[7] [8]}
• Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian re-elected president, died before taking office (January 16, 1919)^[9]
• Robert Anderson, Scotland Yard official (November 15, 1918)^[10]
• Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet (November 9, 1918)^{[11] [12]}
• Felix Arndt, American pianist (October 16, 1918)^{[13] [14]}
• Dudley John Beaumont, British army officer and painter, husband of the Dame of Sark (November 24, 1918)^[15]
• Louis Botha, first Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa (August 27, 1919)^[16]
• Randolph Bourne, American progressive writer and public intellectual (December 22, 1918)^[17]
• Ivan Cankar, Slovenian writer (December 11, 1918)^[18]
• Bernard Capes, British novelist (2 November 1918)^[19]
• Amadeo de Souza Cardoso, Portuguese painter (25 October 1918)
• Kate Carmack, founder of the Klondike Gold Rush (March 29, 1920)^{[20] [21]}
• Larry Chappell, American baseball player (November 8, 1918)^{[22] [23]}
• Rose Cleveland, First Lady of the United States of America, sister of President Grover Cleveland (November 22, 1918)^{[24] [25]}
• John H. Collins, American film director, writer, and husband of actress Viola Dana (October 31, 1918)
• Carrie Cornplanter, Native American artist and descendant of diplomat Cornplanter (late 1918)^{[26] [27]}
• Gaby Deslys, French actress and dancer (February 11, 1920)^{[28] [29]}
• Anton Dilger, medical doctor, mastermind of Germany's World War I secret bioterror sabotage (October 17, 1918)^[30]
• Horace Elgin Dodge, American automobile manufacturing pioneer (December 10, 1920)^[31]
• John Francis Dodge, American automobile manufacturing pioneer (January 14, 1920)^[32]
• "Admiral" Dot, American circus performer under P. T. Barnum (October 28, 1918)^[33]
• Angus Douglas, Scottish international footballer (December 14, 1918)
• Charles A. Doyen, United States Marine Corps brigadier general (October 6, 1918)
• Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland (Erik Gustav Ludvig Albert Bernadotte), Prince of Sweden (September 20, 1918)
• George Freeth, early twentieth century surfer and lifeguard in California (April 7, 1919)
• Harold Gilman, British painter (February 12, 1919)
• Henry G. Ginaca, American engineer, inventor of the Ginaca machine (October 19, 1918)
• Harry Glenn, American baseball player (October 12, 1918)^{[34] [22] [23]}
• Myrtle Gonzalez, American film actress (October 22, 1918)^[17]
• Edward Kidder Graham, President of the University of North Carolina (October 26, 1918)
• Charles Griffes, American composer (April 8, 1920)
• Wilhelm Gross, Austrian mathematician (October 22, 1918)
• Joe Hall, Canadian ice hockey defenceman (Montreal Canadiens), member of the Hockey Hall of Fame (April 6, 1919)
• Harry Harkness, American aviator and race car driver (January 23, 1919)^[35]
• Phoebe Hearst, mother of William Randolph Hearst (April 13, 1919)
• Alfred Hindmarsh, New Zealand Labour Party leader, lawyer and politician (November 13, 1918)
• B. C. Hucks, English aviator and test pilot (November 7, 1918)
• Shelley Hull, American stage actor (January 14, 1919)^[36]
• Margit Kaffka, Hungarian writer and poet (December 1, 1918)
• Joseph Kaufman, American actor and film director (February 1, 1918)
• Lyman W.V. Kennon, American brigadier general (September 9, 1918)
• Vera Kholodnaya, Russian actress (February 16, 1919)
• Gustav Klimt, Austrian artist, painter (February 6, 1918)
• Bohumil Kubišta, Czech painter (November 27, 1918)
• Gilda Langer, German actress (January 31, 1920)
• Hans E. Lau, Danish astronomer (October 16, 1918)^[17]
• Julian L'Estrange^[37] English stage and screen actor (October 22, 1918)
• Ruby Lindsay, Australian illustrator and painter (March 12, 1919)
• Harold Lockwood, American silent film star (October 19, 1918)^[33]
• Rosalia Lombardo, Italian daughter of General Lombardo (December 6, 1920)
• Francisco Marto, Portuguese Fátima child (April 4, 1919)
• Jacinta Marto, Portuguese Fátima child (February 20, 1920)
