List of Sanskrit plays in English translation explained

Of around 155 extant Sanskrit plays, at least 46 distinct plays by at least 24 authors have been translated into English. William Jones published the first English translation of any Sanskrit play (Shakuntala) in 1789. About 3 decades later, Horace Hayman Wilson published the first major English survey of Sanskrit drama, including 6 full translations (Mṛcchakatika, Vikramōrvaśīyam, Uttararamacarita, Malatimadhava, Mudrarakshasa, and Ratnavali). These 7 plays — plus Nagananda, Mālavikāgnimitram, and Svapnavasavadattam (the text of which was not discovered until almost a century after Wilson's volumes) — remain the most-translated plays.

The period of Sanskrit dramas in India begins roughly with the composition of the Natya Shastra (c. 200 BCE – 200 CE) — though this treatise evidences a mature theatrical practice already in existence. Literarily, the period dwindles around the composition of the Natya Shatra's influential abridgment: Dasharupakam (late 10th century CE) — though derivative works continued to be written. "Sanskrit drama" typically contains a mix of Sanskrit and Prakrit though, for example, Bhāsa's Dūtavākya contains no Prakrit, and Rajashekhara's Karpuramanjari is written entirely in Prakrit.

List of translations

Key

Fragmentary passages are not considered here, nor are modern dramas written in Sanskrit.

