This is a list of Solar System objects by greatest aphelion or the greatest distance from the Sun that the orbit could take it if the Sun and object were the only objects in the universe. It is implied that the object is orbiting the Sun in a two-body solution without the influence of the planets, passing stars, or the galaxy. The aphelion can change significantly due to the gravitational influence of planets and other stars. Most of these objects are comets on a calculated path and may not be directly observable. For instance, comet Hale-Bopp was last seen in 2013 at magnitude 24[1] and continues to fade, making it invisible to all but the most powerful telescopes.
The maximum extent of the region in which the Sun's gravitational field is dominant, the Hill sphere, may extend to 230000AU as calculated in the 1960s. But any comet currently more than about 150000AU from the Sun can be considered lost to the interstellar medium. The nearest known star is Proxima Centauri at 4.25ly,[2] followed by Alpha Centauri at about 4.35 light years.[2]
Oort cloud comets orbit the Sun at great distances, but can then be perturbed by passing stars and the galactic tides.[3] As they come into or leave the inner Solar System they may have their orbit changed by the planets, or alternatively be ejected from the Solar System.[3] It is also possible they may collide with the Sun or a planet.[3]
S/2021 N 1 (the outermost moon of Neptune) takes over 27 years to orbit Neptune, comets can take up to 30 million years to orbit the Sun, and the Sun orbits the Milky Way in about 230 million years (a galactic year).
| 27.4 | 16.6% | |||
| Oort cloud comet | 30 million | 13% | ||
| 230 million | N/A |
As many of the objects listed below have some of the most extreme orbits of any objects in the Solar System, describing their orbit precisely can be particularly difficult and sensitive to the time the orbit is defined at. For most objects in the Solar System, a heliocentric reference frame (relative to the gravitational center of the Sun) is sufficient to explain their orbits. However, as the orbits of objects become closer to the Solar System's escape velocity, with long orbital periods on the order of hundreds or thousands of years, a different reference frame is required to describe their orbit: a barycentric reference frame. A barycentric reference frame measures the asteroid's orbit relative to the gravitational center of the entire Solar System, rather than just the Sun. Mostly due to the influence of the outer gas giants, the Solar System barycenter varies by up to twice the radius of the Sun.
This difference in position can lead to significant changes in the orbits of long-period comets and distant asteroids. Many comets have hyperbolic (unbound) orbits in a heliocentric reference frame, but in a barycentric reference frame have much more firmly bound orbits, with only a small handful remaining truly hyperbolic.
The orbital parameter used to describe how non-circular an object's orbit is, is eccentricity (e). An object with an e of 0 has a perfectly circular orbit, with its perihelion distance being just as close to the Sun as its aphelion distance. An object with an e of between 0 and 1 will have an elliptical orbit, with, for instance, an object with an e of 0.5 having a perihelion twice as close to the Sun as its aphelion. As an object's e approaches 1, its orbit will be more and more elongated before, and at e=1, the object's orbit will be parabolic and unbound to the Solar System (i.e. not returning for another orbit). An e greater than 1 will be hyperbolic and still be unbound to the Solar System.
Although it describes how "unbound" an object's orbit is, eccentricity does not necessarily reflect how high an incoming velocity said object had before entering the Solar System (a parameter known as Vinfinity, or Vinf). A clear example of this is the eccentricities of the two known Interstellar objects as of October 2019, 1I/'Oumuamua. and 2I/Borisov. 'Oumuamua had an incoming Vinf of 26.5km/s, but due to its low perihelion distance of only 0.255 au, it had an eccentricity of 1.200. However, Borisov's Vinf was only slightly higher, at 32.3km/s, but due to its higher perihelion distance of ~2.003 au, its eccentricity was a comparably higher 3.340. In practice, no object originating from the Solar System should have an incoming heliocentric eccentricity much higher than 1, and should rarely have an incoming barycentric eccentricity of above 1, as that would imply that the object had originated from an indefinitely far distance from the Sun.
Due to having the most eccentric orbits of any Solar System body, a comet's orbit typically intersects one or more of the planets in the Solar System. As a result, the orbit of a comet is frequently perturbed significantly, even over the course of a single pass through the inner Solar System. Due to the changing orbit, it's necessary to provide a calculation of the orbit of the comet (or similarly orbiting body) both before and after entering the inner Solar System. For example, Comet ISON was ~312 au from the Sun in 1600, and its remnants will be ~431 au from the Sun in 2400, both well outside of any significant gravitational influence from the planets.
