List of presidents of Ecuador explained

This article contains a list of presidents of Ecuador, since the independence from Gran Colombia (1830) to the present day.

Background

Juan José Flores was the first constitutional president of Ecuador, declaring the separation of the State of Ecuador from Gran Colombia, maintaining its presidential government structure, which has remained until the present day. Between 1830 and 1845, the office of President of the Republic was elected indirectly, that is, through the legislature. The first presidents were mostly elected through Constituent Assemblies, a tradition in the politics of Ecuador which remained until 1967, with Otto Arosemena being the last constitutional president elected through the Constituent Assembly. This is one of the reasons why Ecuador has had 20 Constitutions since its foundation, many of them created with the intention of legitimizing the government of a president. Since 1869, the president is elected by popular vote; however, it should be borne in mind that during the 19th century, Ecuador lived a census democracy: only men with sufficient income and decent office voted, being Francisco Robles the first president elected by direct vote.[1]

Between 1906 and 1944, during the Liberal Revolution, the elections were held in a generally fraudulent or corrupt manner, so the year 1944 is estimated as the beginning of democracy in Ecuador. Between 1906 and 1947, there was no office of Vice President. Between 1947 and 1970, the president and vice president were elected separately. Since 1979, the president and vice president are elected by direct suffrage on the same ballot. Since 1998, a candidate who obtains more than 40% of votes can also win, provided he has a difference of at least 10% over the second candidate. All these percentages are calculated on the total valid votes (that is, without counting null and blank votes).[2]

The history of Ecuador has been full of instability, usually centered on the figure of the President of the Republic, which is why Ecuador's political culture has been traditionally called caudillista. During the 19th century, the country was torn apart twice after the overthrow of the presidents Francisco Robles and Ignacio de Veintemilla, with regional governments seeking access to national power. Until 1947, the majority of the constitutional presidents of the Republic came to power through coups d'etat, exercising dictatorial power which would be legitimized through the implementation of new constitutions, so that the governance and stability of the presidents has been usually weak, which is why there has been many presiding and interim presidents. There were two military dictatorships in the country (1963–1966 and 1972–1979) before democracy returned with the election of Jaime Roldós Aguilera. From 1996 to 2005, 3 constitutional presidents were overthrown (Abdalá Bucaram, Jamil Mahuad and Lucio Gutiérrez). The left-wing populist government of Rafael Correa (2007–2017) has been the most stable in national history, being able to remain in power constitutionally without interruptions for 10 years and 4 months.[1] José María Velasco Ibarra is the longest-serving president since he held office for a total of 12 years, 10 months and 6 days and was elected President 5 times (1934–35, 1944–47, 1952–56, 1960–61 and 1968–1972).

