List of re-education through labor camps in China explained

Re-education through labor (RTL; in Chinese, laodong jiaoyang 劳动教养, abbreviated láojiào 劳教) is a system of administrative detentions in the People's Republic of China. The estimated number of detainees in re-education through labor camps is anywhere from 300,000 (China Labor Bulletin, 2007)[1] to 2 million (Laogai Research Foundation, 2006).[2] According to Amnesty international in 2021 up to 2 million, Baptist press estimates more than 3 million are subject to re-education through labor.[3] There are at least 310 camps in China (China Daily, 2007).[4]

Anhui province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Anqing Xinsheng Kiln Works
Baofeng General Industrial Company
Yicheng Town 1983 Moved in 2003. Capacity of 600 inmates.
Formerly called Huainan City Independent LRC; adopted current name in 1989
Shangzhangwei Farm 1983 Capacity of 600 inmates.
Unknown

Beijing municipality

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Facility for "implementing" decisions of RTL committees (sorting detainees and transferring them to appropriate facilities or releasing them)
1960 Facility mainly for medical treatment and "re-education" of sick female detainees. Originally called Tiantanghe Farm.
Tiantanghe Farm 1960
5 km south of Huangcun Town 1980 Most inmates are either female, or male drug offenders.
Beijing Xinhe RTL, also called Tuanhe RTL1955 Formerly named Tuanhe Farm. Called Tuanhe RTL in 2007 - 2008 Laogai Handbook
1968 Prisoners are from Beijing.[5]

Chongqing municipality

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Xinsheng Horticultural Farm 21-1 Wujiang Road Also called Maojiashan Women's RTL and Jiangbei RTL
Changshengqiao Town
Xishanping Farm Dongyang Town "Reported to hold Falun Gong followers,"

Fujian province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Processing plant; Lifting equipment plant; Garment factories; Fire machinery plant; Fire services security technologies Qianqi Road
Fuzhou Rujiang Clothing, Footwear, and Hat Factory 47 Kuai'an Road 1980 Also called Rujiang Forced Drug Abstinence RTL
Longyan Farm Longmenkou
Nanping Xingguang Sodium Silicate Factory; Nanping Xingguang Aluminum Product Decoration Plant 3 Jinfeng Road
Sept. 2003 Inmates 18 years old or younger
Fuzhou Yanshan Clothing Factory; Fuzhou Yanshan Handicraft Plant 236 Qianheng Road
Longyan Farm Longmenkou
Quanzhou No. 7 Plastics Puren Beimenwai 1986
Sanming Xinsheng Plant
Jiangtou Garden
1997
Zhangzhou Xinxing Plastics Plant Shixia District 1987

Gansu province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Also called Lanzhou City Ping'antai RTL
Beibinhe West Road 1991 Housed 2,000 detainees in 2003

Guangdong province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Guangzhou City Dongsheng Mine Works Cencun, Wushan 1984
Guangzhou Yuqing handicraft plant; previously Chatou Farm Chatou Island, Shijing Town 1986
Chatou
Guangzhou City Dongkeng Stone Mine Dongkeng, Tonghe July 1982
Had over 2,000 detainees in 2001
Chini Stone Quarry Hexi Village, Chini Town Also called Huadu Chini RTL
Stone Mine Buxi Village, Tanbu Town May 1974 Moved to present location in June 2002
Guangzhou Chini Cement Factory Gangmeitou, Hengsha Village, Chini Town
Huicheng District, Sandong Town
southwest corner May 1982 Designated an RTL in February 1986
Meijiang District 1983 Moved outside the city in 1985
Baiyun District
Baiyun District
Unknown
Official became an RTL specifically for drug offenders in July 1995
Hengshengwo Farm; Sanshui Farm 3 kilometers east of Huangtang 1955 RTL for women
Beiyang Town March 2003 Construction began in 1999, but didn't accept inmates until 2003
North Jinbi Road, Shangbu 1981
Also called Longhuazhen RTL
Tan'gang Fire Hose Factory; Construction Materials Factory Xingcha Road, Tan'gang, Chatou
Makou Farm Makou
1950 Originally called Labu RTL. First RTL established in Guangdong. Capacity of 3,500.
Dahuantang, Maling 1993 Didn't have any detainees until 1997
Oct 2003

Guangxi province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
8 Xi'an Road
1300 detainees as of June 2003
North-South Highway 2003
Jingji Zoulang Development District #40, Yudong Dadao Road Has female Falun Gong practitioners, according to 2007 - 2008 Laogai Handbook. Formerly known as Guangxi No.1 RTL
Xinxing Farm 1951 Over 130,000 mu in area.