• Alan Arnett McLeod, Canadian soldier and Victoria Cross recipient (6 November 1918)
• Dan McMichael, manager of Scottish association football club Hibernian (February 6, 1919)
• Léon Morane, French aircraft company founder and pre-World War I aviator (October 20, 1918)
• William Francis Murray, postmaster of Boston and former U.S. Representative (September 21, 1918)
• Silk O'Loughlin, American baseball umpire (December 20, 1918)^[22]
• William Osler, Canadian physician, co founder of Johns Hopkins Hospital (December 29, 1919)
• Ōyama Sutematsu, first Japanese woman to receive a college degree (February, 1919)
• Hubert Parry, British composer (October 7, 1918)
• George W. Perkins, American politician and businessman (June 18, 1920)^{[38] [39]}
• Niko Pirosmani, Georgian naïve painter (April 9, 1918)
• Henry Ragas, American pianist of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (February 18, 1919)
• Stephen Sydney Reynolds, English writer (February 14, 1919)
• Lunsford Richardson, inventor of Vicks VapoRub and Junk Mail (August 21, 1919)^[40]
• William Leefe Robinson, British Victoria Cross recipient (December 31, 1918)
• Edmond Rostand, French dramatist, best known for his play Cyrano de Bergerac (December 2, 1918)
• Archduke Franz Karl Salvator of Austria, Austro-Hungarian royalty and military officer (December 10, 1918)
• Morton Schamberg, American modernist artist (October 13, 1918)
• Egon Schiele, Austrian painter (October 31, 1918, Vienna)^[41]
• Reggie Schwarz, South African cricketer and rugby player (November 18, 1918)^[17]
• Martin Sheridan, Irish-American athlete and Olympic Gold Medalist (March 27, 1918)
• Hamby Shore, Canadian ice hockey player (October 13, 1918)
• Robert W. Speer, mayor of Denver (May 14, 1918)
• Walter Stradling, English born cinematographer (July 4, 1918)
• Willard Dickerman Straight, American investment banker, publisher, reporter, Army Reserve officer and diplomat (December 1, 1918)
• Yakov Sverdlov, Bolshevik party leader and official of the Russian Republic established by the February 1917 Revolution (March 16, 1919)
• Mark Sykes, British politician and diplomat, body exhumed 2008 for scientific research (February 16, 1919)
• Dark Cloud (actor), born Elijah Tahamont, Native American actor, in Los Angeles (September 17, 1918)
• Prince Tsunehisa Takeda, Japanese Imperial Prince, the founder of the Takeda-no-miya collateral branch (April 23, 1919)
• Anaseini Takipō, Queen Dowager of Tonga (November 26, 1918)^[42]
• Frederick Trump, grandfather of 45th President of the United States Donald Trump (May 30, 1918)^{[43] [44]}
• Prince Umberto, Count of Salemi, member of the Italian royal family (October 19, 1918)
• Minik Wallace, Inuit (October 29, 1918)
• King Watzke, American violinist and bandleader (1920)^[17]
• Max Weber, German political sociologist and economist (June 14, 1920)
• Pearl F. "Specks" Webster, American baseball player (September 16, 1918)^{[45] [46]}
• Bill Yawkey, Major League Baseball executive and owner of the Detroit Tigers, in Augusta, Georgia, US (March 5, 1919)
• Ella Flagg Young, American educator (October 26, 1918)

In utero effects

Children of women who were pregnant during the pandemic ran the risk of lifelong effects. One in three of the more than 25 million who contracted the flu in the United States was a woman of childbearing age. A study of US census data from 1960 to 1980 found that the children born to this group of women had more physical ailments and a lower lifetime income than those born a few months earlier or later.^[47] The study also found that persons born in states with more severe exposure to the pandemic experienced worse outcomes than persons born in states with less severe exposure.^[48] A notable example was Rosemary Kennedy, sister of 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy, who was born during the pandemic on September 23, 1918, and suffered from intellectual disability, resulting in her institutionalization.

