List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions explained

This article is a list of historical volcanic eruptions of approximately magnitude 6 or more on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission during the Holocene, and Pleistocene eruptions of the Decade Volcanoes (Avachinsky–Koryaksky, Kamchatka; Colima, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; Mount Etna, Sicily; Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone; Mauna Loa, Hawaii; Mount Merapi, Central Java; Mount Nyiragongo, East African Rift; Mount Rainier, Washington; Sakurajima, Kagoshima Prefecture; Santamaria/ Santiaguito, Central America Volcanic Arc; Santorini, Cyclades; Taal Volcano, Luzon Volcanic Arc; Teide, Canary Islands; Ulawun, New Britain; Mount Unzen, Nagasaki Prefecture; Mount Vesuvius, Naples); Campania, Italy; South Aegean Volcanic Arc; Laguna de Bay, Luzon Volcanic Arc; Mount Pinatubo, Luzon Volcanic Arc; Toba, Sunda Arc; Mount Meager massif, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt; Yellowstone hotspot, Wyoming; and Taupō Volcanic Zone, greater than VEI 4.

The eruptions in the Holocene on the link: Holocene Volcanoes in Kamchatka were not added yet, but they are listed on the Peter L. Ward's supplemental table. Some of the eruptions are not listed on the Global Volcanism Program timetable as well, at least not as VEI 6. The timetables of Global Volcanism Program; Bristlecone pine tree-rings (Pinus longaeva, Pinus aristata, Pinus ponderosa, Pinus edulis, Pseudotsuga menziesii);[1] the 4 ka Yamal Peninsula Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) chronology;[2] the 7 ka Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) chronology from Finnish Lapland;[3] [4] GISP2 ice core;[5] [6] GRIP ice core;[7] Dye 3 ice core; Bipolar comparison;[8] Antarctic ice core (Bunder and Cole-Dai, 2003);[9] Antarctic ice core (Cole-Dai et al., 1997);[10] Crête ice core, in central Greenland,[11] benthic foraminifera in deep sea sediment cores (Lisiecki, Raymo 2005),[12] do not agree with each other sometimes. The 536–547 AD dust-veil event might be an impact event.[13]

Holocene eruptions

See also: Timeline of volcanism on Earth.

The Holocene epoch begins 11,700 years BP,[14] (10 000 14C years ago)

Since 2000 AD

Name and areaDateVEIProductsNotes
Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai, Tonga20226 6.5 km3 (dense-rock equivalent) of tephraThe largest eruption of the 21st century
Ruang, north sulawesi indonesia20245
Chaiten, Southern Chile20085
Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, Southern Chile20115

1000–2000 AD

Name and areaDateVEIProductsNotes
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines1991, Jun 1566to of tephra[15] an estimated 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted[16]
Mount St. Helens, Washington state, USA1980, May 1851to of tephra
Novarupta, Alaska Peninsula1912, Jun 6613to of lava[17] [18] [19]
Santa Maria, Guatemala1902, Oct 24620km3 of tephra[20]
Mount Tarawera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand1886, Jun 1052km3 of tephra
Krakatoa, Indonesia1883, August 26–27621km3 of tephra[21]
Mount Tambora, Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia1815, Apr 107NaNkm3 of tephraan estimated 10–120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced the "Year Without a Summer"[22]
1808 ice core eventUnknown eruption near equator, magnitude roughly half TamboraEmission of sulfur dioxide around the amount of the 1815 Tambora eruption (ice cores from Antarctica and Greenland).[23]
1808Major eruptions in Urzelina, Azores (Urzelina eruption, fissure vent), Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Kamchatka Peninsula,[24] and Taal Volcano, Philippines.[25]
Note: Thompson Island, northeast of Bouvet Island, South Atlantic Ocean, disappeared in the 19th century, if it ever existed.[26]
Grímsvötn, Northeastern Iceland1783–17846
Laki1783–1784614 cubic kilometres of lava an estimated 120 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted, produced a Volcanic winter, 1783, on the North Hemisphere.[27]
Long Island (Papua New Guinea), northeast of New Guinea1660 ±20630km3 of tephra
Kolumbo, Santorini, Greece1650, Sep 27660km3 of tephra[28]
Huaynaputina, Peru1600, Feb 19630km3 of tephra[29]
Billy Mitchell, Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea1580 ±20614km3 of tephra
Bárðarbunga, Northeastern Iceland1477610km3 of tephra
1452–53 ice core event, New Hebrides arc, Vanuatu.
Location is uncertain, may be Kuwae		36to of tephra175–700 million tons of sulfuric acid;[30] [31] [32] only small pyroclastic flows are found at Kuwae
Mount Tarawera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand1310 ± 1255km3 of tephra (Kaharoa eruption)
Quilotoa, Ecuador1280(?)621km3 of tephra
Samalas volcano, Rinjani Volcanic Complex, Lombok Island, Indonesia1257740 km3 (dense-rock equivalent) of tephra1257 Samalas eruption
Arctic and Antarctic ice cores provide compelling evidence to link the ice core sulfate spike of 1258/1259 A.D. to this volcano.[33] [34] [35]

