List of South America hurricanes explained

A South American hurricane is a tropical cyclone that affects the continent of South America or its countries. The continent is rarely affected by tropical cyclones, though most storms to hit the area are formed in the North Atlantic Ocean. Typically, strong upper level winds and its proximity to the equator prevents North Atlantic impacts.^[1] Cyclone Yaku is the only known tropical cyclone to have ever affected the Pacific side of South America on record, albeit its status as a tropical cyclone is unofficial. Although conditions are typically too hostile for many storms to hit the area from the South Atlantic Ocean, there have been a few tropical cyclones to affect land. Based on climatology, northern Venezuela and Colombia have a 1 to 5% chance of a hurricane strike in any given year, while all locations south of 10° N have less than a 1% chance of a direct hit.^[2]

List of tropical cyclones

1588–1900

• November 4–6, 1588 – Cartagena de Indias in Colombia is affected by a hurricane.^[3]
• September, 1672 – A hurricane affects Caracas, Venezuela.^[3]
• October 22, 1683 – The island of Curaçao off Venezuela is impacted by a hurricane.^[3]
• September, 1773 – A hurricane moves across Venezuela^[4] and later Colombia.^[3]
• December 13–22, 1822 – A hurricane traverses the southeastern Caribbean Sea and makes landfall on Venezuela.^[4]
• October 13, 1847 – Venezuela is affected by a hurricane.^[4]
• September 23, 1877 – A 105 mph (170 km/h) Category 2 hurricane makes landfall on northern Venezuela, causing winds of up to 80 mph (130 km/h) in Curaçao.^[5]
• September 17, 1886 – A Category 2 hurricane parallels the north coast of Venezuela, causing winds of up to 40 mph (65 km/h) in Curaçao.^[6]
• December 10, 1887 – A tropical storm passes just north of the Guajira Department of Colombia.^[7]
• October 8, 1892 – A Category 2 hurricane hits Northern Venezuela and Colombia,^[8] causing rough seas in Curaçao.^[9]

20th century

• September 5, 1911 – Curaçao experiences a westward moving tropical storm which passes near the northern coasts of Venezuela and Colombia.^[10]
• November 2–5, 1932 – A Category 2 hurricane parallels the north coast of Venezuela and Colombia 75 miles (120 km) offshore, causing some damage. Later, it passes to the northeast of Providencia Island, destroying 36 houses and ruining crops.^[11]
• June 27, 1933 – A minimal hurricane moves through northeastern Venezuela. The hurricane destroys several houses, businesses, and fishing boats. Powerful winds cut telephonic and telegraphic communications for several days. The hurricane killed several people, and caused over $200,000 in damage (1933 USD, $3.3 million 2008 USD).^[12]
• October 8, 1954 – Hurricane Hazel parallels the north coasts of Venezuela and Colombia around 100 miles (160 km) offshore as a Category 3 hurricane, though effects, if any, are unknown.^[13]
• September 25, 1955 – Hurricane Janet parallels the north coasts of Venezuela and Colombia around 100 miles (160 km) offshore as a Category 4 hurricane, though effects, if any, are unknown.^[14]
• July 20, 1961 – Hurricane Anna passes 75 miles (120 km) north of the coast of Venezuela, though effects, if any, are unknown.^[15]
• October 1, 1963 – Hurricane Flora strikes Tobago and remains just offshore of Venezuela as it moves through the Caribbean Sea as a Category 3 hurricane. Damage in Venezuela, if any, is unknown.^[16]
• September 7, 1971 – A tropical depression intensifies into Tropical Storm Edith near the north coast of Venezuela. The southern portion of the depression's circulation moves over the northeastern portion of the country.^[17] Effects are unknown.
• September 16, 1971 – A tropical depression that later becomes Hurricane Irene crosses the island of Curaçao. Effects are unknown.^[18]
• August 14, 1974 – Tropical Storm Alma makes landfall on northeastern Venezuela and later dissipates over the mountainous country. Intense rain bands cause a passenger plane to crash on Isla Margarita, resulting in 47 indirect deaths. Damage is unknown.^[19]
• August 12, 1978 – Tropical Depression Cora dissipates near the island of Curaçao, causing no known impact.^[20]
• September 13, 1978 – A tropical depression that later becomes Hurricane Greta forms near the northeastern coast of Venezuela, causing no known damage.^[20]
• September 10–12, 1988 – Outflow bands from Hurricane Gilbert produce flash flooding in northern Venezuela. The flooding killed five people.^[21]
• October 16–18, 1988 – Tropical Storm Joan strikes northern Venezuela and Colombia. The storm produces flash flooding which kills 11 in Venezuela. In Colombia, rainfall from Joan kills 25, and leaves 27,000 homeless.^[22]
• August 14, 1990 – Minimal Tropical Storm Fran dissipates over northeastern Venezuela, with no known impact.^[23]
• August 7–9, 1993 – Tropical Storm Bret moves across northern Venezuela and Colombia. In Venezuela, the storm drops at least 13.35 inches (339 mm) in Guanare. The rainfall causes mudslides, particularly near the city of Caracas, that cover many low-income housing units. Of the 173 deaths caused by Bret in Venezuela, most occur in the low-income areas near Caracas.^[24] Lack of preparation, including weather forecasters prematurely stating the worst of the storm is over, is part of the problem.^[25] In all, 10,000 are left homeless, and damaged totals $25 million (1993 USD, $37 million 2008 USD). In Colombia, Bret causes one death and one injury.^[24]
• July 24–27, 1996 – Hurricane Cesar moves westward across the southern Caribbean and crosses over extreme northern Colombia and the San Andrés archipelago. Cesar kills 11 people in Colombia due to flooding and mudslides.^[26]
• November 13–16, 1999 – Strong waves from Hurricane Lenny affect the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia, flooding 1,200 homes and businesses along the northern coastline. In addition, winds and rains from the hurricane causes severe crop damage in the country.^[27] The hurricane kills two in Colombia.^[28]