Guizhou province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
2003
Zhujiawan
Fuquan Phosphate Fertilizer Plant Fuquan City, Qiannanzhou Longchang Town 1965
26 June 1997
Huagong Farm Unknown Moved in 2003 from Qinglong County to an unknown location.
Unknown
Sanjiang Farm As of May 2004, had over 2000 detainees, over half of whom were drug offenders.
Zhongba Farm, Zhuhai Chili Electronic, Ltd.
Zunyi Brickyard
Unknown 1999 RTL for repeat drug offenders

Hainan

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Mailbox #66, Xindazhou Road
1989 Also called Hainan Province Women's Drug Rehabilitation Center.
Also called Hainan Provincial Drug Rehabilitation RTL.

Hebei province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
1995 Lianchi Street
Baoding RTL Printing Shop Zhi'nong Road
Mailbox 5 1985
Tongye Town, southwest of Xiliangxiang Village under construction as of 2008 Planned to hold 1500 detainees
Xinsheng Fireproof Materials Plant Number 27 Brickfield Also called Provincial No. 1 RTL
Shanhaiguan Machine Plant Xuanyangdong Road
Zhenhua Porcelain Enamel Factory; Shijiazhuang City Xinsheng Shoe Manufacturer 22 Beijiao Street
8 South Gaoji Road, Zhaolingpu
35 Hehuakeng Road Also called Hehuakeng RTL

Heilongjiang province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Tuanjie Town
54 No. 22 Lane, Jingyi Street Began holding Falun Gong detainees in 1999
Also spelled Fulaerji or Fula'erji
Daodong Station
Frozen sucker plant; Repair shop; Brickyard
Daodong Station
239 Xianfeng Road
October 2003 Formerly Qiqihar Shuanghe RTL and Fuyu RTL, combined in October 2003. According to 2007 - 2008 Laogai Handbook, has housed over 200 Falun Gong detainees and has conducted "brainwashing."
Xinsheng Coal Mine 1974
Xinglong Automobile Repair and Supply Plant; Brickyard North Zhongzhi Road
385 Longhua Road Takes care of Harbin railways; is the only railway RTL in China
Xinnong Village 1984 Houses Falun Gong detainees, according to 2007 - 2008 Laogai Handbook
Cuiluan Forestry Center
Longwei Plastic Goods Factory
1984

Henan province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Longquan Farm
Tongyong Electric Control Plant; Zhengzhou Gerui Gas Automatic Fire Fighting Plant 62 Wenhua road Originally a "Labor Reform Detachment," became an RTL in the 1980s
Haobi City 1979
1981 Held "many religious prisoners" in 1983
Jiaozuo City 1979
Leihe City
Chunhui Crane Factory Wugu Road 1979
Pushan Stone Quarry
December 1986 Merger of Bailou RTL and Yaomeng RTL
Xinhe Farm; Henan Ruyang Cast Stone Factory; Henan Ruyang Rock Wool Fiber Factory Da'an Village (1 kilometer west) 1952
Baitiaohe Farm Near Bayi plant Also called Xuchang RTL
1985
Zhengzhou Jinhua Abrasive Factory; Zhengzhou Jinhua Abrasive Factory Printing and Binding Subsidiary Factory
Shibalihe Town Also called Provincial No. 1 Women's RTL
Zhengzhou Zhongyuan General Hoisting Machinery Factory
Xinyang RTL Plastic Bag Factory 1981

