List of Roman governors of Asia explained

This is a list of known governors of the Roman province of Asia. Created after 133 BC, the province was eventually reorganized by the emperor Augustus who assigned it to the Senate as a proconsular governorship. The province was divided by Diocletian during his reorganization of the empire during the 290s, and a small portion of the province retained the name. Eventually the province was absorbed into the Thracesian Theme sometime during the seventh century. Many of the dates listed are approximate dates for the holding of the office.

Republican governors of Asia (133–27 BC)

Unless otherwise indicated, entries for the Republican period are based on T.R.S. Broughton, Magistrates of the Roman Republic (1952), vol. II.

Imperial proconsular governors of Asia (27 BC — AD 180)

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from K.M.T. Atkinson, "The Governors of the Province Asia in the Reign of Augustus", , 7 (1958), pp. 300–330

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Vedius Pollio[9] 31/30 BCN/Apropraetor
Marcus Herennius Picens? 28/27 BCsuff. 34 BCBroughton dates his tenure to 33/32 BC[10]
Lucius Vinicius? 27/26 BCsuff. 33 BC
Lucius Volcacius Tullus? 26/25 BCord. 33 BC
Marcus Tullius Cicero? 24/23 BCord. 30 BC
Sextus Appuleius? 23/22 BCord. 29 BC
Gaius Junius Silanus? 22/21 BCord. 17 BC
Potitus Valerius Messalla? 21-19 BCsuff. 29 BC
Gaius Norbanus Flaccus? 18/17 or 17/16 BCord. 24 BC
Quintus Aemilius Lepidus15/14 or 14/13 BCord. 21 BCIf the subject of the acephalous Titulus Tibertinus (ILS 918) is Gaius Sentius Saturninus (cos. 19 BC), then he was proconsul in 14/13 BC.[11]
Gaius Marcius Censorinus? 13/12 BCord. 8 BCSyme[12] dates Censorinus to 2/3 BC
Marcus Vinicius[13] ? 12-10 BCsuff. 19 BCClaude Eilers[14] dates Vinicius to 13/12 BC
Paullus Fabius Maximus[15] 10/9 BCord. 11 BC
Paullus Fabius Maximus? 9/8 BCord. 11 BCIf the subject of the acephalous Titulus Tibertinus is Lucius Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 BC), then he was proconsul in 9/8 BC[16]
Publius Cornelius Scipio? 8/7 BCord. 16 BCEilers[17] dates Scipio to 12-10 BC
Iullus Antonius? 7/6 BCord. 10 BC
Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus6/5 BCord. 8 BC
Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur2/1 BCord. 14 BCLentulus the Augur is often confused with his relative L. Cornelius Lentulus, cos. 15 BC
Publius Sulpicius Quirinius? AD 1/2ord. 12 BCIf the subject of the acephalous Titulus Tibertinus is Quirnius, then he was proconsul this year.[18]
Gaius Antistius VetusAD 2/3 or 3/4ord. 6 BC
Marcus Plautius SilvanusAD 4/5ord. 2 BC
Gaius Vibius Postumus? AD 6-9suff. AD 5Syme[19] dates Postumus to AD 12-15
Lucius Calpurnius Piso[20] ? AD 9/10ord. 1 BCSyme dates Piso to AD 1/2
Publius Vinicius[21] ? AD 10/11ord. AD 2Son of the proconsul of 12-10 BC
Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus? AD 12/13suff. AD 5Son of the proconsul of 21-19 BC
Lucius Volusius Saturninus? AD 13/14suff. AD 3

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Ronald Syme, "Problems about Proconsuls of Asia", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 53 (1983), pp. 191–208

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus? 16/17ord. 8
Quintus Poppaeus Secundus? 17/18suff. 9
Gaius Junius Silanus20/21ord. 10
Manius Aemilius Lepidus21/22ord. 11
Gaius Fonteius Capito23/24 or 22/23ord. 12
Favonius24/25 or 25/26unknownSyme (1983, p. 200) identifies with Lucilius Longus, suff. 7 BC
Sextus Pompeius24/25 or 24/26ord. 14Syme (History in Ovid, p. 161) suggests Pompeius was prorogued two years.
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus26-28cos. 6Ursula Vogel-Weidemann[22] suggests Lepidus may have been prorogued a third year.
Publius Petronius? 29-35suff. 19
Marcus Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messalinus? 35/36ord. 20
Gaius Vibius Rufinus? 36/37suff. 21 or 22