2000–2020

• September 25, 2000 – Hurricane Joyce dissipates just north of eastern Venezuela, causing no known damage.^[29]
• September 14, 2002 – Hurricane Isidore crosses over northeastern Venezuela as a tropical depression. Effects, if any, are unknown.^[30]
• December 4, 2003 – Tropical Storm Odette produces heavy rainfall of up to 8 inches (200 mm) in Colombia.^[31]
• January 20, 2004 – A possible tropical storm or depression in the South Atlantic Ocean hits eastern Brazil, dropping heavy rainfall in the area.^[32]
• March 28, 2004 – A cyclone, unofficially named Hurricane Catarina, strikes southeastern Brazil with maximum recorded winds of 100 mph(155 km/h).^[33] The hurricane damaged more than 30,000 homes and left 1,900 people homeless. The storm also damaged 1,373 businesses and destroyed 50, including a hospital. The storm killed 3, injured 38,^[34] and caused up to $330 million in damage (2004 USD).^[33] This was the first hurricane ever reported in the Atlantic, south of the equator.
• September 7–9, 2004 – Hurricane Ivan parallels the north coast of Venezuela as a Category 4 hurricane. Ivan's strong winds forced the closure of several airports. The hurricane also produced heavy rainfall and strong waves.^[35] Ivan killed three in the country,^[36] though overall damage was minor.^[37]
• July 14, 2005 – Hurricane Emily passes just north of Venezuela as a strengthening hurricane, causing heavy rains and flooding in the northeastern portion of the country. 64 families were forced to leave their homes when rivers in eastern Monagas state overflowed their banks, but waters quickly receded. Ships were forced to remain at port while the hurricane passed to the country's north, though restrictions quickly lifted.^[38]
• October 29, 2005 – Hurricane Beta hits the Colombian island of Providencia, and tears the roofs off of thousands of homes. High winds also shut down all airports and communications.^[39]
• September 2, 2007 – Strong winds and waves from Hurricane Felix leave one person missing in the coastal Venezuelan city of Puerto Cabello.^[40]
• January 28, 2009 – A cold-core mid to upper-level trough in phase with a low-level warm-core low formed a system over Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil and moved eastward into the South Atlantic. The system was eventually classified as a subtropical cyclone, making it the only subtropical cyclone on record to affect South America, and the second subtropical system ever recorded in the South Atlantic, with the first being a subtropical cyclone in 1974. Winds exceeded on the coast of Uruguay and extreme southern Rio Grande do Sul, and the system produced 300mm of rainfall or more in 24 hours in some locations of Rocha (Uruguay) and southern Rio Grande do Sul. Fourteen deaths and thousands of evacuees are attributed to the storm with an emergency declared in four cities.
• March 10, 2010 – Unofficially named (by private and public weather centers from Southern Brazil) Tropical Storm Anita affected the coast of southern Brazil. The cyclone develops out of a subtropical cyclone and is one of the rare tropical cyclones developed in South Atlantic Ocean waters.^[41]
• September 23, 2010 – In Caracas, Venezuela, heavy rains associated with Tropical Storm Matthew triggered significant flooding that destroyed several homes, killing at least seven people.^[42] Another person, a 70-year-old man, was swept away by a swollen river in the northeastern state of Sucre later that day.^[43]
• Early November 2010 – Hurricane Tomas produces strong winds and heavy rainfall on Isla Aves, located off the northern coast of Venezuela.^[44]
• March 10, 2011 – Before becoming a subtropical cyclone, Subtropical Storm Arani produces torrential rains over Brazil. Damage is unknown.^[45]
• March 10–13, 2015 – Subtropical Storm Cari stalls offshore Brazil, dropping up to 6inches of rain, strong waves, and strong winds.^[46]
• September 30, 2016 – Hurricane Matthew affected the coast of Colombia with tropical storm-force winds and flooding rains. Rainfall in Cartagena reached 222abbr=onNaNabbr=on during a 24-hour span and Santa Marta saw 140abbr=onNaNabbr=on.^[47] One person died in Aribia in Colombia due to flooding.^[48]
• June 19–20, 2017 – Tropical Storm Bret makes landfall in Trinidad and Tobago, causing one death in Trinidad and another in Tobago, before making landfall in Venezuela.^{[49] [50]} The storm results in strong winds and flooding, which caused millions of dollars in damage.^[51]
• September 22–23, 2019 – Tropical Storm Karen brought severe flash floods to Tobago, trapping some people in their houses, as well as uprooting trees and causing several power outages.^[52] Several roads were blocked due to mudslides and downed trees. In addition, seven boats in Plymouth sank after a jetty broke.^[53] It was also announced that all schools would be closed on Monday, September 23.^[54] Swells generated by Karen caused flooding and power outages in Caracas and La Guaira.^[55]
• January 23–24, 2020 – Subtropical Storm Kurumí in the South Atlantic generated heavy rainfall across Belo Horizonte in southeast Brazil, with a 24-hour rainfall total of 171.8 mm (6.764 in) recorded from January 23 to 24, the highest in 110 years. Mudslides killed at least three people and damaged several buildings. Kurumí served to worsen ongoing flooding associated with an unusually active summer monsoon.^{[56] [57]}
• November 15–16, 2020 – Hurricane Iota as a tropical wave caused heavy flooding in mainland Colombia. An estimated 70 percent of Cartagena saw flooding due to the direct effects of Iota.^[58] Subsequently, Iota passed very near the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina as a high end Category 4 hurricane; the first to ever strike Colombia.^[59] Across the country, at least 7 people died and another 10 were left missing.^[60]

