List of Roman Catholic archbishops of Quebec explained

Archbishopric:Quebec
Border:catholic
Image Alt:A bespectacled man wearing a black cassock and Roman collar
Coat:Coat of Arms of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Québec City.svg
Coat Caption:Coat of arms of the Archdiocese of Quebec
Coat Alt:Green galero with 15 tassels on each side over a shield topped by a mitre, patriarchal cross, and crozier, along with the Latin motto "Tales ambio defensores" at the bottom
Incumbent:Gérald Lacroix
Cathedral:Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec
Archdiocese:Quebec

The archbishop of Quebec is the head of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec, who is responsible for looking after its spiritual and administrative needs. As the archdiocese is the metropolitan see of the ecclesiastical province encompassing the north-central part of the province of Quebec,[1] the Archbishop of Quebec also administers the bishops who head the suffragan dioceses of Chicoutimi, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, and Trois-Rivières.[2] The current archbishop is Gérald Lacroix.

The archdiocese began as the Vicariate Apostolic of New France, which was created on April 11, 1658.[3] [4] François de Laval was appointed its first bishop, and under his reign, the Séminaire de Québec was established.[5] On October 1, 1674, the vicariate was elevated to the status of diocese.[4] It was raised to the level of archdiocese on January 12, 1819,[4] and subsequently became a metropolitan see when the ecclesiastical province of Quebec was constituted in 1844. In recognition of its status as the first diocese north of Mexico and New Spain,[6] the Archdiocese of Quebec was designated as the country's primatial see on January 24, 1956.[4] [7] Maurice Roy became the first archbishop to hold the honorific title of Primate of Canada.[8]

Fifteen men have been Archbishop of Quebec; another ten were heads of its antecedent jurisdictions. Of these, seven were members of institutes of consecrated life or societies of apostolic life. Eight archbishops were elevated to the College of Cardinals.[9] [10] Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly, the eighth ordinary of the archdiocese, was the first bishop to be born in Canada. His immediate successor, Jean-François Hubert, whose episcopacy spanned from 1788 to 1797, was the first bishop born in Quebec City. Jean-Baptiste de La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier had the longest tenure as Bishop of Quebec, serving for 39 years from 1688 to 1727, while Paul-Eugène Roy held the position for seven months (1925–1926), marking the shortest archiepiscopacy.

List of ordinaries

Denotes archbishop who was elevated to the College of Cardinals
ISPXSecular Institute Pius X
MEPParis Foreign Missions Society
OFM CapOrder of Friars Minor Capuchin
OMIMissionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
OPDominican Order
PSSSociety of the Priests of Saint Sulpice
RSVReligieux de Saint Vincent de Paul

Apostolic Vicars of New France

From!scope="col" style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 7%"
UntilIncumbentNotesRef(s)
16581674, Appointed on April 11, 1658. Arrived in Quebec on June 16, 1659.[11] [12]

Bishops of Quebec

From!scope="col" style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 7%"
UntilIncumbentNotesRef(s)
16741688, Became the first Bishop of Quebec on October 1, 1674. Resigned on January 24, 1688. Died on May 6, 1708.[13]
16881727Appointed on July 7, 1687. Arrived in Quebec on July 31, 1688. Died on December 26, 1727.[14] [15]
17271733, Coadjutor bishop from 1713 to 1727. Resigned on September 12, 1733, having never visited the Diocese. Died on November 28, 1741.[16] [17]
17331739, Diocesan administrator from 1729 to 1730. Coadjutor bishop from 1730 to 1733. Returned to France in October 1735. Resigned on June 25, 1739. Died on March 4, 1777.[18] [19]
17391740Appointed on July 20, 1739. Died on August 20, 1740.[20] [21]
17411760Appointed on March 6, 1741. Died on June 8, 1760. Last bishop of New France before its conquest by the British.[22] [23]
17661784Appointed on January 21, 1766. Resigned on November 29, 1784. Died on June 25, 1794.[24] [25]
17841788Coadjutor bishop from 1772 to 1784. First bishop to be born in Canada. Died on June 4, 1788.[26] [27]
17881797Coadjutor bishop from 1785 to 1788. First bishop born in Quebec City. Resigned on September 1, 1797. Died on October 17, 1797.[28] [29]
17971806Coadjutor bishop from 1794 to 1797. Died on January 17, 1806.[30] [31]
18061819Coadjutor bishop from 1800 to 1806.[32] [33]