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Syme, "Problems about Proconsuls", pp. 191–208

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Gaius Calpurnius Aviola37/38suff. 24
Gaius Asinius Pollio? 38/39ord. 23
Marcus Vinicius? 39/40ord. 30; ord. II 45
Gaius Cassius Longinus40/41suff. 30

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Syme, "Problems about Proconsuls", pp. 191–208

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Publius Cornelius Lentulus Scipio? 41/42suff. 24
Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus? 42/43suff. 27
Paullus Fabius Persicus? 43/44ord. 34
Publius Memmius Regulus? 48/49suff. 31
Aulus Didius Gallus49/50suff. 39
Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo50/51suff. 39
Publius Suillius Rufus51/52suff. 41
Lucius Pedanius Secundus52/53suff. 43
Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus53/54suff. 45; suff. II 74Ursula Vogel-Weidemann dates to 55/56

Governors under Nero and the Year of Four Emperors

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Syme, "Problems about Proconsuls", pp. 191–208

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Marcus Junius Silanus54cos. 46Died in office[23]
? Marius Cordus55/56suff. 45 or 47
? M. Vettius Niger[24] 56/57unknown
Q. Allius Maximus57/58suff. 49So Ursula Vogel-Weidemann; Syme ("Problems about Proconsuls", p. 204) is dubious
Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola58/59cos. 48
Quintus Marcius Barea Soranus? 61/62suff. 52
P. Volasenna? 62/63suff. c. 54
Lucius Salvius Otho Titianus63/64cos. 52
Lucius Antistius Vetus64/65cos. 55
Manius Acilius Aviola65/66cos. 54
Marcus Aefulanus? 66/67suff. 54
Marcus Aponius Saturninus? 67/68suff. c. 55Eck, Chiron 1983, p. 189; p. 213: "unter Nero"
Gaius Fonteius Agrippa69suff. 58Called to Moesia in Autumn, 69 (Tacitus, Histories, iii.46)
Marcus Plancius Varus69N/ALegatus proconsulis serving in Agrippa's absence; attested by coins from Apamea

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 12 (1982), pp. 284–303

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Marcus Suillius Nerullinus69/70ord. 50Appointed to complete the term
Titus Clodius Eprius Marcellus70-73suff. 62
Aulus Ducenius Geminus[25] 73/74suff. 60 or 61
Marcus Vettius Bolanus75/76suff. 66
Tiberius Catius Asconius Silius Italicus77/78suff. 68
Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus78/79suff. 69
Marcus Ulpius Trajanus79/80suff. c. 70
Gaius Laecanius Bassus Caecina Paetus80/81suff. 70

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten", pp. 304–323

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Sextus Julius Frontinus84/85suff. 73
Publius Nonius Asprenas Caesius Cassianus86/87suff. 72 or 73
Gaius Vettulenus Civica Cerealis87/88suff. between 73 and 76Removed before the completion of his term
Gaius Minicius Italus[26] 88N/AEquestrian procurator of Asia, replaced Cerealis
Lucius Mestrius Florus88/89suff. between 73 and 76
Marcus Fulvius Gillo89/90suff. 76
Lucius Luscius Ocrea90/91suff. 77 or 78
Publius Calvisius Ruso Julius Frontinus92/93suff. c. 84
Lucius Junius Caesennius Paetus93/94suff. 79
Marcus Atilius Postumus Bradua94/95suff. 80
Rufus[27] ? 91/91 or ? 95/96unknownEck suggests either Quintus Corellius Rufus (suff. 78), or C. Marius Marcellus Octavius Rufus (suff. 80)[28]

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten", pp. 324–362

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Lucius Calventius Sextus Carminius Vetus96/97suff. 83
Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator98/99suff. c. 84
Q. Julius Balbus100/101suff. 85
[Q. Vibius?] Secun(dus)101/102suff. 86
C. Aquillius Proculus103/104suff. 90
L. Albius Pullaienus Pollio104/105suff. 90
Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus105/106suff. 92
[L. Dasumius?] Hadrianus106/107unknownIf identical with the suffect, his consulate was before 87
Lucius Nonius Calpurnius Torquatus Asprenas107/108cos. 94
Marcus Lollius Paulinus Decimus Valerius Asiaticus Saturninus108/109suff. 94
Gaius Antius Aulus Julius Quadratus109/110suff. 94
Lucius Baebius Tullus110/111suff. 95
Quintus Fabius Postuminus111/112suff. 96
Cornelius Tacitus112/113suff. 97
Aulus Vicirius Martialis113/114suff. 98
M. (Ostorius) Scapula114/115suff. 97
Quintus Fulvius Gillo Bittius Proculus115/116suff. 98
Ti. Julius Ferox116/117suff. 99