Notable survivors

• Alexandrine of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1879–1952), Queen of Denmark
• Alfonso XIII (1886–1941), King of Spain^[4]
• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938), founding father and first president of the Republic of Turkey^{[49] [50]}
• Walter Benjamin (1892–1940), German-Jewish philosopher and Marxist literary critic^[51]
• Raymond Chandler (1888–1959), American novelist and screenwriter^[52]
• Charles I (1887–1922), Emperor of Austria^[53]
• Walt Disney (1901–1966), cartoonist
• Amelia Earhart (1897-1939), American aviation pioneer and author^[54]
• Peter Fraser (1884–1950), New Zealand prime minister
• Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948), leader of the campaign for India's independence from British rule^[55]
• Lillian Gish (1893–1993), American early motion picture actress^[56]
• Haile Selassie I (1892–1975), Emperor of Ethiopia^[57]
• Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading (1860–1935), British politician and judge^[58]
• Joseph Joffre (1852–1931), French World War I general, victor of the Marne
• Jim Jordan (1896–1988), American actor best known as Fibber McGee^[59]
• Franz Kafka (1883–1924), German-speaking Jewish author^[60]
• David Lloyd George (1863–1945), British prime minister
• Prince Maximilian of Baden (1867–1929), Chancellor of Germany during the armistice
• Edvard Munch (1863–1944), Norwegian painter^[61]
• Alfred Noyes (1880–1958), English poet^[62]
• Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986), American modernist painter^[63]
• John J. Pershing (1860–1948), American general
• Boies Penrose (1860–1921), United States Senator^[64]
• Mary Pickford (1892–1979), American film actress^[65]
• Lakshman Singh (1908–1989), last maharawal of Dungarpur State (1928–1948), Member of Parliament (Rajya Sabha, 1952–1958), Member of the Legislative Council of Rajasthan (1962–1989)^[66]
• Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980), Pulitzer Prize-winning American writer^[65]
• Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), American president^[65]
• Jan Kanty Steczkowski (1862–1929), Prime Minister of the Regency Council^[67]
• Leó Szilárd (1898–1964), nuclear physicist, discoverer of the nuclear chain reaction^[68]
• Robert Walser (1878–1956), Swiss modernist author^[69]
• Wilhelm II, German Emperor (1859–1941)^[65]
• Woodrow Wilson (1856–1924), American president^[65]
• Sterling North (1906–1974), American writer^[70]

See also

• Deaths from the Spanish flu pandemic by country

Notes and References

1. Web site: Valentine. Vikki. Origins of the 1918 Pandemic: The Case for France. NPR. 2 October 2011. 20 February 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20120126081852/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5222069. 26 January 2012. live.
2. Web site: Anderson. Susan. Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918–1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic. American College of Physicians. 2 October 2011. 29 August 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20111125222223/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-08/acop-aos082806.php. 25 November 2011. live.
3. Encyclopedia: Maria. Porras-Gallo. Ryan A.. Davis . vanc. The Spanish Influenza Pandemic of 1918–1919: Perspectives from the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas. University of Rochester Press. 2014. 978-1-58046-496-3. 30. Rochester Studies in Medical History.
4. Book: Barry, John M.. vanc. John M. Barry. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History. Viking Penguin. 2004. 978-0-670-89473-4.
5. Web site: Galvin. John. vanc. Spanish Flu Pandemic: 1918. Popular Mechanics. 2 October 2011. 31 July 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20110920153758/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/environment/natural-disasters/4219884. 20 September 2011. live.
6. Web site: Henderson. Simon. After King Fahd. Washington Institute. 20 March 2020. Policy Paper. 1994. https://web.archive.org/web/20130517194450/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/PP_37_AFTERKINGFAHD.pdf. 17 May 2013. live. (Page 16)
7. https://indyracingmuseum.org/fame_inductee/johnny-aitken/ Aitken - Hall of Fame Inductees
8. https://www.racing-reference.info/showblog?id=3628 Historical Motorsports Stories: Johnny Aitken: Indy 500 Pioneer - Pandemic Victim
9. Book: 2004 . Soldiers of the Pátria: a history of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937 . Frank D. McCann . Stanford University Press . 978-0-8047-3222-2 . Frank D. McCann . 2016-09-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140627113821/http://books.google.com/books?id=xDep7jGaHPwC&pg=RA2-PA191&dq=Francisco+influenza . 2014-06-27 . live .
10. https://www.casebook.org/press_reports/times/19181118.html Times (London) - 18 November 1918 - DEATH OF SIR ROBERT ANDERSON.
11. https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/guillaume-apollinaire Poets: Guillaume Apollinaire
12. Book: John Baxter. Carnal Knowledge: Baxter's Concise Encyclopedia of Modern Sex. registration. 24 December 2011. 10 February 2009. HarperCollins. 978-0-06-087434-6. 13.