Archbishops of Quebec

From!scope="col" style="background-color: #D4B1BB; width: 7%"
UntilIncumbentNotesRef(s)
18191825Became the first Archbishop of Quebec on January 12, 1819. Died on December 4, 1825.
18251833Coadjutor bishop from 1806 to 1825. Died on February 14, 1833.[34] [35]
18331850Coadjutor archbishop from 1826 to 1832. Apostolic administrator from 1832 to 1833. Died on October 3, 1850.[36] [37]
18501867Coadjutor archbishop from 1834 to 1849. Apostolic administrator from 1849 to 1850. Died on August 25, 1867.[38] [39]
18671870Coadjutor archbishop from 1851 to 1855. Apostolic administrator from 1855 to 1867. Died on October 13, 1870.[40] [41]
18701898Appointed on December 24, 1870. Elevated to cardinal on June 7, 1886. Died on April 12, 1898.[42] [43]
18981925Coadjutor archbishop from 1892 to 1898. Elevated to cardinal on May 25, 1914. Died on July 18, 1925.[44] [45]
19251926Auxiliary bishop from 1908 to 1920. Coadjutor archbishop from 1920 to 1925. Died on February 20, 1926.[46] [47]
19261931, Appointed on July 9, 1926. Elevated to cardinal on December 19, 1927. Died on May 31, 1931.[48]
19311947, Appointed on December 11, 1931. Elevated to cardinal on March 13, 1933. Died on January 17, 1947.[49]
19471981Appointed on June 2, 1947. Named the first Primate of Canada on January 24, 1956. Elevated to cardinal on February 22, 1965. Retired on March 20, 1981, after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Died on October 24, 1985.[50] [51]
19811990Auxiliary bishop from 1977 to 1981. Elevated to cardinal on May 25, 1985. Retired on March 17, 1990, after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Died on September 29, 2006.[52] [53]
19902002, Auxiliary bishop from 1982 to 1988. Retired on November 15, 2002, after reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75. Died on January 19, 2018.[54] [55]
20032010, Appointed on November 15, 2002. Elevated to cardinal on October 21, 2003. Resigned in 2010 after being appointed Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops.[56] [57]
2011data-sort-value=2020present, Auxiliary bishop from 2009 to 2011. Elevated to cardinal on February 22, 2014.[58] [59]