| Object | Heliocentric Aphelion (Q) (Sun) Perihelion epoch | Barycentric Aphelion (AD) (Sun+Jupiter) epoch 2200 | Barycentric Aphelion epoch 1800 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C/2004 R2 (ASAS) | 3238164sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 13000 AU[4] | 4000 AU | |
| C/2015 O1 (PANSTARRS) | 1302400sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 15000 AU[5] | 60000 AU | |
| C/2012 S4 (PANSTARRS) | 504443sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 5700 AU[6] | 8400 AU | |
| C/2012 CH17 (MOSS) | 279825sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 7283 AU | 26000 AU | |
| C/2008 C1 (Chen-Gao) | 203253sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 3822 AU | 520 AU | |
| C/1992 J1 (Spacewatch) | 226867sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 3700 AU | 75000 AU | |
| C/2007 N3 (Lulin) | 144828sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 2419 AU | 64000 AU | |
| C/2017 T2 (PANSTARRS) | 117212sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 2975 AU | 84000 AU | |
| C/1937 N1 (Finsler) | 115031sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 7121 AU | 16000 AU | |
| C/1972 X1 (Araya) | 108011sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 5630 AU | 4200 AU | |
| C/2014 R3 (PANSTARRS) | 80260sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 12841 AU | 19000 AU | |
| C/2015 O1 (PANSTARRS) | 77092sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 21753 AU | 52000 AU | |
| C/2001 C1 (LINEAR) | 76230sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | ejection | 98000 AU | |
| C/2002 J4 (NEAT) | 57793sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | ejection | 59000 AU | |
| C/1958 D1 (Burnham) | 46408sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 1110 AU | 7800 AU | |
| C/1986 V1 (Sorrells) | 37825sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 8946 AU | 5400 AU | |
| C/2005 G1 (LINEAR) | 37498sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 40572 AU | 110000 AU | |
| C/2006 W3 (Christensen) | 35975sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 8212 AU | 5300 AU | |
| C/2009 W2 (Boattini) | 31059sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 3847 AU | 4200 AU | |
| C/2005 L3 (McNaught) | 26779sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 6851 AU | 33000 AU | |
| C/2004 YJ35 (LINEAR) | 26433sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 2480 AU | 75000 AU | |
| C/2003 H3 (NEAT) | 26340sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | ejection | 4900 AU | |
| C/2010 L3 (Catalina) | 25609sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 21094 AU | 12000 AU | |
| C/1902 R1 (Perrine) | 25066sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 2306 AU | 74000 AU | |
| C/1889 G1 (Barnard) | 24784sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 1575 AU | 2100 AU | |
| C/2007 VO53 (Spacewatch) | 24383sigfig=2NaNsigfig=2 | 16835 AU | 22000 AU |
Examples of comets with a more well-determined orbit. Comets are extremely small relative to other bodies and hard to observe once they stop outgassing (see Coma (cometary)). Because they are typically discovered close to the Sun, it will take some time even thousands of years for them to actually travel out to great distances. The Whipple proposal might be able to detect Oort cloud objects at great distances, but probably not a particular object.
See also: List of trans-Neptunian objects and List of Solar System objects most distant from the Sun.