Table

AuthorSanskrit TitleActsPublished asTranslatorYear
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Jones" 1789
Krsna Misra Prabodhacandrodaya 6 plain. data-sort-value="Taylor" J. Taylor 1812
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Vidyaratna" Nabin Chandra Vidyaratna 1822
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Wilson"1827
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Wilson"1827
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Wilson"1827
Malatimadhava 10 plain. data-sort-value="Wilson"1827
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Wilson"1827
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Wilson"1827
Subhata Mahanataka 9 plain. data-sort-value="Bahadur" Maharaja Kalikrishna Bahadur 1840
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Cowell" 1851
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Monier-Williams" 1855
Mahaviracharita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Pickford" John Pickford 1871
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Tawney" 1871
Nagananda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Boyd" Palmer Boyd 1872
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Tawney" 1875
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Nandargikar"Gopal Raghunatha Nandargikar 1879
Veni Samhara 6 plain. data-sort-value="Tagore" 1880
Viddhasalabhanjika 4 plain. data-sort-value="Godabole" Kesava Ravaji Godabole 1886
Nagananda 5 plain. Anonymous 1887
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Bhattacharya"Krishna Kamal Bhattacharya 1891
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Edgren" 1894
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Ayyar"S. Seshadri Ayyar 1896
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Apte"V. S. Apte 1897
Parvati Parinaya 5 plain. data-sort-value="Aiyar" G. R. Ratnam Aiyar 1898
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle" M. R. Kāle 1898
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle" M. R. Kāle 1898
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Paranjpe" Kesava Balakrishna Paranjpe 1898
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Dhruva" K. H. Dhruva 1900
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle" M. R. Kāle 1900
Karpuramanjari 4 plain. data-sort-value="Lanman"1901
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Chakravartī" Srīsachandra Chakravartī 1902
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Goswami?" Bidhubhusan Goswami? 1902
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Jennings" J. G. Jennings 1902
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Patankar" Paraṣurāma Nārāyana Patankar 1902
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Row" R. Vasudeva Row 1903
Harihara Bhartrharinirveda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Gray"1904
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Ryder"1905
Viddhasalabhanjika 4 plain. data-sort-value="Gray"1906
Malatimadhava 10 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle"M. R. Kāle 1908
Priyadarśikā 4 plain. data-sort-value="Srinivasachariar" T. V. Srinivasachariar 1908
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Ray" S. Ray & K. Ray 1908
Veni Samhara 6 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle"M. R. Kāle 1910
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle"M. R. Kāle 1911
Nagananda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Wortham" B. Hale Worthham 1911
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Ghosh" 1911
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Ryder"1912
Subhata Dūtāṅgada 1 plain. data-sort-value="Gray"1912
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Āchārya" Śrî Ānanda Āchārya 1914
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Belvalkar" 1915
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Ryder"1915
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Datta" 1915
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. Shastri & Abhyanker 1916
Sankalpa-suryodayam 10 plain. Narayanacharya & Iyengar 1917
Umāpati Upādhyāya Parijataharana 1 plain. data-sort-value="Grierson" 1917
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. Shirreff & Lall 1918
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Ray" S. Ray & K. Ray 1918
Nagananda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle"M. R. Kāle 1919
Nagananda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Karmarkar"R. D. Karmarkar 1919
Nagananda 5 plain. Nerurkar & Joshi 1919
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Ray"S. Ray & K. Ray 1919
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Chakravarti"S. C. Chakravarti 1919
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. Jain & Shastri 1920
Pancaratram 3 plain. data-sort-value="Urdhwareshe"Waman Gopal Urdhwareshe 1920
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Binyon" 1920
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Gajendragadkar" A. B. Gajendragadkar 1920
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Karmarkar" R. D. Karmarkar 1920
Madhyamavyayoga 1 plain. data-sort-value="Janvier"Ernest Paxton Janvier 1921
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle"M. R. Kāle 1921
Veni Samhara 6 plain. data-sort-value="Dravid"K. N. Dravid 1922
Veni Samhara 6 plain. data-sort-value="Gajendragadkar"A. B. Gajendragadkar 1922
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Sukthankar"1923
Priyadarśikā 4 plain. Nariman, Jackson & Ogden 1923
Avimaraka 6 plain., plain., plain. data-sort-value="Pisharoti"K. Rama Pisharoti 1924
Duta-Ghatotkacam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Pisharoti"K. Rama Pisharoti 1924
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Ray"S. Ray & K. Ray 1924
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle" M. R. Kāle 1924
Umāpati Upādhyāya Traivikramam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Rama Pisharoti" K. Rama Pisharoti 1924
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Sarup"Lakshman Sarup 1925
Dutuvakyam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Jayaswal"Dharmasila Jayaswal 1925
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar" C. R. Devadhar 1925
Ubhayābhisārika 1 plain. data-sort-value="Sen" Sukumar Sen 1926
Pratima-natakam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1927
Pratima-natakam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Pranjape"Shivaram Mahadeo Pranjape 1927
Pratima-natakam 7 plain. Kangle & Trivedi 1927
Āścaryacūḍāmaṇi 7 plain. data-sort-value="Sastri" C. Sankarama Sastri 1927
Priyadarśikā 4 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle"M. R. Kāle 1928
Priyadarśikā 4 plain. data-sort-value="Suru" N.G. Suru 1928
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle"M. R. Kāle 1929
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Joshi"C. N. Joshi 1929
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Shastri" Charu Deva Shastri 1929
Abhisheka-natakam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Shastri"V. Venkatarama Shastri 1930
Pratima-natakam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle"M. R. Kāle 1930
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Krishna Rao"A. S. Krishna Rao 1930
Mattavilasa Prahasana 1 plain. data-sort-value="Barnett" L. D. Barnett 1930
Pratijnayaugandharayana 4 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1930
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1930
Daridra-Carudattam 4 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1930
Pancaratram 3 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1930
Madhyamavyayoga 1 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1930
Pratima-natakam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1930
Dutuvakyam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1931
Duta-Ghatotkacam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1931
Karnabharam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1931
Urubhanga 1 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1931
Avimaraka 6 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1931
Bala-caritam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1931
Abhisheka-natakam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Wollner"Woolner & Sarup 1931