List of presidents

PortraitName
Term of officePolitical partyElected
Took officeLeft officeTime in office
Juan José Flores
3 May 183014 August 1830Independent
114 August 183010 September 18341830
2Vicente Rocafuerte
10 September 18348 August 1835Independent
8 August 183531 January 18391835
(1)Juan José Flores
1 February 18396 March 1845
Independent1839
1843
José Joaquín de Olmedo
6 March 18458 December 1845Independent
3Vicente Ramón Roca
8 December 184515 October 1849Independent1843
Manuel de Ascásubi
15 October 18497 December 1850Independent
Diego Noboa
8 December 185025 February 1851Independent
425 February 185112 September 18511851
5José María Urvina
24 July 185117 July 1852Independent
17 July 185215 October 18561852
6Francisco Robles
16 October 185631 August 1859Independent1856
Gabriel García Moreno
17 January 18612 April 1861Conservative Party
72 April 186130 August 18651861
Rafael Carvajal
31 August 18657 September 1865Conservative Party
8Jerónimo Carrión
7 September 18656 November 1867Conservative Party1865
Pedro José de Arteta
7 November 186720 January 1868Conservative Party
9Javier Espinosa
20 January 186819 January 1869Conservative Party1868
Gabriel García Moreno
19 January 186919 May 1869Conservative Party
Manuel de Ascásubi
19 May 186910 August 1869Conservative Party
(7)Gabriel García Moreno
10 August 18696 August 1875 †Conservative Party1869
1875
Francisco Xavier León
6 August 187515 September 1875Conservative Party
José Javier Eguiguren
15 September 18759 December 1875Conservative Party
10Antonio Borrero
9 December 187518 December 1876Conservative Party1875
11Ignacio de Veintemilla
18 December 187626 January 1878Military
21 April 187826 March 18821878
26 March 18829 July 1883
Luis Cordero Crespo
1 July 189216 April 1895Republican Union Party
José Plácido Caamaño
15 October 188310 February 1884Conservative Party
1210 February 188430 June 18881884
Pedro José Cevallos
1 July 188817 August 1888Conservative Party
13Antonio Flores Jijón
17 August 188810 June 1892Republican Union Party1888
14Luis Cordero Crespo
1 July 189216 April 1895Republican Union Party1892
Vicente Lucio Salazar
16 April 18955 June 1895Conservative Party
15Eloy Alfaro
5 June 18959 October 1896Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
9 October 189631 August 19011897
16Leónidas Plaza
1 September 190131 August 1905Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1901
17Lizardo García
1 September 190515 January 1906Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1905
(15)Eloy Alfaro
16 January 19069 October 1906Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
9 October 190611 August 19111906
Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
11 August 191131 August 1911Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
18Emilio Estrada
1 September 191121 December 1911Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1911
Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
22 December 19115 March 1912Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
Francisco Andrade Marín
6 March 19121 August 1912Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
Alfredo Baquerizo
1 August 19121 September 1912Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
(16)Leónidas Plaza
1 September 191231 August 1916Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1912
19Alfredo Baquerizo
1 September 191631 August 1920Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1916
20José Luis Tamayo
1 September 192031 August 1924Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1920
21Gonzalo Córdova
1 September 19249 July 1925Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1924
First Provisional Government
10 July 19256 January 1926
Second Provisional Government
10 January 192631 March 1926
Isidro Ayora
3 April 192617 April 1929Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
2217 April 192924 August 19311929
Luis Larrea Alba
24 August 193115 October 1931Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
Alfredo Baquerizo
15 October 193128 August 1932Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
Carlos Freile Larrea
28 August 19321 September 1932Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
Alberto Guerrero Martínez
2 September 19324 December 1932Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
23Juan de Dios Martínez
5 December 193219 October 1933Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1932
Abelardo Montalvo
20 October 193331 August 1934Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
24José María Velasco Ibarra
1 September 193421 August 1935Independent1934
Antonio Pons
21 August 193525 September 1935Conservative Party
Federico Páez
26 September 193523 October 1937Independent
Alberto Enríquez Gallo
23 October 193710 August 1938Military
Manuel María Borrero
10 August 19381 December 1938Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
25Aurelio Mosquera
2 December 193817 November 1939Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1938
Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
18 November 193910 December 1939Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
Andrés Córdova
11 December 193910 August 1940Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
Julio Enrique Moreno
10 August 194031 August 1940Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
26Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río
1 September 194028 May 1944Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party1940
Julio Teodoro Salem
29 May 194431 May 1944Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party
(24)José María Velasco Ibarra
1 June 194423 August 1947Independent1944
1946
Carlos Mancheno Cajas
23 August 19472 September 1947Military
27Mariano Suárez Veintimilla
2 September 194717 September 1947Conservative Party1946
28C. J. Arosemena Tola
17 September 194731 August 1948Independent1947
29Galo Plaza
1 September 194831 August 1952National Democratic Civic Movement1948
José María Velasco Ibarra
1 September 195231 August 1956Velaquista National Federation1952
30Camilo Ponce Enríquez
1 September 195631 August 1960Social Christian Party1956
(24)José María Velasco Ibarra
1 September 19607 November 1961Velaquista National Federation1960
31C. J. Arosemena Monroy
7 November 196111 July 1963Independent
Admiral
Ramón Castro Jijón
11 July 196329 March 1966Military
Clemente Yerovi
30 March 196616 November 1966Institutionalist Democratic Coalition
Otto Arosemena
16 November 196625 May 1967Institutionalist Democratic Coalition
3225 May 196731 August 1968
(24)José María Velasco Ibarra
1 September 196815 February 1972Velaquista National Federation1968
General
Guillermo Rodríguez Lara
15 February 197211 January 1976Military[3]
Vice Admiral
Alfredo Poveda
11 January 197610 August 1979Military
33Jaime Roldós Aguilera
10 August 197924 May 1981Concentration of People's Forces1979
34Osvaldo Hurtado
24 May 198110 August 1984Popular Democracy
35León Febres Cordero
10 August 198410 August 19884 yearsSocial Christian Party1984
36Rodrigo Borja Cevallos
10 August 198810 August 19924 yearsDemocratic Left1988
37Sixto Durán Ballén
10 August 199210 August 19964 yearsRepublican Unity Party1992
38Abdalá Bucaram
10 August 19966 February 1997Ecuadorian Roldosist Party1996
Fabián Alarcón
6 February 19979 August 1998Alfarista Radical Front[4]
39Rosalía Arteaga
9 February 199711 February 1997MIRA Movement[5]
40Fabián Alarcón
11 February 199710 August 1998Alfarista Radical Front
41Jamil Mahuad
10 August 199821 January 2000
Popular Democracy1998[6]
42Gustavo Noboa
22 January 200015 January 2003Independent
43Lucio Gutiérrez
15 January 200320 April 2005Patriotic Society Party2002
44Alfredo Palacio
20 April 200515 January 2007Independent
45Rafael Correa
15 January 200724 May 2017PAIS Alliance2006
2009
2013
46Lenín Moreno
24 May 201724 May 20214 yearsPAIS Alliance2017
47 Guillermo Lasso
24 May 202123 November 2023Creating Opportunities2021
48 Daniel Noboa
23 November 2023IncumbentNational Democratic Action2023