1 to 1000 AD

Tianchi eruption, Paektu Mountain, border of North Korea and China946 AD 640to of tephra[36] Also known as Millennium Eruption of Changbaishan
Eldgjá eruption, Laki system, Iceland934–940 AD 6Estimated 18km3 of lava[37] Estimated 219 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted[38]
Ceboruco, Northwest of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt930 AD ±200 611km3 of tephra
Dakataua, Northern tip of the Willaumez Peninsula, New Britain, Papua New Guinea800 AD ±50 6?10km3? of tephra
Pago, East of Kimbe, New Britain, Papua New Guinea: Witori Caldera710 AD ±75 630km3 of tephra
Mount Churchill, eastern Alaska700 AD ±200 620km3 of tephra
Rabaul, Rabaul Caldera, New Britain540 AD ±100 611km3 of tephraVolcanic winter of 536?
Ilopango, El Salvador431 AD ±2, or 539/540 AD 7106.5 km3 (25.5 cu mi) of tephra[39]
Ksudach, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia240 AD ±100 620to of tephra
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Hatepe eruption of Taupō Volcano, New Zealand230 AD ±16 7120km3 of tephra[40]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy79 AD Oct 24 (?) 5?2.8to of tephraPompeii eruption
Mount Churchill, eastern Alaska60 AD ±200 625km3 of tephra
Ambrym, Vanuatu50 AD ±100 660to of tephra

Before the Common Era (BC/BCE)