13. https://www.loc.gov/item/n82063875/felix-arndt/ Felix Arndt
14. http://www.unconservatory.org/celam/arndtbio.html Bio: Felix Arndt
15. Book: Hathaway, Sibyl . Sibyl Hathaway . Dame of Sark: An Autobiography . 2nd . 1962 . Coward-McCann, Inc. . . 59 . 2016-08-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160404101234/https://archive.org/details/dameofsark006367mbp . 2016-04-04 . live .
16. Book: Duncan, Kirsty. 2003 . Hunting the 1918 flu: one scientist's search for a killer virus . vanc . illustrated . University of Toronto Press . 978-0-8020-8748-5 .
17. http://www.dmacdigest.com/flu1918.html dMAC Health Digest
18. Historical Dictionary of Slovenia (Third edition - 2018) by Leopoldina Plut-Pregelj, Gregor Kranjc, Žarko Lazarević, Carole Rogel - Page 67
19. Lamb, Hugh. "Introduction", to Capes, Bernard. The Black Reaper. Ashcroft, B.C. : Ash-Tree Press 1998., pg. xvii.
20. https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibitions/as-precious-as-gold-stories-from-the-gold-rush-extraordinary-women/kate-carmack-shaaw Kate Carmack - Shaaw Tlaa
21. http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/shaaw_tlaa_14E.html Biography - SHAAW TLÁA - Volume XIV (1911-1920)
22. https://baseballhall.org/discover/1918-flu-pandemic-didnt-spare-baseball 1918 FLU PANDEMIC DID NOT SPARE BASEBALL
23. Early Exits: The Premature Endings of Baseball Careers By Brian McKenna (Page 85)
24. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/new-book-chronicles-first-lady-rose-clevelands-love-affair-evangeline-simpson-whipple-180972472/ New Book Chronicles First Lady Rose Cleveland's Love Affair With Evangeline Simpson Whipple
25. https://books.google.com/books?id=vf2nAwAAQBAJ&dq=rose+cleveland+influenza&pg=PT89 Rose Elizabeth Cleveland: First Lady and Literary Scholar by Sirpa Salenius
26. Book: Liberty . Margot . American Indian Intellectuals of the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries . July 15, 2002 . University of Oklahoma Press . Red River books . 199–222 . 978-0806133720 ., page 210
27. Bulletin of the New York State Museum, 1920. Section: "Death of Chief Edward Cornplanter," pages 104 and 105.
28. http://www.stagebeauty.net/th-frames.html?http&&&www.stagebeauty.net/deslys/deslys-g2.html Gaby Deslys (1881-1920)
29. News: 12 February 1920 . GABY DESLYS DIES AFTER OPERATION . 11 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
30. https://www.sfgate.com/books/article/An-American-waged-germ-warfare-against-U-S-in-WWI-2657341.php An American waged germ warfare against U.S. in WWI
31. News: 11 December 1920 . HORACE E. DODGE DIES IN FLORIDA . 12 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
32. News: 15 January 1920 . JOHN P. DODGE DIES AT RITZ-CARLTON . 11 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
33. Web site: Influenza 1918 - Among the Victims . American Experience, PBS . 2009-04-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090418180849/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/influenza/sfeature/victims.html . 2009-04-18 . live .
34. Web site: Harry Glenn. Baseball's Greatest Sacrifice. 2020-03-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20191101084920/http://www.baseballsgreatestsacrifice.com/biographies/glenn_harry.html. 2019-11-01. live.
35. News: 24 January 1919 . HARRY S. HARKNESS DIES OF INFLUENZA . 11 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
36. News: 15 January 1919 . SHELLEY HULL DEAD. . 11 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
37. Web site: Julian L'Estrange . Shakespeare & the Players . 2016-04-24 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160424152806/http://shakespeare.emory.edu/actordisplay.cfm?actorid=34 . 2016-04-24 .
38. Book: Pettit, Dorothy A. . A Cruel Wind: Pandemic Flu in America 1918-1920 . Timberlane Books . 2008 . 978-0971542815.
39. News: 19 June 1920 . GEORGE W. PERKINS DIES IN 58TH YEAR . 13 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
40. Web site: Lunsford Richardson, Inventor of VapoRub and Junk Mail. . 30 December 2014. North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. 11 May 2020.
41. Frank Whitford, Expressionist Portraits, Abbeville Press, 1987, p. 46.
42. Book: Eustis, Nelson . The King of Tonga: A Biography . 1997. Hobby Investment . Adelaide . 978-0-646-33077-8 . 38837175 . 64.