A large number of trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) – minor planets orbiting beyond the orbit of Neptune – have been discovered in recent years. Many TNOs have orbits that take them far beyond Pluto's aphelion of 49.3 AU. Some of these TNOs with an extreme aphelion are detached objects such as, which always reside in the outermost region of the Solar System, while for other TNOs, the extreme aphelion is due to an exceptionally high eccentricity such as for, which orbits the Sun at a distance between 4.1 (closer than Jupiter) and 2200 AU (70 times farther from the Sun than Neptune). The following is a list of minor planets with the largest aphelion in descending order.
The following group of bodies have orbits with an aphelion above 400 AU, with 1-sigma uncertainties given to two significant digits. As of May 2024, there are 73 such bodies.[14]
| Object | Aphelion (AU) | Absolute Magnitude (H) | Ref | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 29020.06 ±420 | 14.01 ±0.28 | |||
| 20162.05 ±6000 | 14.08 | |||
| 3875.88 ±2456 | 11.45 ±0.52 | |||
| 3559.58 ±220 | 6.19 | |||
| 2713.25 ±360 | 5.57 ±0.13 | |||
| 2419.67 ±320 | 14.21 ±0.33 | |||
| 2314.82 ±51 | 6.74±0.12 | |||
| 2261.12 ±2.4 | 10.88 | |||
| 2115.35 ±690 | 12.80±0.43 | |||
| 2108.10 ±450 | 6.35 ±0.14 | |||
| 2062.42 ±1.6 | 7.94 | |||
| 1957.25 ±11 | 16.56 ±0.76 | |||
| 1877.78 ±1.3 | 7.12 | |||
| 1718.93 ±50 | 6.84 | |||
| 1717.16 ±300 | 14.10 | |||
| 1418.77 ±320 | 6.72 ±0.24 | |||
| 1397.41 ±1.7 | 16.31 ±0.55 | |||
| A/2021 E4 | 1388.62 ±1.2 | 14.26 ±0.45 | ||
| A/2018 W3 | 1341.59 ±10 | 10.70 ±0.29 | ||
| 1326.78 ±0.76 | 9.10 | |||
| 1295.34 ±51 | 15.30 | |||
| 1241.82 ±7.2 | 8.20 | |||
| 1118.81 ±0.64 | 6.47 | |||
| 1052.34 ±0.51 | 9.92 ±0.37 | |||
| 1032.63 ±0.62 | 8.16 ±0.35 | |||
| 1015.61 ±9.9 | 11.74 ±0.79 | |||
| 1008.19 ±2.7 | 6.23 ±0.22 | |||
| 1006.90±2.7 | 1.50 | |||
| 990.67 ±0.62 | 14.55 ±0.37 | |||
| 986.20 ±0.37 | 10.56 ±0.43 | |||
| 933.55 ±2.5 | 4.34 | |||
| 888.63 ±8.1 | 6.20 | |||
| 859.76 ±4.7 | 8.38 ±0.52 | |||
| 853.72 ±1.7 | 14.50 ±0.26 | |||
| 846.98 ±0.49 | 9.30 ±0.42 | |||
| 828.61 ±0.46 | 10.30 | |||
| 816.45 ±11 | 14.90 ±0.47 | |||
| 776.26 ±30 | 8.70 | |||
| 773.46 ±4.1 | 7.06 ±0.32 | |||
| 767.45 ±0.085 | 9.74 | |||
| 762.63 ±0.1 | 10.30 | |||
| 753.12 ±16 | 8.22 ±0.31 | |||
| 732.44 ±7.7 | 15.30 | |||
| 731.06±7.6 | 6.70 ±0.33 | |||
| 704.80 ±2.0 | 7.86 ±0.44 | |||
| 689.35±0.57 | 12.23 ±0.41 | |||
| 684.64 ±270000 | 8.52 ±0.10 | |||
| 680.42 ±1.1 | 17.70 ±0.34 | |||
| 663.36 ±2.3 | 6.46 | |||
| 653.9 ±0.91 | 7.13 ±0.33 | |||
| 650.82 ±140 | 21.20 | |||
| 648.32 ±0.27 | 8.07 ±0.44 | |||
| 637.57 ±0.22 | 12.04 ±0.18 | |||
| 630.26 ±14 | 6.74 | |||
| 601.90 ±2.4 | 6.46 | |||
| 579.67 ±0.35 | 13.10 | |||
| 570.60 ±0.17 | 10.55 | |||
| 560.73 ±1.2 | 7.26 ±0.27 | |||
| 554.67 ±4.5 | 8.50 | |||
| 552.06 ±0.56 | 13.90 | |||
| 545.94 ±34 | 7.76 ±0.05 | |||
| 543.67 ±0.15 | 9.95 | |||
| 519.49 ±2.7 | 7.20 | |||
| 511.63 ±16 | 17.90 | |||
| 505.11 ±2.3 | 8.78 ±0.11 | |||
| 484.56 ±1.2 | 7.81 ±0.36 | |||
| 480.63 ±0.028 | 11.06 ±0.44 | |||
| 467.17 ±0.99 | 4.09 | |||
| 464.64±0.39 | 7.50 ±0.41 | |||
| 449.66 ±9.0 | 8.90 | |||
| 430.46 ±8.3 | 17.90 ±0.44 | |||
| 411.63 ±0.32 | 7.53 ±0.24 | |||
| 400.29 ±1.2 | 6.14 |
The following asteroids have an incoming barycentric aphelion of at least 1000 AU.
| name | diameter (km) (assumed) | perihelion (AU) | Barycentric aphelion (AU) (1800) | Barycentric aphelion (AU) (2200) | Change (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5.2 | 5.95 | 5580 | 4500 | -24 | ||
| 206.8 | 36.33 | 3071 | 3060 | -0.36 | ||
| 3.0 | 2.691 | 2320 | 1190 | -49 | ||
| 5.2 | 4.106 | 2140 | 1700 | -21 | ||
| 272.6 | 65.08 | 2280 | 2280 | 0 | ||
| 1.9 | 3.708 | 2100 | 2540 | +21 | ||
| 5.2 | 4.456 | 2040 | 2840 | +28 | ||
| 130.5 | 14.57 | 2000 | 2050 | +2.4 | ||
| 23.7 | 8.355 | 1850 | 1920 | +3.6 | ||
| 94.5 | 24.14 | 1540 | 1560 | +1.3 | ||
| 156.8 | 50.03 | 1410 | 1410 | 0 | ||
| 78.6 | 40.50 | 1320 | 1320 | 0 | ||
| 29.9 | 7.927 | 1260 | 827 | -34 | ||
| 3.6 | 2.677 | 1190 | 852 | -28 | ||
| 78.6 | 23.52 | 1130 | 1120 | -0.9 | ||
| 49.6 | 20.73 | 1120 | 1070 | -4.5 |