2021–present

• April 21, 2021 – Subtropical Storm Potira caused flooding in the streets and damage to the sidewalks in the Brazilian municipalities of Balneário Camboriú and Florianópolis.^[61]
• December 12, 2021 – Subtropical Storm Ubá affected southern Brazil, causing heavy rains in Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo and southern Bahia, where heavy precipitation accumulated in Itamaraju and in Monte Formoso, killing fifteen people.^{[62] [63] [64]}
• May 17, 2022 – Heavy rains from Subtropical Storm Yakecan kill two people in Uruguay and Brazil.^{[65] [66]}
• June 30, 2022 – The precusor to Tropical Storm Bonnie made landfall in northern Venezuela and northern Colombia.
• October 9, 2022 – Hurricane Julia caused widespread flooding and landslides. In Las Tejerías, in north-central Venezuela, at least 50 people died when mud and debris inundated the town.^{[67] [68] [69]}
• March 7–20, 2023 – An extremely rare system, unofficially named Yaku, brings severe flooding to Ecuador and Peru, killing at least eight people.^{[70] [71]}

Listed by month

44 tropical cyclones have affected South America in most months of the year.

Month	Number of recorded storms affecting South America
January	2
February	0
March	5
April	0
May	0
June	2
July	3
August	4
September	14
October	8
November	4
December	3

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Deadliest storms

Data from South American tropical cyclones is sparse and incomplete, though most tropical cyclones that struck the continent caused multiple deaths. Bret, Julia, Joan, and Cesar all caused their deaths through rainfall or flash flooding.