Name and areaDateVEIProductsNotes
Okmok, Okmok Caldera, Aleutian Islands44 BC[41] 640to of tephra
Apoyeque, Nicaragua50 BC ±100 618km3 of tephra
Raoul Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand250 BC ±75 6more than 10km3 of tephra
Mount Meager massif, Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, Canada400 BC ±50 5
Mount Tongariro, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand550 BC ±200 51.2km3 of tephra
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines1050 BC ±500 610to of tephra
Avachinsky, Kamchatka1350 BC (?) 5more than 1.2km3 of tephratephra layer IIAV3
Pago, east of Kimbe, New Britain, Papua New Guinea: Witori Caldera1370 BC ±100 630km3 of tephra
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Taupō, New Zealand1460 BC ±40 617km3 of tephra
Avachinsky, Kamchatka1500 BC (?) 5more than 3.6km3 of tephratephra layer AV1
Santorini (Thera), Greece, Youngest Caldera: Minoan eruption1610 BC ±14 years 7123km3 of tephra[42] Ended the Minoan settlement at Akrotiri and the Minoan age on Crete
Mount Aniakchak, Alaska Peninsula1645 BC ±10 6more than 50km3 of tephraSevere global cooling[43]
Veniaminof, Alaska Peninsula1750 BC (?) 6more than 50km3 of tephra
Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA1860 BC (?) 615km3 of tephra
Mount Hudson, Cerro, Southern Chile1890 BC (?) 6more than 10km3 of tephra
Black Peak, Alaska Peninsula1900 BC ±150 610to of tephra
Long Island (Papua New Guinea), Northeast of New Guinea2040 BC ± 100 6more than 11km3 of tephra
Mount Vesuvius, Italy2420 BC ±40 5?3.9km3 of tephraAvellino eruption[44] [45] [46]
Avachinsky, Kamchatka3200 BC ±150 5more than 1.1km3 of tephratephra layer IAv20 AV3
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines3550 BC (?) 610to of tephra
Talisay (Taal) caldera (size: 15 x 20 km), island of Luzon, Philippines3580 BC ±200 7150km3 of tephra
Haroharo Caldera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand3580 BC ±50 52.8km3 of tephra
Pago, New Britain4000 BC ± 200 6?10km3? of tephra
Masaya Volcano, Nicaragua4050 BC (?) 6more than 13km3 of tephra
Avachinsky, Kamchatka4340 BC ±75 5more than 1.3km3 of tephratephra layer IAv12 AV4
Macauley Island, Kermadec Islands, New Zealand4360 BC ±200 6100km3? of tephra[47] Lloyd, E. F.Smith, I. E. M.Nathan, S. (1992). Volcanic hazards in the Kermadec Islands and at submarine volcanoes between southern Tonga and New Zealand, Volcanic hazards information series 4. Wellington, New Zealand. Ministry of Civil Defence. 44 p.
Mount Hudson, Cerro, Southern Chile4750 BC (?) 618km3 of tephra
Mount Aniakchak, Alaska Peninsula5250 BC ±1000 610to of tephra
Kikai Caldera (size: 19 km), Ryukyu Islands, Japan: Akahoya eruption5350 BC (?) 780to of tephra
Mashu, Hokkaido, Japan5550 BC ±100 619km3 of tephra
Tao-Rusyr Caldera, Kuril Islands5550 BC ±75 630to of tephra
Mayor Island / Tūhua, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand5060 BC ±200 51.6km3 of tephra
Crater Lake (Mount Mazama), Oregon, USA5677 BC ±150 7150km3 of tephra
Khangar, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia5700 BC ± 16 614to of tephra
Crater Lake (Mount Mazama), Oregon, USA5900 BC ± 50 68to of tephra
Avachinsky, Kamchatka5980 BC ±100 5more than 8to of tephratephra layer IAv1
Menengai, East African Rift, Kenya6050 BC (?) 670km3? of tephra
Haroharo Caldera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand6060 BC ±50 51.2km3 of tephra
Sakurajima, island of Kyūshū, Japan: Aira Caldera6200 BC ±1000 612km3 of tephra
Kurile Caldera (size: 8 x 14 km), Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia6440 BC ± 25 years 7140to of tephraIlinsky eruption
Karymsky, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia6600 BC (?) 650to of tephra
Mount Vesuvius, Italy6940 BC ±100 5?2.75to of tephraMercato eruption
Fisher Caldera, Unimak Island, Aleutian Islands7420 BC ±200 6more than 50km3 of tephra
Pinatubo, island of Luzon, Philippines7460 BC ±150 6–7?
Lvinaya Past, Kuril Islands7480 BC ±50 67to of tephra
Rotomā Caldera, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand7560 BC ±18 5more than 5.6km3 of tephra
Taupō Volcano, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand8130 BC ±200 54.7km3 of tephra
Grímsvötn, Northeastern Iceland8230 BC ±50 6more than 15km3 of tephra
Ulleung, Korea8750 BC (?) 6more than 10km3 of tephra
Mount Tongariro, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand9450 BC (?) 51.7km3 of tephra
Taupō Volcano, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand9460 BC ±200 51.4km3 of tephra
Mount Tongariro, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand9650 BC (?) 51.6km3 of tephra
Nevado de Toluca, State of Mexico, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt10.5 ka 614km3 of tephraUpper Toluca Pumice[48]
GISP2 ice core event11.258 ka

Pleistocene eruptions

2.588 ± 0.005 million years BP, the Quaternary period and Pleistocene epoch begin.[49]