Hubei province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Denglin Farm Xiangbei County 1990 Originally called Xiangbei RTL
Xianyang City
Xin'nong Street
Huangjiadun
Luojiazui, Gushaoshu Also called Hubei Provincial RTL. According to 2007&2008 Laogai Handbook, work goes on from 6am to 2am (20 hours a day)
Huangshi Electromagnetic Wire Plant 1980
Hongshan District January 2005 Formerly called Shayang Qilihu Women's RTL
Wuzhigou 1980s
1983
Shayang Farm Qilihu Town Also called Qilihu RTL and Hanyang RTL
1985
Held male and female Falun Gong detainees, according to 2007 - 2008 Laogai Handbook

Hunan province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Xiangyin County Gaolin Xincheng Development District 1972 Only RTL farm in Hunan
Baimalong, Baifeng 1958 Only women's RTL in Hunan
Changde City Xinsheng Switchgear Plant Jubaocun, Wuling District 1983 Receives both local RTL inmates, and drug offenders from neighboring areas
Changqiao Horticultural Farm Across from Changsha Police School (Changsha Yuanda Road) 1963 Formerly located at Changqiao, Changsha City. Since establishment, has held over 40,000 detainees.
Yuanda Road
Hunan Silk Mill 6 Dongfeng Roa 1950
7 Shiliuwan 1981
Huaxin Development District Construction began in 1950.
Xichong Village Construction began in 1981.
North Tiyuan Road September 2003 Only RTL in Hunan with juvenile detainees
11 Groups Xiaoke Residence Committee Dake Office December 1983
Hunan Provincial Xinsheng Cement Factory Pingtang Town 1979 Prisoners are drug offenders, those who have escaped from other RTLs, or those who have been labelled "difficult."
Chengdong Guanyin Tang
Xiangtan Jianshe Farm Jiuhua Economic District 1972
Hunan Switch Factory 174 Xinkaipu Road, Jincha 1952
Yiyang City suburbs Yangshu Village, Changchun Town 1983
Near Yonglian Highway
Linxiang City, west suburbs Sanjiaoping 1984 Originally called Junshan Farm
Yaxi Village, Yangjiaping November 1981
Songjia Qiaoyou Pu'ao November 1983

Inner Mongolia

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Xishuiquan
Qiaoxidajie Street 1958
Jindun Road 1955
Shuaijia Yingzijie Village, Xiaoheihe District Government 1995 Also called Inner Mongolia RTL
Pasture Jalaid Banner
Calcium Carbide Plant 21 kilometers from Hai District
Dongtucheng Farm Originally called Dongtucheng RTL, adopted present name in 2001
Carton plant; Milk cow breeding Bilingual in Mandarin and Mongolian; only bilingual RTL in Inner Mongolia

Jiangsu province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Donghai County 1987 Established in 1958 as a labor reform detachment, later became a laogai camp; current RTL center established in 1987
Fangqiang Farm Dafeng 1951
1979 Established in 1958 as a labor reform detachment and juvenile offender detachment; became an RTL in 1979, adopted current name in 1986
Dalianshan Cement Factory Dalianshan, Chunhua Town 1958
Jan. 2003
Jiangsu Provincial Taihu Quarry Companies 1980 Established in 1959 as a labor reform detachment; became an RTL in 1980. Provincial government decided in 2008 to close this RTL, and the process of closing it is underway.
Dec. 2004
Holds female and juvenile detainees.

Jiangxi province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Saihu Farm Majialong Saihu 1951 Also called Majialong RTL. Closed in 1968, and reopened in 1984.
Maiyuan Road
Caojiaqiao 1996 Moved to present address in 2007
Jianxin County 1956 Originally established in Yichun City, moved to outskirts of Nanchang City in 1987. Changed name to Jiangxi Provincial Juvenile Offender Detachment in 2003.
Yongqiao Farm 1956
Bajing Town Also called Gao'an RTL