Name	Year	Number of deaths
	1993	174
	1988	36
	1996	17
	2021	15
	2009	14
	2010	8
	2023	8
	2020	7
	1988	5
	2004	3
	2004	3
	2020	3
	1999	2
	2017	2
	2022	2
	1961	1
	2016	1
"Trinidad"	1933	"Several"
	1974	0 (47 indirect)
	2022	0 (54 indirect)

Tropical cyclone warnings and watches

In the event an Atlantic hurricane threatens the northern coast of South America, the National Hurricane Center defines nine locations as tropical cyclone warning breakpoints. The westernmost is the border between Panama and Colombia, and the easternmost is Georgetown, Guyana, located at 6.82° N. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, tropical cyclone warning breakpoints extend eastward to the border of Panama and Colombia at 7.23° N.^[72] No Atlantic hurricane has existed south of 6.82° N,^[73] and no Pacific hurricane has existed east of 80° W,^[74] though in the event a tropical cyclone threatens a region of South America without warnings, additional warning sites can be selected. In addition to warnings on the mainland of South America, the National Hurricane Center defines the entire island of San Andres as a tropical cyclone warning breakpoint.^[72]

Intense Hurricane Flora in 1963 prompted officials to declare gale warnings for two islands off the north coast of Venezuela.^[75] In 1974, the passage of Tropical Storm Alma warranted the issuance of Gale Warnings for the Paria and Paraguaná Peninsulas.^[19] Hurricane Joan in 1988, Tropical Storm Bret in 1993, Hurricane Cesar in 1996, and Hurricane Felix in 2007 resulted in tropical storm and hurricane watches and warnings for several locations in South America.^{[76] [77] [78] [79]} The threat of Hurricane Ivan prompted a hurricane watch and a tropical storm warning for the northern coast of Venezuela.^[80]

See also

• South Atlantic tropical cyclone
• Atlantic hurricane season
• Lists of Atlantic hurricanes
• Tropical cyclone
• Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Lesser Antilles and South America