43. News: Trump's grandfather was killed by the flu, but president didn't know people died' from it - the Washington Post . . 2020-03-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200402003000/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/03/07/flu-trump-grandfather-death-coronavirus/ . 2020-04-02 . live .
44. Book: Blair . Gwenda . The Trumps: Three Generations That Built an Empire . 2000 . Simon and Schuster . 978-0-7432-1079-9 . 116.
45. https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2014/02/17/remembering-the-royals-the-pride-of-brooklyns-african-american-baseball-community/ Remembering the Royals: The pride of Brooklyn's African-American baseball community
46. http://www.baseballsgreatestsacrifice.com/biographies/webster_specks.html Specks Webster
47. Book: Superfreakonomics: global cooling, patriotic prostitutes, and why suicide bombers should buy life insurance. Steven D. Levitt. Stephen J. Dubner. William Morrow. 2009. 978-0-06-088957-9. 59, 230. citing "Is the 1918 Influenza Pandemic Over? Long-Term Effects of In Utero Influenza Exposure in the Post-1940 U.S Population," Journal of Political Economy 114 no. 4 (2006); and Douglas Almond and Bhashkar Mazumder, "The 1918 Influenza Pandemic and Subsequent Health Outcomes: An Analysis of SIPP Data," Recent Developments in Health Economics 95 no. 2 (May 2005)
48. Book: Innovation in Global Health Governance: Critical Cases. Global environmental governance series. Andrew Fenton Cooper. John J. Kirton. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. 2009. 978-0-7546-4872-7. 139.
49. Book: Gawrych, George W.. The young Atatürk: from Ottoman soldier to statesman of Turkey. 2013. I.B. Tauris. 978-1-78076-322-4. London. 839527835.
50. Book: Mango. Andrew. Atatürk. 1999. Sabah. Doruker. Füsun. 975-579-085-3. İstanbul. 64391065.
51. Sholem, Gershom. Walter Benjamin: The Story of a Friendship. Trans. The Jewish Publication Society of America. London: Faber & Faber, 1982. 76.
52. http://www.thekeptgirl.com/2017/07/the-clews-from-raymond-chandlers-war.html The clews from Raymond Chandler's war
53. News: 20 December 1918 . BOTH DEPOSED KAISERS ARE SERIOUSLY ILL . 2 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
54. Book: Lovell, Mary S. . The Sound of Wings: The Life of Amelia Earhart . St. Martin's Press . 1989 . 978-1-4668-6648-5 . 27.
55. Web site: How the Spanish flu changed the course of Indian history. 2020-10-13. gulfnews.com. 15 March 2020 .
56. [Lillian Gish]
57. Harold Marcus, Haile Sellassie I: The formative years, 1892–1936 (Trenton: Red Sea Press, 1996), pp. 36f; Pankhurst 1990, p. 48f.
58. News: 1 March 1919 . LORD READING HERE FOR A SHORT STAY . 11 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
59. Web site: Jim and Marian Jordan's Contributions to Radio. www.lib.niu.edu. January 15, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20110810024133/http://www.lib.niu.edu/1993/ihy930345.html. August 10, 2011. dead.
60. http://jewishnews.at/jewish-news-from-austria-21/the-impossibility-of-being-kafka.html The Impossibility of Being Kafka
61. Munch Museum, "A timeline of Munch's life".Munch Museum . Accessed 2009-05-24. Archived 2009-05-27.
62. News: 6 February 1919 . ALFRED NOYES VERY ILL . 11 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
63. [Roxana Robinson]
64. News: 30 November 1919 . Senator Penrose Ill in Philadelphia Home; Collapse and Grip Follow Treaty Contest . 1 . The New York Times . 15 June 2022.
65. Book: Collier, Richard . vanc . The Plague of the Spanish Lady – The Influenza Pandemic of 1918–19 . Atheneum . 1974 . 978-0-689-10592-0.
66. Book: Allen . Charles. Dwivedi . Sharada . 1984 . Lives of the Indian Princes . Great Britain . Century Publishing Co. . 301 . 0517556898.
67. Book: Spinney . Laura . Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How it Changed the World . 1 June 2017 . Random House . 978-1-4735-2392-0 . 42 .
68. [Richard Rhodes]
69. Harss. Marina. 2019-10-09. Dancing to Robert Walser. 2021-05-06. The New Yorker. en-US.
70. Book: North. Sterling. Rascal: A Memoir of a Better Era. 1990 . Penguin Group. 145. 0-14-034445-4.