Jilin province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Baicheng City RTL Labor Services Company
Chemical material plant
1984
Dongfang Petrochemical Factory Chaoyanggou 1982
Piano parts factory Caijiacun, Fenjinxiang 1975 Originally Diaojiashan RTL. Moved to current name and location in 1997.
1984
1984 - 5 Also called Jiutai Yinmahe RTL
Baiquan Town 1985 Also called Baiquan RTL
Mudanjiang City 1981 Also called Sidao RTL
Heijuzi 1981 Also called Heijuzi RTL
1984
Tonghua RTL Wangou Steel Factory 150 Yuquan Rd.
Weizigou Village, Xinlongshan Town 1989
Beiqing Road 1984

Liaoning province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Yuemingshan, Qianyuxiang 1979
Xinsheng Asbestos Mine Taizi Village
175 Nanlin St. May 1980
Early 1990s
1980
Masanjia Xinsheng Farm 1957 Considered one of the largest centers of Falun Gong detainees in China
Includes Yijia RTL, Zhangshi RTL, Wangjiazhuang RTL and Longshan RTL
Huludao City Correctional Camp[6] Inmate Zhang Bin's death in April 2003 sparked widespread calls to reform the re-education through labor system

Ningxia region

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Formerly called Lingwu Baitugangzi RTL

Qinghai province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Nantan Farm Duoba Town May 1983 Also called Provincial Men's RTL and Qinghai Province No. 1 RTL
Unknown Nov 2000
62 Bayi East Rd. Nov 2000

Shaanxi province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Shangshuidu Village
Baoping Rd. 1971 Renamed as an RTL in 1982
Brick factory Zhangqiao Town 1982
6 Beixuanwu Rd., Fangxincun
Unknown Early 1950s Also classified as an ankang (asylum)
Machine brickyard Chengzigou Liulin village
Dongjiahe Town

Shandong province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Xinsheng Machine Factory Handan City
Ji'nan City Yujin Building Equipment Factory 24 Liuchangshan Rd. Also called Liuchangshan RTL. Reported to hold Falun Gong practitioners.
Ji'ning City 80 Motor Repair Shop
Shandong Shengjian 83 Factory Southwest of Wangcun Town 1958 Also called Shandong Shengjian Basan RTL. Designated as "open to the public" in February 1982. Reported to mine clay for export to Japan.[7]
20 Jiangshuiquan Rd. Also called Jiangshuiquan RTL; adopted present name in 2001. Reported to hold Falun Gong practitioners.
Basan Factory, Wangcun Town Reported to hold Falun Gong practitioners.
Wangcun Town Nov 2003 Reported to hold Falun Gong practitioners.
Also called Shandong Provincial Zibo Wangcun RTL; its four branches are Provincial No. 1 RTL, Provincial No. 1 Women's RTL, Provincial No. 2 RTL, and Provincial No. 2 Women's RTL
Longyuan Steel Pipe Works; Qingdao Auto Damper Work 2 Shangyuan Rd. Reported to hold Falun Gong practitioners.
Weifang Jinfan Chemical Plant; Weifang Changle Rock Material Plant Also called Changle RTL. Reported to hold Falun Gong practitioners; has a production contract with a Chinese/American business.
Zaozhuang Shengjian Coal Mine 1984
Boshan Tool Factory Qiugucun Jan 1981

Shanghai municipality

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
1997
Shanghai Farm Sichahe Became an RTL in 1981.
Shanghai Chuandong Farm 1950s
Qingdong Farm Tianshengzhuang Jan 1959 Also called Qingpu RTL
Tianshengzhuang

Shanxi province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Daxinzhuang Farm Became an RTL in 1988.
Datong City RTL Datong City RTL Coal Mine 1981 Also called Heiliushui RTL, Luozhenying RTL
Taiyuan Xinxin Industrial Corporation 5 Xindian Street Also called Xindian Men's RTL
Xindian Also called Taiyuan Xiandan RTL
Taiyuan RTL Gujiao Center for Coking North of Zhencheng Village, Baibanxiang 1984
December 1984
Dongcun Farm 1955
Became an RTL in 1979.