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2004 . Ask Tom Why . WGN9 Chicago . 2006-07-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060427143006/http://wgntv.trb.com/news/weather/weblog/wgnweather/archives/000098.html . 2006-04-27 . dead .
2. Web site: Pielke, Rubiera, Landsea, Fernández, and Klein. 2003. Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America & The Caribbean. National Hazards Review. 2006-07-20.
3. Web site: Ricardo . Garcia-Herrera . Luis . Gimeno . Pedro . Ribera . Emiliano . Hernandez . New records of Atlantic hurricanes from Spanish documentary sources. 2006-07-20.
4. Web site: Michael Chenoweth. 2006. A Reassessment of Historical Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity, 1700–1855. 2006-07-20.
5. Web site: NOAA. 2005. 1877 Atlantic hurricane season. 2006-07-20.
6. Web site: NOAA. 2005. 1886 Atlantic hurricane season. 2006-07-20.
7. Web site: NOAA. 2005. 1887 Atlantic hurricane season. 2006-07-20.
8. Web site: NOAA. 2005. 1892 Atlantic hurricane season. 2006-07-20.
9. Web site: National Weather Service. 1892. 1892 Monthly Weather Review. 2006-07-21.
10. Web site: NOAA. 2005. 1911 Atlantic hurricane season. 2006-07-21.
11. Web site: National Weather Service. 1932. 1932 Monthly Weather Review. 2006-07-21.
12. Web site: National Weather Service. 1933. 1933 Monthly Weather Review. 2006-07-21.
13. Web site: National Weather Service. 1954. 1954 Monthly Weather Review. 2006-07-21.
14. Web site: National Weather Service . 1955 . 1955 Monthly Weather Review . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070629114604/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1955.pdf . 2007-06-29 .
15. Web site: National Weather Service. 1961. 1961 Monthly Weather Review. 2006-07-21.
16. Web site: National Weather Service . 1963 . 1963 Monthly Weather Review . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090507122057/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1963.pdf . 2009-05-07 .
17. Web site: John Hope. 1971. Hurricane Edith Preliminary Report Page 1. National Hurricane Center. 2006-11-01.
18. Web site: National Weather Service . 1971 . 1971 Monthly Weather Review . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080923015222/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1971.pdf . 2008-09-23 .
19. Web site: National Hurricane Center. 1974. Tropical Storm Alma Tropical Cyclone Report. 2006-11-18.
20. Web site: National Weather Service. 1978. 1978 Monthly Weather Review. 2006-07-21.
21. Web site: National Weather Service . 1988 . 1988 Monthly Weather Review . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120214094031/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1988.pdf . 2012-02-14 .
22. Web site: Harold P. Gerrish. 1988. Hurricane Joan Tropical Cyclone Report Page 3. National Hurricane Center. 2006-07-21.
23. Web site: National Hurricane Center. 1990. Tropical Storm Fran Tropical Cyclone Report. 2006-07-21.
24. Web site: National Weather Service . 1993 . 1993 Monthly Weather Review . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080923023541/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1993.pdf . 2008-09-23 .
25. Web site: John Wade. 1993. Catastrophe in Caracas. The Herald. 2006-07-21.
26. Web site: Associated Press . 1996 . Hurricane Douglas leaves at least 35 dead as it crosses from Caribbean to Pacific . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183033/http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/RWB.NSF/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/225921ce1d150f66c1256377003249a6?OpenDocument . 2007-09-27 .
27. Web site: Agence France-Presse. 1999. One death blamed on Hurricane Lenny; still threatens Caribbean. 2006-07-21. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183528/http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.int/w/RWB.NSF/480fa8736b88bbc3c12564f6004c8ad5/363875f0d9b2ff82c125683c0041097a?OpenDocument. 2007-09-27.
28. Web site: John L. Guiney . 1999 . Hurricane Lenny Tropical Cyclone Report . National Hurricane Center . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110102121703/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999lenny.html . 2011-01-02 .
29. Web site: Miles B. Lawrence . 2000 . Hurricane Joyce Tropical Cyclone Report . National Hurricane Center . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110102121703/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1999lenny.html . 2011-01-02 .
30. Web site: Lixion A. Avila. 2002. Hurricane Isidore Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. 2006-07-21.
31. Web site: World Meteorological Organization . 2004 . Final Report of the 2003 Atlantic Hurricane Season . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20051029215601/http://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TCP/Reports/HC26-English.pdf . October 29, 2005 .
32. Web site: Gary Padgett . 2004 . January 2004 Tropical cyclone summary . 2006-07-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060616151919/http://australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2004/summ0401.txt . 2006-06-16 . dead .
33. D. H. Levinson. 2004. State of the Climate in 2004. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 86. 6. S1–S86. American Meteorological Society. 10.1175/BAMS-86-6-Levinson. 2006-07-21.
34. News: Associated Press. First South Atlantic hurricane hits Brazil. 2006-07-21. USA Today . 2004-03-30.
35. Web site: Agence France-Presse. 2004. Hurricane Ivan kills at least 14 in Caribbean. 2006-07-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192649/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/SZIE-64NKFE?OpenDocument&rc=2&cc=ven. dead. September 27, 2007.
36. Web site: Stacy R. Stewart . 2004 . Hurricane Ivan Tropical Cyclone Report . National Hurricane Center . 2006-07-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070911070938/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/2004ivan.shtml . 2007-09-11 .
37. Web site: International Federation of the Red Cross. 2004. Caribbean:Hurricane Ivan. 2006-07-21.