References

General

FootnotesBibliography

Notes and References

  1. Web site: CCRL Local Chapters. June 21, 2020. Catholic Civil Rights League. Ottawa. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622035222/https://ccrl.ca/chapters/. June 22, 2020.
  2. News: Quebec Catholic dioceses tap ex-judge to investigate alleged cases of sexual abuse. March 27, 2019. June 21, 2020. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  3. Book: Cunich, Peter. Carey. Hilary M.. Empires of Religion. Palgrave Macmillan. London. 2008. 157. Archbishop Vaughan and the Empires of Religion in Colonial New South Wales. 10.1057/9780230228726_7. https://books.google.com/books?id=8oODDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA157. 9780230228726.
  4. Web site: Statut canonique. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622071229/https://archivesacrq.org/histoire/archidiocese-de-quebec/statut-canonique/. June 22, 2020.
  5. Book: Eire, Carlos M. N.. Reformations: The Early Modern World, 1450–1650. Yale University Press. 2016. 515. 9780300111927.
  6. News: Holy Door opens in Quebec, the first outside of Europe. Leslie. Scrivener. December 6, 2013. June 23, 2020. Toronto Star. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623121008/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/12/06/holy_door_opens_in_quebec_the_first_outside_of_europe.html. June 23, 2020.
  7. Web site: Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. June 23, 2020. Québec Religious Heritage Council. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623121808/http://www.patrimoine-religieux.qc.ca/en/about. June 23, 2020.
  8. News: How the Notre-Dame blaze reveals an uplifting chapter of ... Canadian history. Randy. Boswell. April 29, 2019. June 23, 2020. Ottawa Citizen. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623122411/https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/boswell-how-the-notre-dame-blaze-reveals-an-uplifting-chapter-of-canadian-history. June 23, 2020.
  9. News: Canadian cardinals: 1886–2012. January 6, 2012. June 16, 2020. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  10. News: Gérald Cyprien Lacroix, Canadian cardinal, installed at Vatican. February 22, 2014. June 28, 2020. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
  11. Encyclopedia: Vachon. André. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Laval, François de. June 22, 2020. 2. 1969. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622085056/http://biographi.ca/en/bio/laval_francois_de_2E.html. June 22, 2020.
  12. Web site: Bull of Pope Clement X erecting into a diocese the Vicariate Apostolic of New France. June 22, 2020. Virtual Cathedral. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200522205404/http://www.archivesvirtuelles.com/letter.php?letterID=33. May 22, 2020.
  13. News: Deux nouveaux saints fondateurs de l'Église canadienne. June 22, 2020. Jesuits in Canada. Society of Jesus. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622092718/https://jesuites.ca/deux-nouveaux-saints-fondateurs-de-leglise-canadienne/. June 22, 2020.
  14. Encyclopedia: Rambaud. Alfred. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. La Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier, Jean-Baptiste de. June 22, 2020. 2. 1969. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622094731/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/la_croix_de_chevrieres_de_saint_vallier_jean_baptiste_de_2E.html. June 22, 2020.
  15. Web site: Mgr Jean-Baptiste de la Croix de Chevrières de Saint-Vallier. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622095746/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/2-mgr-jean-baptiste-mgr-jean-baptiste-de-la-croix-de-chevrieres-de-saint-vallier-1653-1727/. June 22, 2020.
  16. Web site: Mgr Louis-François Duplessis de Mornay, O.F.M. Cap.. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622101518/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/3-mgr-louis-francois-duplessis-de-mornay-o-f-m-cap/. June 22, 2020.
  17. Book: Johnston, A.J.B.. Life and Religion at Louisbourg, 1713–1758. McGill–Queen's University Press. June 26, 1996. 41. 9780773566385.
  18. Encyclopedia: Pelletier. Jean-Guy. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Dosquet, Pierre-Herman. June 22, 2020. 4. 1979. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622104530/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dosquet_pierre_herman_4E.html. June 22, 2020.
  19. Web site: Mgr Pierre-Herman Dosquet. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622104726/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/4-mgr-pierre-herman-dosquet/. June 22, 2020.
  20. Encyclopedia: Campeau. Lucien. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Pourroy de Lauberivière, François-Louis de. June 24, 2020. 2. 1969. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625061151/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/pourroy_de_lauberiviere_francois_louis_de_2E.html. June 25, 2020.
  21. Web site: Mgr François-Louis Pourroy de Lauberivière. June 24, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625060324/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/5-mgr-francois-louis-pourroy-de-lauberiviere/. June 25, 2020.
  22. Encyclopedia: Lavallée. Jean-Guy. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Dubreil de Pontbriand, Henri-Marie. June 24, 2020. 3. 1974. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625034910/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/dubreil_de_pontbriand_henri_marie_3E.html. June 25, 2020.
  23. Web site: Mgr Henri-Marie Dubreil de Pontbriand. June 24, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625034616/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/6-2/. June 25, 2020.
  24. Encyclopedia: Vachon. André. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Briand, Jean-Olivier. June 24, 2020. 4. 1979. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033638/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/briand_jean_olivier_4E.html. June 25, 2020.
  25. Web site: Mgr Jean-Olivier Briand. June 24, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625033305/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/7-2/. June 25, 2020.
  26. Encyclopedia: Pelletier. Jean-Guy. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Mariauchau d'Esgly, Louis-Philippe. June 24, 2020. 4. 1979. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625032611/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/mariauchau_d_esgly_louis_philippe_4E.html. June 25, 2020.
  27. Web site: Mgr Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'Esgly. June 24, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625032232/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/8-2/. June 25, 2020.
  28. Encyclopedia: Chaussé. Gilles. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Hubert, Jean-François. June 24, 2020. 4. 1979. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031520/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/hubert_jean_francois_4E.html. June 25, 2020.
  29. Web site: Mgr Jean-François Hubert. June 24, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625031814/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/9-2/. June 25, 2020.