Sichuan province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
XX Brickyard
Shagou
Longquanyi District Luodai Wen'an Town Tianqin Clothing Factory Gongmin Town
Taoyuan East Road 1955 Adopted present name in 1987.
Airport Development Zone
135 East Section, 1 Circle Road 1970s Also called Xinhua RTL for Drug Rehabilitation.

Tianjin municipality

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Dasuzhuang
Has been disbanded, detainees sent to Tianjin Women's RTL.
Qingbowa Farm 1980
Banqiao Farm Machinery Parts Factory Oct 1955 Adopted current name in November 2003. Reported to hold Falun Gong practitioners.
2001

Tibet Autonomous Region

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Unknown
Possibly the same location as Trisam, known under an alternate name.
July 2004
Shigatse Prefecture
Trisam RTL[8] 1991-1992Believed to now be a mandatory education or rehabilitation centre. It has been proposed to now operate as Duilong Compulsory Isolation and Rehabilitation Centre.[9] Trisam, known colloquially after a bridge nearby, is situated around 14 kilometres west of Lhasa city centre in the western suburbs, just inside Toelung Dechen (Chinese: Duilong Deqing) county. Under the RTL system, detainees could be imprisoned there by administrative order for up to three years, carrying out various labour tasks ranging from tending vegetables and emptying septic pits to performing construction labour. Four Trisam prisoners are known to have died between 1987 and 1998 due to abuse at Trisam and earlier places of detention, three of them within three months after release and one while in custody.
Sept 1991 Possibly the same location as Trisam, known under an alternate name.

Xinjiang province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
1983
About 5 kilometers outside the city
Oct 1983
after 2000
30 kilometers outside the city Dec 1983
Urumqi Artificial Diamond Factory 1973
Dec 1983
June 1999
74 Chaoyang Street, Yin-a-wa-ti Road Oct 1983
Sweater workshop 22 Donggebi Rd. Dec 2002 Also called Urumqi Women's RTL
1983

Yunnan province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Anning Bajie Farm Bajie
Tianjingshan 1992 Has some former drug users acting as staff
Disposable Chopsticks Processing Plant 1993
Wang Bridge
Renxing Town 1951
Mosha Subtropical Horticultural Farm; Food products factory; Beverage factory; Brown sugar factory 1956
Yinsheng Textile Factory Poshi Street Nov 2000
Sept 2002
Dabanqiao Town Dec 1996

Zhejiang province

width=15%Name !width=17%Enterprise name !width=20%City/County/District !width=15%Village/Town !width=5%Established !width=28%Notes
Hongken Farm Xinjie Town
Zhaowan Yangjiabu T. W.
Wukang 1994 Only women's RTL in the province
Shiliping Farm
Xinsheng Auto Repair Plant 1983

See also

Sources

Unless otherwise specified, information is from the following source:

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Human rights groups doubt 'laojiao' abolished . 2 March 2007 . 18 October 2008 . AsiaNews.
  2. Web site: Laogai Handbook (2007 - 2008) . The Laogai Research Foundation . 2008 . 6 September 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20161017235210/http://laogai.org/system/files/u1/handbook2008-all.pdf . 17 October 2016 .
  3. Web site: https://facebook.com/baptistpress . 2021-01-14 . More than 3 million Uyghurs detained in forced labor camps in China Baptist Press . 2023-06-19 . www.baptistpress.com/ . en-US.
  4. Web site: Wu . Jiao . . New law to abolish laojiao system . 1 March 2007 . 18 October 2008.
  5. News: China Hones Old Tool: 'Re-educating' Unruly. Erik. Eckholm. The New York Times . February 27, 2001.
  6. Web site: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) . United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor . 25 February 2004 . 17 November 2008 . 2003 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Section 1c: "Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment."
  7. News: Export of Prison Goods Seems to Continue. Nicholas D.. Kristof. The New York Times . July 19, 1993.
  8. Web site: New Prison in Lhasa: Increased Surveillance for Political Prisoners, 'Oppressive' Cell Blocks . . 2006-01-20 . 2008-10-18.
  9. Web site: Homepage. 2021-11-05. Tibet Research Project. en-US.

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