38. News: News from Russia. 2005. Emily passed Venezuela. 2006-07-21. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20060327153538/http://newsfromrussia.com/world/2005/07/15/60604.html. 2006-03-27.
39. Web site: Adventist News Network. Adventist News Network. 2005 . Colombia: Adventists Aid Hurricane Beta Relief Effort on Tiny Island . 2010-09-26 .
40. Web site: Agence French-Presse . 2007 . Maximum strength Hurricane Felix aims for Central America . 2007-09-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090707142638/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jqK-v2ow8GjpYjB3tHUvxe5-pNbw . 2009-07-07 .
41. Web site: Brazilian Meteorological Service . March 2010 . Monitoramento – Ciclone tropical na costa gaúcha . pt . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100309131205/http://www.metsul.com/blog/ . March 9, 2010 .
42. Web site: The Associated Press: Mexico: Mudslide proves less deadly than feared . 2010-10-05 . 2010-10-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101005005756/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hl_pDxsnzNXUg2xSAHZJeJMgbvqgD9IHIF7O0?docId=D9IHIF7O0 . dead .
43. News: September 26, 2010 . September 26, 2010 . Fourteen dead in tropical storm . AFP . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100928042209/http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/fourteen-dead-in-tropical-storm/story-e6frfku0-1225929464883 . September 28, 2010 .
44. News: Staff Writer . Agence France-Presse . 2010-10-30 . Montreal Gazette . Hurricane Tomas forms in eastern Caribbean . 2010-10-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101102154105/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/Hurricane%2BTomas%2Bforms%2Beastern%2BCaribbean/3752405/story.html . dead . November 2, 2010 .
45. Web site: Unattributed. Climatempo. March 16, 2011. March 19, 2011. Arani – tempestade subtropical afasta-se da costa do ES. pt.
46. Web site: Cari é rebaixado ao enfraquecer e ciclone se afasta do continente. Metsul. March 14, 2015. March 12, 2015. pt. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150322070735/http://www.metsul.com/blog2012/Home/home/843/Cari_%C3%A9_rebaixado_ao_enfraquecer_e_ciclone_se_afasta_do_continente. March 22, 2015.
47. News: es. Juan David Umaña Gallego. El Colombiano. October 3, 2016. October 3, 2016. "Matthew" provocó estragos en la Costa.
48. News: es. Sandra Guerrero Barriga. El Heraldo. October 1, 2016. October 1, 2016. 'Matthew' coge fuerza en su avance frente a la Costa.
49. News: RJR News. June 21, 2017. June 21, 2017. Tropical Storm Bret blamed for at least one death.
50. News: Williams. Elizabeth. Man injured when Bret destroyed home, has died. https://web.archive.org/web/20170630164638/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/20170630/news/man-injured-when-bret-destroyed-home-has-died. dead. June 30, 2017. July 1, 2017. Trinidad Express. June 30, 2017.
51. News: Carolyn Kissoon. Barrackpore after Bret: $millions in damage. https://web.archive.org/web/20170620212842/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/20170620/news/barrackpore-after-bret-millions-in-damage. dead. June 20, 2017. June 23, 2017. Daily Express. June 20, 2017.
52. News: Severe flooding hits Trinidad and Tobago, Karen heading toward Puerto Rico and Virgin Islands. Julie Celestial. September 23, 2019. The Watchers. February 29, 2020.
53. News: Tropical Storm Karen Floods Streets, Traps People in Homes in Tobago. September 22, 2019. The Weather Channel. Ron Brackett. February 29, 2020.
54. News: No school on Monday. September 22, 2019. Trinidad Express. Carolyn Kissoon. February 29, 2020.
55. News: Tormenta Tropical Karen provocó inundaciones en Caracas y La Guaira. September 22, 2019. Descifrado. February 29, 2020. es.
56. News: Heavy rains cause casualties, damage in southeast Brazilian region. https://web.archive.org/web/20200125162136/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/25/c_138732892.htm. dead. January 25, 2020. January 24, 2020. Xinhua News. February 1, 2020.
57. News: Cappucci . Matthew . Brazilian city experiences deadly flooding after 32 inches of rain falls in just 27 days . October 16, 2020 . The Washington Post . January 29, 2020.
58. News: es. Turkish Radio. November 15, 2020. November 15, 2020. Inundaciones en Colombia: 3 muertos.
59. News: es. El País. November 17, 2020. November 17, 2020. Dos muertos y un desaparecido, el balance del paso de Iota por Providencia.
60. News: es. Vanguardia. November 19, 2020. November 19, 2020. $150 mil millones invertirán inicialmente para atender emergencia en Providencia.
61. Web site: Após semana com tempestade subtropical, litoral de SC registra alagamentos com maré alta. G1.
62. News: Sobe para 32 número de cidades em situação de emergência por causa das fortes chuvas na Bahia. 2021-12-13 . g1. 2021-12-13 . Portuguese .
63. News: Em 24 horas número de desabrigados pela chuva aumenta quase cinco vezes em MG. 12 December 2021 . g1. 11 December 2021. pt-br.
64. News: CICLONE SE FORMA NA COSTA DO SUL DO BRASIL E PROVOCA CALAMIDADE NA BAHIA. 12 December 2021 . MetSul Meteorologia. 10 December 2021 . Portuguese .
65. Web site: No Uruguai, Yakecan provoca transtornos e causa pelo menos uma morte . 17 May 2022 .
66. Web site: Corpo é encontrado no Guaíba após barco afundar durante passagem de tempestade Yakecan no RS; suspeita é que seja de pescador desaparecido .
67. News: Landslides Leave at Least 22 Dead, and Dozens Missing in Venezuela. Glatsky. Genevieve. Romero. Tibisay. October 9, 2022. The New York Times. October 10, 2022. en-US.
68. Web site: Delacroix . Matias . Hurricane Julia 22 dead in landslide in Venezuela . All News Press.com . October 10, 2022.
69. Web site: Petley . Dave . The 8-9 October 2022 disaster at Las Tejerías in Venezuela . The Landslide Blog . 10 October 2022.
70. Web site: GESTIÓN . NOTICIAS . 2023-03-11 . Emergencia en el norte: huaicos, inundaciones y desbordes hoy 10 de marzo . 2023-03-13 . Gestión . es.
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