  30. Encyclopedia: Hamelin. Jean. Paquin. Michel. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Denaut, Pierre. June 24, 2020. 5. 1983. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625030220/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/denaut_pierre_5E.html. June 25, 2020.
  31. Web site: Mgr Pierre Denaut. June 24, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625030746/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/10-2/. June 25, 2020.
  32. Encyclopedia: Lambert. James H.. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Plessis, Joseph-Octave. June 22, 2020. 6. 1987. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622105824/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/plessis_joseph_octave_6E.html. June 22, 2020.
  33. Web site: Mgr Joseph-Octave Plessis. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622110346/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/11-2/. June 22, 2020.
  34. Web site: Mgr Bernard-Claude Panet. June 23, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623090108/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/12-mgr-bernard-claude-panet/. June 23, 2020.
  35. Encyclopedia: Voisine. Nive. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Panet, Bernard-Claude. June 23, 2020. 6. 1987. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623090442/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/panet_bernard_claude_6E.html. June 23, 2020.
  36. Encyclopedia: Chassé. Sonia. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Signay, Joseph. June 23, 2020. 7. 1988. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623080012/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/signay_joseph_7E.html. June 23, 2020.
  37. Web site: Mgr Joseph Signay. June 23, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623080151/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/13-mgr-joseph-signay/. June 23, 2020.
  38. Encyclopedia: Gagné. Armand. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Turgeon, Pierre-Flavien. June 22, 2020. 9. 1976. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623063747/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/turgeon_pierre_flavien_9E.html. June 23, 2020.
  39. Web site: Mgr Pierre-Flavien Turgeon. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623064213/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/14-mgr-pierre-flavien-turgeon/. June 23, 2020.
  40. Encyclopedia: Lemieux. Lucien. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Baillargeon, Charles-François. June 22, 2020. 9. 1976. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623031737/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/baillargeon_charles_francois_9E.html. June 23, 2020.
  41. Web site: Mgr Charles-François Baillargeon. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623031440/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/15-charles-framcois-baillargeon/. June 23, 2020.
  42. Encyclopedia: Voisine. Nive. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Taschereau, Elzéar-Alexandre. June 22, 2020. 12. 1990. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623030027/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/taschereau_elzear_alexandre_12E.html. June 23, 2020.
  43. Web site: Card. Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623030200/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/16-card-elzear-alexandre-taschereau/. June 23, 2020.
  44. Encyclopedia: Perin. Roberto. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Bégin, Louis-Nazaire. June 22, 2020. 15. 2005. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200613021136/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/begin_louis_nazaire_15E.html. June 13, 2020.
  45. Web site: Card. Louis-Nazaire Bégin. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623024535/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/17-card-louis-nazaire-begin/. June 23, 2020.
  46. Encyclopedia: Routhier. Gilles. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Roy, Paul-Eugène. June 22, 2020. 15. 2005. University of Toronto / Université Laval. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623004833/http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/roy_paul_eugene_15E.html. June 23, 2020.
  47. Web site: Mgr Paul-Eugène Roy. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623005244/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/18-mgr-paul-eugene-roy/. June 23, 2020.
  48. Web site: Card. Raymond-Marie Rouleau, O.P.. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623003348/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/19-card-raymond-marie-rouleau-o-p/. June 23, 2020.
  49. Web site: Card. Jean-Marie-Rodrigue Villeneuve, O.M.I.. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200623002325/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/20-card-jean-marie-rodrigue-villeneuve-o-m-i/. June 23, 2020.
  50. Web site: Card. Maurice Roy. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622235811/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/21-card-maurice-roy/. June 22, 2020.
  51. News: Cardinal Roy of Canada Dies. Wolfgang. Saxon. October 27, 1985. June 22, 2020. The New York Times.
  52. Web site: Vachon Card. Louis-Albert. June 22, 2020. Holy See Press Office. Holy See. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622233926/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_vachon_la.html. June 22, 2020.
  53. Web site: Card. Louis-Albert Vachon. June 24, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625061729/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/22-card-louis-albert-vachon/. June 25, 2020.
  54. Web site: Mgr Maurice Couture, s.v.. June 22, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622120609/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/23-mgr-maurice-couture-s-v/. June 22, 2020.
  55. News: Maurice Couture, ancien archevêque de Québec, s'éteint à 91 ans. January 19, 2018. June 22, 2020. The Canadian Press. La Presse. Montreal. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622121221/https://www.lapresse.ca/actualites/regional/201801/19/01-5150771-maurice-couture-ancien-archeveque-de-quebec-seteint-a-91-ans.php. June 22, 2020.
  56. Web site: Card. Marc Ouellet, P.S.S.. June 24, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625062326/https://archivesacrq.org/biographies/eveques-et-archeveques-de-quebec/24-card-marc-ouellet-p-s-s/. June 25, 2020.
  57. Web site: Ouellet Card. Marc, P.S.S.. June 22, 2020. Holy See Press Office. Holy See. https://web.archive.org/web/20200607125500/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_ouellet_m.html. June 7, 2020.
  58. Web site: Lacroix Card. Gérald Cyprien, I.S.P.X.. June 22, 2020. Holy See Press Office. Holy See. https://web.archive.org/web/20200622112022/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/documentation/cardinali_biografie/cardinali_bio_lacroix_gc.html. June 22, 2020.
  59. Web site: Card. Gérald Cyprien Lacroix. June 24, 2020. Archives of the Archdiocese of Quebec. Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec. https://web.archive.org/web/20200625062619/https://archivesacrq.org/contact/archives-diocesaines-2/25-mgr-gerald-cyprien-lacroix/. June 25, 2020.

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