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", Chiron, 13 (1983), pp. 147–185

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Q. Servaeus Innocens117/118suff. 101
Galeo Tettienus Severus Marcus Eppuleius Proculus Tiberius Caepio Hispo118/119suff. c. 101
Gaius Trebonius Proculus Mettius Modestus119/120suff. 103
Sextus Subrius Dexter Cornelius Priscus120/121suff. c. 104
Q. Licinius Silvanus Granianus121/122suff. 106
Gaius Minicius Fundanus122/123suff. 107
Quintus Pompeius Falco123/124suff. 108
Marcus Peducaeus Priscinus124/125ord. 110
Titus Avidius Quietus125/126suff. 111
Publius Stertinius Quartus126/127suff. 112
Lucius Vipstanus Messalla[29] 127/128ord. 115
Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus128/129suff. 114
Publius Juventius Celsus129/130suff. 115;
ord. II 129
Publius Afranius Flavianus130/131suff. 117
Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus131/132ord. 116
Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus132/133 suff. 116
Titus Sabinius Barbarus133/134suff. 118
Quintus Coredius Gallus Gargilius Antiquus134/135suff. 119
Titus Aurelius Fulvus135/136ord. 120
Quintus Pomponius Marcellus Rufus136/137suff. 121

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Syme "The Proconsuls of Asia under Antoninus Pius", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 51 (1983), 271-290

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Lucius Venuleius Apronianus Octavius Priscus[30] 138/139ord. 123
Lucius Valerius Propinquus140/141suff. 126
? Sextus Julius Major141/142suff. c. 126It is possible he was proconsul of Africa instead.
? Q. Insteius Celer142/143suff. c. 128
? Tiberius Julius Candidus Celsus143/144suff. c. 129
(Tiberius Claudius?) Julianus144/145suff. 129/130
Tiberius Claudius Quartinus145/146suff. 130
Lucius Antonius Albus147/148suff. c. 132
Q. Flavius Tertullus148/149suff. 133
Popillius Priscus149/150suff. c. 132
Publius Mummius Sisenna150/151ord. 133
Titus Vitrasius Pollio151/152suff. c. 137
Gaius Julius Severus152/153suff. c. 138
Lucius Tutilius Lupercus Pontianus[31] 153/154ord. 135
? Marcus Peducaeus Stloga Priscinus155/156ord. 141
Lucius Statius Quadratus156/157ord. 142
Titus Statilius Maximus157/158ord. 144
Publius Mummius Sisenna Rutilianus160/161suff. 146

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn: Habelt Verlag, 1977) pp. 214–217

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Quintus Cornelius Proculus161/162suff. 146
Gaius Popilius Carus Pedo162/163suff. 147
Quintus Pompeius Sosius Priscus163/164ord. 149
Marcus Gavius Squilla Gallicanus164/165ord. 150
D. Fonteius Fronto165/166suff. c. 150Of Asia, per French;[32] Christol and Drew-Bear argue Fronto was one of the first proconsuls of Lycia et Pamphylia.[33]
Lucius Sergius Paullus166/167suff. c. 151
Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio167/168suff. c. 151
Gaius Bruttius Praesens[34] ? 168/169ord. 153, 180
Sextus Quintilius Valerius Maximus? 169/170ord. 151
Marcus Nonius Macrinus170/171suff. 154
Lucius Aemilius Juncus? 171/172suff. c. 154
M. Junius Rufinus Sabrinianus? 172/173ord. 155
Sextus Sulpicius Tertullus? 173/174ord. 158
Vibius Bassusbetween 155 and 175suff. between 138 and 160

Imperial proconsular governors of Asia (180 — 285)