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Bose" Ramendra Mohan Bose 1931
Nagananda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Śāstrī" Śaṅkararāma Śāstrī 1932
Diṇnāga Kundamālā 6 plain. Bhanot & Vyas 1932
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Kāle" M. R. Kāle 1933
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Karmarakar" R. D. Karmarakar 1933
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. Shastri & Shastri 1933
Nagananda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Ramanujaswami" P. V. Ramanujaswami 1934
Abhisheka-natakam 6 plain., plain. data-sort-value="Pisharoti"K. Rama Pisharoti 1935
Malatimadhava 10 plain. data-sort-value="Karmarkar"R. D. Karmarkar 1935
Malatimadhava 10 plain. Devadhar & Suru 1935
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Śāstrī" Śaṅkararāma Śāstrī 1935
Diṇnāga Kundamālā 6 plain. data-sort-value="Woolner" 1935
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Mitra"S. K. Mitra 1936
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Sen"Satyendra Nath Sen 1937
Urubhanga 1 plain. data-sort-value="Bhatnagar"Kailash Nath Bhatnagar 1937
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Karmarakar" R. D. Karmarakar 1937
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Paranjpe" Vasudeva Gopala Paranjpe 1937
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Oliver" 1938
Pratijnayaugandharayana 4 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1939
Daridra-Carudattam 4 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1939
Ratnavali 4 plain. Bhattacharya & Das 1939
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Basu" Satyendra Kumar Basu 1939
Pratijnayaugandharayana 4 plain. data-sort-value="Simha"S. N. Simha 1940
Urubhanga 1 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1940
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Karmarakar" R. D. Karmarakar 1940
Pratijnayaugandharayana 4 plain. data-sort-value="Ayyar"1941
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Ayyar"1941
Karnabharam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Hariyappa"B. V. Hariyappa 1941
Pratima-natakam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Ray"S. Ray & K. Ray 1942
Pancaratram 3 plain. Anonymous 1943
Veni Samhara 6 plain. data-sort-value="Sastri"R. S. Venkatarama Sastri 1943
Veni Samhara 6 plain. data-sort-value="Śāstrī"Śaṅkararāma Śāstrī 1943
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. Gore & Mehendale 1944
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Pandit"1944
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Bose"Bela Bose 1945
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Bose"Bela Bose 1945
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Bose"Bela Bose 1945
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1946
Nagananda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Bose" Bela Bose 1948
Priyadarśikā 4 plain. data-sort-value="Bose" Bela Bose 1948
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Bose" Bela Bose 1948
Priyadarśikā 4 plain. data-sort-value="Ramanujaswami" P. V. Ramanujaswami 1948
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. Athalye & Bhawe 1948
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. Devadhar & Bedekar 1948
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Ray"S. Ray & K. Ray 1949
Pratima-natakam 7 plain. Anonymous 1950
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. Gaidhani, Mangrulkar & Parikh 1950
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. Sane, Godbole & Uresekar 1950
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Śrīnivāsācārya" Śatāvadhāna Śrīnivāsācārya 1950
Anonymous Kaumudi-Mahotsava 5 plain. data-sort-value="Shastri" S. R. Shastri 1952
Veni Samhara 6 plain. data-sort-value="Deshpande"R. R. Deshpande 1953
Veni Samhara 6 plain. data-sort-value="Devasthali"G. V. Devasthali 1953
Nagananda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Karandikar" M. A. Karandikar 1953
Nagananda 5 plain. Toraskar & Deshpande 1953
Ratnavali 4 plain. Joshi & Watwe 1953
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Karmarkar"R. D. Karmarkar 1954
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Gaidhani" R. N. Gaidhani 1955
Padmaprabhritaka 1 plain. data-sort-value="Loman" J. R. A. Loman 1956
Karnabharam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1957
Madhyamavyayoga 1 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1957
Duta-Ghatotkacam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1957
Dutuvakyam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1957
Pancaratram 3 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar"C. R. Devadhar 1957
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar" C. R. Devadhar 1958
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar" C. R. Devadhar 1958
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Devadhar" C. R. Devadhar 1958
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Emeneau" 1962
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Lal"1964
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Lal"1964
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Lal"1964
Svapnavasavadattam 6 plain. data-sort-value="Lal"1964
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Lal"1964
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Lal"1964
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Buitenen"1968
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Buitenen"1968
Baudhāyana Bhagavadajjukam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Buitenen"1971
Śyāmilaka Pādatāḍitaka 1 plain. Schokker & Worseley 1976
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Coulson" Michael Coulson 1981
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Coulson" Michael Coulson 1981
Malatimadhava 10 plain. data-sort-value="Coulson" Michael Coulson 1981
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Miller" 1984
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Gitomer" David Gitomer 1984
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Gerow" Edwin Gerow 1984
Madhyamavyayoga 1 plain. data-sort-value="Haksar"1993
Pancaratram 3 plain. data-sort-value="Haksar"1993
Dutuvakyam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Haksar"1993
Duta-Ghatotkacam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Haksar"1993
Karnabharam 1 plain. data-sort-value="Haksar"1993
Urubhanga 1 plain. data-sort-value="Haksar"1993
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. data-sort-value="Rajan" Chandra Rajan 2002
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Rajan" Chandra Rajan 2002
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Rajan" Chandra Rajan 2002
Āgamaḍambara 4 plain. data-sort-value="Dezső" Csaba Dezső 2005
Mudrarakshasa 7 plain. data-sort-value="Coulson"Michael Coulson 2005
Ratnavali 4 plain. data-sort-value="Doniger"2006
Priyadarśikā 4 plain. data-sort-value="Doniger"2006
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Vasudeva" Somadeva Vasudeva 2006
Murāri Anargharāghava ? plain. data-sort-value="Törzsök" Judit Törzsök 2006
Uttararamacarita 7 plain. data-sort-value="Pollock"2007
Abhijñāna Śākuntalam 7 plain. data-sort-value="Johnson" W. J. Johnson 2008
Nagananda 5 plain. data-sort-value="Skilton" Andrew Skilton 2009
Urubhanga 1 plain. data-sort-value="Skilton" Andrew Skilton 2009
Mālavikāgnimitram 5 plain. Balogh & Somogyi 2009
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Rao" 2009
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Acharya" 2009
Krsna Misra Prabodhacandrodaya 6 plain. data-sort-value="Kapstein" 2009
Śyāmilaka Pādatāḍitaka 1 plain. Dezső & Vasudeva 2009
Ubhayābhisārika 1 plain. Dezső & Vasudeva 2009
Padmaprabhritaka 1 plain. Dezső & Vasudeva 2009
Īśvaradatta Dhūrtavitasaṃvāda 1 plain. Dezső & Vasudeva 2009
Mṛcchakatika 10 plain. data-sort-value="Rajappa"Padmini Rajappa 2018
Vikramōrvaśīyam 5 plain. data-sort-value="Haksar"2021

Notes and references

References

Bibliography

Translations

Anonymous

Bāṇabhaṭṭa

Baudhāyana

Bhāsa

Bhaṭṭa Nārāyaṇa

Bhavabhūti

Diṇnāga

Harihara

Harsha

Jayanta Bhatta

Kālidāsa

Krsna Misra

Mahendravarman

Murāri

Rajashekhara

Sakthibhadran

Subhata

Shudraka

Śyāmilaka

Umāpati Upādhyāya

Vararuchi

Vedanta Desika

Vishakhadatta

Multiple authors

Other references