Name and areaDateVEIProductsNotes
GISP2 ice core event12.657 ka
Eifel hotspot, Laacher See, Vulkan Eifel, Germany12.900 ka66km3 of tephra.[50] [51] [52] [53]
Mount Vesuvius, Italy16 ka5Green Pumice
Mount Vesuvius, Italy18.3 ka6Basal Pumice
Santorini (Thera), Greece: Cape Riva Calderaabout 21 ka
Aira Caldera, south of the island of Kyūshū, Japanabout 22 ka7more than 400km3 of tephra.[54]
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Oruanui eruption, Taupō Volcano, New Zealandaround 25.6 ka [55] 8Approximately 1170km3 of tephra[56] [57] [58] [59]
Laguna Caldera (size: 10 x 20 km), South-East of Manila, island of Luzon27–29 ka
Alban Hills, Rome, Italy36 ka4Peperino Ignimbrite of Albano Maar Sedimentation and mobility of PDCs: a reappraisal of ignimbrites’ aspect ratio[60]
Campi Flegrei, Naples, Italy39.280 ka ± 0.11[61] 200 cubic kilometres of lavaCampanian Tuff
Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombian department of Nariño40 ka2km3 of tephra
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Rotoiti Ignimbrite, North Island, New Zealandabout 50 ka 7about 240km3 of tephra.[62]
Santorini (Thera), Greece: Skaros Calderaabout 70 ka
Lake Toba (size: 100 x 30 km), Sumatra, Indonesia73.7 ka ± 0.3[63] 2500to of tephra[64] estimated 150 to 1,000 million tons of sulfur dioxide were emitted (Youngest Toba Tuff).[65]
Aso Caldera, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan90 ka8930to of tephra[66] The largest known eruption in Japan
Yellowstone hotspot: Yellowstone Calderabetween 70 and 150 ka1000km3 intracaldera rhyolitic lava flows.
Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombian department of Nariño150 ka2km3 of tephra
Kos-Nisyros Caldera, Greece161 ka110km3Kos Plateau Tuff.
Taal Caldera, island of Luzon, Philippines between 500 and 100 ka6?6 Explosive Eruptions formed multiple overlapping calderas. [67]
Santorini (Thera), Greece: Southern Calderaabout 180 ka
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Rotorua Caldera (size: 22 km wide), New Zealand220 kamore than 340km3 of tephra.
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Maroa Caldera (size: 16 x 25 km), New Zealand230 ka140km3 of tephra.
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Reporoa Caldera (size: 10 x 15 km), New Zealand230 ka7around 100km3 of tephra
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Whakamaru Caldera (size: 30 x 40 km), North Island, New Zealandaround 254 ka81200to of tephraWhakamaru Ignimbrite/Mount Curl Tephra[68] [69]
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Matahina Ignimbrite, Haroharo Caldera, North Island, New Zealand280 ka7about 120km3 of tephra.[70]
Alban Hills, Rome, Italy365–351 ka6Villa Senni Ignimbrite >50km3 Volcanoes of the World: Third Edition [71]
Sabatini volcanic complex, Sabatini, Italy374 ka7 more than 200km3Morphi tephra.
Roccamonfina Caldera (size: 65 x 55 km), Roccamonfina, Italy385 ka100to of tephra.
Alban Hills, Rome, Italy407–398 ka6Pozzolane Nere Ignimbrite
Alban Hills, Rome, Italy456–439 ka7Pozzolane Rosse Tephritic Ignimbrite >50km3 Sedimentation and mobility of PDCs: a reappraisal of ignimbrites’ aspect ratio
Maipo (volcano), Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile 450–500 ka 7Diamante Caldera
Galeras, Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone, Colombian department of Nariño560 ka15km3 of tephra
Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia501 ka ±5Middle Toba Tuff
Yellowstone hotspot

Yellowstone Caldera (size: 45 x 85 km)

640 ka8more than 1000km3 of tephraLava Creek Tuff
Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia840 ka ±30 Oldest Toba Tuff
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Mangakino Caldera, North Island, New Zealand0.97 Mamore than 300km3Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Mangakino Caldera, North Island, New Zealand1.01 Mamore than 300km3Unit E
Lake Toba, Sumatra, Indonesia1.2 ±0.16 Ma Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
Taupō Volcanic Zone, Mangakino Caldera, North Island, New Zealand1.23 Mamore than 300km3Ongatit Ignimbrite[72]
Yellowstone hotspot: Henry's Fork Caldera (size: 16 km wide)1.3 Ma 7280km3Mesa Falls Tuff.
Yellowstone hotspot: Island Park Caldera (size: 100 x 50 km)2.1 Ma82450km3Huckleberry Ridge Tuff.[73]
Cerro Galán Caldera, Argentina (size: 35 x 20 km) 2.2 Ma 81000km3 of dacitic magma.[74]

Notes

Nomenclature

Each state/ country seem to have a slightly different approach, but there is an order:

In the Basin and Range Province the volcanic fields are nested. The McDermit volcanic field, is also named Orevada rift volcanic field. The Latir-Questa volcanic locus and the Taos Plateau volcanic field seem to be in a similar area. The Southwest Nevada volcanic field, the Crater Flat-Lunar Crater volcanic zone, the Central Nevada volcanic field, the Indian Peak volcanic field and the Marysvale volcanic field seem to have no transition between each other; the Ocate volcanic field is also known as the Mora volcanic field; and the Red Hill volcanic field is also known as Quemado volcanic field.

External links

Notes and References

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