Governors under Commodus

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), pp. 221f

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Publius Julius Geminius Marcianusc. 182suff. 165 or 166
Novius P[riscus]between 180 and 183suff. between 166 and 168
L. A[e]milius [Frontus]between 182 and 185suff. between 161 and 166
Quintus Pompeius Senecio Sosius Priscusc. 184ord. 169
Gaius Arrius Antoninusbetween 188 and 190suff. c. 173
(L.?) (Ulpius?) Marcellus189/190suff. c. 174perhaps the same as Ulpius Marcellus (Leunissen, pp. 221f)
Sulpicius Crassus190/191 or 191/192suff. c. 175/176
Titus Flavius Claudius SulpicianusBetween 180 and 192suff. between 165 and 175Inge Mennen dates to 186[35]
Asellius Aemilianus192/193suff. c. 177Supported Pescennius Niger in 193. (HA, "Severus", 8)

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Ségolène Demougin, "Proconsuls d'Asie sous Septime Sévère, les gouverneurs de la province de 200 à 211", Bulletin de la Société Nationale des Antiquaires de France, 1994 (1996), pp. 323-333

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Lucius Albinius Saturninus[36] between 190 and 200suff. between 175 and 182
Lucius Aemilius Iuncus[37] 193/194suff. 179
Quintus Aurelius Polus Terentianus200/201suff. between 188 and 190
Quintus Hedius Rufus Lollianus Gentianus201/202suff. c. 186
Tarius Titianus? 202/203suff. between 187 and 190Michel Christol and Thomas Drew-Bear note he might have been governor of Africa[38]
L. Calpurnius Proculus? 203/204between 186 and 190
Q. Licinius Nepos? 204/205between 180 and 191Demougin notes[39] Nepos could have been consul at the beginning of the reign of Septimus Severus, which would require a later date.
Popilius Pedo Apronianus205ord. 191Executed while proconsul
Aelius Aglaus205/206N/Aprocurator Asiae, agens uice praedisidis
Quintus Tineius Sacerdos206/207suff. 192Christol and Drew-Bear date between 206 and 208[40]
[...]us207/208unknownChristol and Drew-Bear note he could be identified with a known proconsul[41]
Quintus Caecilius Secundus Servilianus208/209suff. c. 193
[Sem]pronius Senecio209/210suff. c. 195/196C.P Jones has shown that Ti. Manilius Fuscus was not proconsul of Asia.[42]

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), pp. 224f

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
T. [...]attested 211suff. c. 195
C. Gabinius Barbarus Pompeianus? 211/212suff. 194
Gavius Tranquillus? 212/213suff. c. 197
(M.?) Junius Concessus Aemillianus? 213/214suff. c. 198
Lucius Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus[43] 213-215suff. c. 199
Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus215/216suff. c. 200

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), pp. 225f

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Gaius Julius Asper217/218ord. II 212designatus
Quintus Anicius Faustus217-219suff. 198?
M. Aufidius Frontobetween 219 and 222ord. 199
C. Aufidius Marcellusbetween 219 and 222suff. c. 205; ord. II 226
(M. Nummius Umbrius Primus Senecio?) Albinusc. 221? ord. 206Mentioned in the Constitutio Antoniniana; identification with the consul of 206 uncertain.

Governors under Alexander Severus

Unless otherwise stated, the following entries are taken from Paul M. M. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander (Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben, 1989), pp. 226-228

width=30% Namewidth=12% Date proconsulwidth=15% Date consulwidth=43% Notes
Quintus (Hedius) Lollianus Plantius Avitusc. 224ord. 209
Q. Ai[acius Modestus Crescentianus?]between 211 and 228suff. between 198 and 204; II ord. 228
AmicusAutumn 230 or 231suff. 215 or 216
Marcus Clodius Pupienus Maximusc. 229suff. between 193 and 217; II ord. 234
(Q. Virius Egnatius?) Sulpicius PriscusBetween 222 and 235suff. between 193 and 217
Gaius Asinius Nicomachus JulianusAfter 222suff. between 193 and 235

Third-century crisis (235–285)

Imperial proconsular governors of Asia (285 — 395)

Governors under Diocletian

Governors under Constantine I

Governors under Constantius II

Governors under Julian and Jovian

Governors under Valens

Governors under Theodosius I

Imperial proconsular governors of Asia (395 — 491)

Governors under Arcadius

Governors under Theodosius II

Imperial proconsular governors of Asia (uncertain date)