Timeline

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Rival governments in rebellion

PictureNameBeganEndedTitle(s)
Vicente Rocafuerte20 October 1833July 1834Jefe Supremo of the Department of the Guayas
José Félix Valdivieso13 July 183418 January 1835Jefe Supremo
José Joaquín de Olmedo6 March 184518 June 1845President of the Provisional Government
Antonio de ElizaldeMarch 18501850Jefe Supremo
Diego Noboa20 February 185010 June 1850Jefe Supremo
José María Urvina13 July 185117 July 1851Jefe Supremo
Provisional Government1 May 18594 June 1859Members: Gabriel García Moreno (from May 25)
Manuel Gómez de la Torre (to May 25)
José María Avilés
Pacífico Chiriboga
Jerónimo Carrión6 June 18591859
Gabriel García Moreno4 June 185917 September 1861Jefe Supremo
Guillermo Franco17 September 185924 September 1860Jefe Supremo of Guayas and Azuay
Ignacio de Veintemilla8 September 187619 December 1876Jefe Supremo
Eloy AlfaroFebruary 188311 October 1883Jefe Supremo of Manabí and Esmeraldas
Provisional Government14 January 18839 July 1883Members: José María Sarasti
Pedro Ignacio Lizarzaburu
Agustín Guerrero
Luis Cordero Crespo (from February 14)
Pablo Herrera (to February 14)
Rafael Pérez Pareja
Pedro Carbo17 September 188311 October 1883Jefe Supremo of Guayas
Eloy Alfaro19 June 189523 August 1895Jefe Supremo
Flavio E. Alfaro Santana22 December 1911January 1912
Pedro Jacinto Montero Maridueña28 December 191121 January 1912

See also

Notes and References

  1. Simón Espinoza (2000). Presidents of Ecuador. Editorial Vistazo
  2. Supreme Electoral Tribunal. Elections and Democracy in Ecuador (1989). TSE
  3. News: Military Junta Imposes Curfew And Tight Controls in Ecuador . 11 November 2023 . New York Times . February 17, 1972.
  4. Web site: Chronology of the fall of Abdalá Bucaram (December 1 1996 - February 6 1997) .
  5. News: Goering . Laurie . Ecuador Crisis: 3 Presidents, Only 1 Job . 11 November 2023 . Chicago Tribune . chicagotribune.com . February 9, 1997.
  6. Barracca, Steven 'Military coups in the post-cold war era: Pakistan, Ecuador and Venezuela', Third World Quarterly, 28:1, 137 - 154