Sources

Notes and References

  1. Mith. 11, 17, & 24
  2. Broughton, MRR, vol. II, p. 67
  3. Broughton notes that the dates for his proconsulship depends on two disputed issues: first and foremost is the date of the outbreak of the Third Mithridatic War; second is when Asia was added to his command. (MRR, vol. II pp. 105-107)
  4. Broughton, MRR, vol. II p. 138 n.9
  5. Broughton, MRR, vol. II p. 297
  6. Broughton, MRR, vol. II p. 308
  7. Syme, Roman Revolution, p. 266 n. 3
  8. Broughton, MRR, vol. II p. 381
  9. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 208
  10. Broughton, MRR, vol. II p. 415
  11. Nikos Kikkinos, "The Honorand of the Titilus Tiburtinus: C. Sentius Saturninus?" Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 105 (1995), p. 21–36
  12. Augustan Aristocracy, p. 405
  13. Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, pp. 62, 405
  14. Eilers, "The Proconsulship of P. Cornelius Scipio (Cos. 16 B.C.)", Classical Quarterly, 51 (2001), p. 205
  15. Syme and Atkinson prorogate his term; Eilers assigns him a single year
  16. Syme, "The Titulus Tiburtinus", in A.R. Birley (ed.), Ronald Syme, Roman Papers (Oxford: Clarenton Press, 1984), vol. III, pp. 869ff
  17. Eilers, "Proconsulship", pp. 201-205
  18. Atkinson, "Governors of the Province Asia", pp. 314f, 318f
  19. Augustan Aristocracy, p. 132
  20. Syme, Augustan Aristocracy, p. 337
  21. Atkinson notes these proconsulships "must fallwithin the period 10/11 to 14/15 inclusive, but the precise order is uncertain except for the indications that P. Volusius Saturninus ... is likely to be the latest."
  22. Vogel-Weidemann, "Miscellanea zu den Proconsules von Africa und Asia zwischen 14 und 68 n. Chr.", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 46 (1982), p. 268
  23. Tacitus, Annales, xiii.1
  24. [Attilio Degrassi]
  25. Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten", p. 208, Anh. 3
  26. = ILS 1374
  27. Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfasten", p. 189
  28. Eck, "Prokonsuln von Asia in der flavisch-traianischen Zeit", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 45 (1982), p. 151
  29. Syme, "Hadrianic Proconsuls of Africa", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 37 (1980), p. 1
  30. Géza Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter den Antoninen (Bonn: Habelt Verlag, 1977), p. 211
  31. Olli Salomies, "Zu Konsuln der Jahre 115, 135, 195 n.Chr.", Arctos, 23 (1989), pp. 170-176
  32. David French, "D. Fonteius Fronto, proconsul (of Asia)" Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 29 (1978), pp. 211-212
  33. [Michel Christol]
  34. Alföldy, Konsulat und Senatorenstand, p. 379
  35. Mennen, Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284 (2011), p. 122
  36. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 222
  37. Cornelia Römer, "Diplom für einen Fußsoldaten aus Koptos vom 23. März 179", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 82 (1990), p. 152
  38. Christol and Drew-Bear, "Le prince et ses représentants aux limites de l'Asie et de la Galatie: un nouveau questeur et un nouveau proconsul d'Asie sous Septime-Sévère", Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 9 (1998), pp. 157f
  39. "Proconsuls d'Asie sous Septime Sévère", p. 331
  40. "Le prince et ses représentants", p. 160
  41. Christol and Drew-Bear, "Le prince et ses représentants", p. 161
  42. Jones, "Flavia Politta and Manilius Fuscus", Classical Philology, 84 (1989), pp. 129-136
  43. Michel Christol, "Le Proconsulat D'Afrique de L. Marius Maximus Perpetuus Aurelianus", Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 25 (2014), p. 142
  44. Inge Mennen, Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193-284 (2011), p. 123f. May be identical to Lucius Valerius Messalla (consul 214).
  45. Peter Herrmann, and Ûzmir Hasan Malay, "Statue Bases of the Mid Third Century A.D. from Smyrna", Epigraphica Anatolica, 36 (2003), pp. 6f
  46. Leunissen, Konsuln und Konsulare, p. 182
  47. Herrmann and Malay, "Statue Bases", pp. 1-4
  48. Michael Peachin, "Prosopographic Notes from the Law Codes", Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 84 (1990), pp. 109-111
  49. Herrmann and Malay, "Statue Bases", pp. 7-9
  50. Herrmann and Malay, "Statue Bases", pp. 9f
  51. Mennen, Power and Status, p. 117

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