List of Polish inventors and discoverers explained

This is a list of Polish inventors and discoverers. The following incomplete list comprises people from Poland and of Polish origin, and also people of predominantly Polish heritage, in alphabetical order of the surname.

A

invented integrapf, a mechanical analog computing device for plotting the integral of a graphically defined function.[1]

management theorist. Together with Frederick Winslow Taylor and Henry Fayola the creator of organisation and management science. In 1925 Adamiecki founded the Polish Institute of Scientific Management.

pathologist. His research of the variable vascularity of the spinal cord was an important contribution to the development of modern clinical vascular surgery. He is known for Artery of Adamkiewicz and Adamkiewicz reaction.[3]

scientist and explorer. Living in exile for a large part of his life, he was one of the first persons to reach Antarctica during winter and became an internationally renowned meteorologist.[4]

B

Polish Franciscan friar, explorer, and interpreter, participant of the pioneering European trip to the capital of the Mongol Empire in the 13th century.

17th-century Jesuit missionary, scientist and explorer, who was the first in Europe to describe Korea as a peninsula, as until then it was believed to be an island, and the first in Europe to establish the factual location of a number of Chinese cities and the Great Wall of China.[7]

computer scientist known for developing the Brzozowski derivative and Brzozowski's algorithm.[10]

C

conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two different sciences – physics and chemistry. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.[11]

, physiologist, discoverer of adrenaline, one of pioneers of endocrinology and electroencephalography.[12]

chemist, invented the Czochralski process, commonly used for growing crystals and in the production of semiconductor wafers.[13]

D

physicist, co-discovered the hypernucleus.[14]

psychologist, psychiatrist, and physician, author of the theory of "positive disintegration".

engineer and inventor, built the first submarine in the world with electric battery-powered propulsion.[16]

computer scientist, a graduate of Jagiellonian University and inventor of Asymmetric numeral systems (ANS), a family of entropy encoding methods widely used in data compression.[17]

apiarist who discovered the phenomenon of parthenogenesis in bees[18] and designed the first successful movable-frame beehive (1838).[19]

E

physicist; one of the pioneers of quantum cryptography.[20]

F

founder of the Max Factor cosmetics company, popularized the term "make-up", had perfected the first cosmetic specifically created for motion picture use—a thinner greasepaint in cream form and largely developed the modern cosmetics industry in the United States.[21]

physical chemist, pioneer in the science of radioactivity and the discoverer of chemical element protactinium.[22]

neurologist.

chemist, entrepreneur, one of the inventors of the rubber condom.

, biochemist, the first to formulate (1912) the concept and the term of vitamins originally calling them "vital amins"/"vit- amins" discovered first vitamins, i.e B1 [23] [24]

G

Polish-American inventor who in 1923 created the first contemporary cotton swab or Q-Tips.

virologist. He discovered two different tumor virusesmurine leukemia virus and mouse polyomavirus — capable of causing cancers in laboratory mice.[25]

physician and pharmacologist. He co-discovered prostacyclin (1976), which set off many further scientific discoveries.[26]

mathematician and logician, who introduced the Grzegorczyk hierarchy, a hierarchy of functions used in computability theory.

military engineer, inventor and tank designer, inventor of the Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV also known as the Gundlach Periscope.

H

J

physician; in 1972 Jabłońska proposed the association of the human papilloma viruses with skin cancer in epidermodysplasia verruciformis; in 1978 Jabłońska and Gerard Orth discovered HPV-5 in skin cancer; Jabłońska was awarded the 1985 Robert Koch Prize.[27] [28]

scientist, naturalist and inventor, one of the fathers of ergonomics.

one of the pioneers of gastroenterology in Poland who made one of the first observations of Helicobacter pylori and published those findings in 1899 in a book titled Podręcznik chorób żołądka (Handbook of Gastric Diseases).[29]

K

pioneer in computer engineering and computer science. He became a developer of one of the first machine learning algorithms, techniques for character and image recognition. In 1971, he designed one of the first minicomputers, the K-202.

mathematician, physicist, clockmaker, who found an approximation of π today called the Kochański's Approximation.[30] He also suggested replacing the clock's pendulum with a spring, constructed a clock with a magnetic pendulum, and was the author of the world's first systematic paper on the construction of clocks.

Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian and American war hero and military leader, military engineer, colonel in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, creator of the West Point state-of-the-art Fortifications, prepared a national Kosciuszko Uprising in Poland against the Russian Empire and acted as the Supreme Commander.

invented the Polish mine detector, a first man-portable device used by the allied forces during the World War II.[31]

neurophysiologist, discoverer of secondary conditioned reflexes and operant conditioning. He also proposed the idea of gnostic neurons, a concept similar to the grandmother cell. He coined the term neural plasticity.[32]

virologist and immunologist, who developed the world's first effective live polio vaccine.[33]

ophthalmologist who pioneered the use of cryosurgery in ophthalmology.[34]

American chemist of Polish origin, invented a polymer out of which kevlar is produced.[36]

alpinist, the second man in history to climb all fourteen Eight-thousanders including three as first ascents, established a new route on K2 in alpine style called the "Polish line".

mountaineer, alpinist, one of the alpine style climbing pioneers, after climbing through the "Shining Wall" on Gasherbrum IV the Climbing magazine declared beat the wall to get the greatest achievement of mountaineering in the twentieth century.

astronomer, discoverer of the Kordylewski clouds.[37]

L, Ł

invented kerosene lamp, designed and built both world's first oil refinery and oil well. Introduced the first modern street lamp in Europe.[38] [39]

invented RPN (Reverse Polish Notation) used in professional Calculators as well as by Computers in order to determine the order of mathematical operations without using parentheses.[40]

M

civil engineer best known for constructing the Ferrocarril Central Andino in the Peruvian Andes, the world's highest railway at the time.[41] [42]

a telecommunications engineer who worked for Motorola in Chicago. He was the inventor of the first Walkie-Talkies and one of the authors of his company success in the fields of radio communication.[43]

mathematician of Polish descent, known for developing a theory of "roughness and self-similarity" and significant contributions to fractal geometry and chaos theory; Mandelbrot set.[44]

chemist, who discovered atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).[45]

surgeon, inventor of new operating techniques and tools, one of the pioneers of antiseptics and aseptic techniques. He is also the inventor of surgical mask.[46]

explorer, zoologist and botanist, who discovered 60 species of plants and animals in Georgia and the Caucasus.

Polish-Russian military officer, built world's first plane.

N

engineer and pioneer of aviation, the first person to fly an airplane in the Arctic and the first aviator to perform a loop with a flying boat.

O

chemist, the first (alongside Zygmunt Wróblewski) to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in a stable state (not, as had been the case up to then, in a dynamic state in the transitional form as vapour) (1833).[47]

P

astronomer, credited with the development of a new method of detecting space objects and establishing their mass using the gravitational lenses effect.[49]

pioneer in watchmaking and the creator of the Patek Philippe & Co.[50]

chemist, inventor of solid-phase microextraction (SPME).[51]

physicist, co-discovered the hypernucleus.[14]

Polish nobleman, soldier and military strategist, a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, the creator and the head of the Pulaski Cavalry Legion and reformer of the American cavalry. He distinguished himself throughout the revolution, most notably when he saved the life of George Washington. One of only eight people in the history to be awarded honorary United States citizenship.

patented the first film camera, the Pleograph, before the Lumière brothers, and later went on to improve the cinema projector for the Gaumont company, as well as invent the widely used hand-held Aeroscope camera.[52]

Polish-Australian astronomer best known for discovering Przybylski's Star.[53]

R

Polish-Swiss chemist and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine laureate (1950), who was awarded for his work on the isolation of cortisone.[54]

a pioneer in human heart transplantation in Poland, he led the team that performed the first successful heart transplantation in the country,[55] and in June 1995 he was the first surgeon to graft an artificial valve created from materials taken from human corpses.

mathematician and cryptologist who reconstructed the sight-unseen German military Enigma cipher machine.[56] [57]

aerospace engineer and pilot. He is best known for his inventing and patenting of the V-tail in 1930, which is an aircraft tail configuration that combines the rudder and elevators into one system.[58]

surgeon, who performed the first in Poland and second in the world successful surgical removal of the pylorus in a patient suffering from stomach cancer, and the first peptic ulcer resection in the world.

S

endocrinologist and Nobel Prize laureate (1977)[59] whose research contributed to the discovery that the hypothalamus controls hormone production and release by the pituitary gland, which controls the regulation of other hormones in the body.[60]

pioneer of chemistry, who developed ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds, and discovered that air is not a single substance and contains a life-giving substance—later called oxygen.[61]

metallurgist, revolutionised galvanisation and rolling process.[62] [63]

military engineer, one of pioneers of rocketry, author of Artis Magnae Artilleriae pars prima, a work that served as the principal artillery manual in Europe from the mid-16th to the mid-18th centuries, also containing the first printed design of a multistage rocket.

transplant surgeon and scientist who led a team of eight surgeons through the world's first near-total face transplant.[64]

mathematician, specialist in the field of functional analysis.[65]

inventor of the mechanical calculator, topography machine, agriculture machines.

professor of medicine and personal doctor of Polish kings, who was among the first to provide a visual representation of the human pulse and used it for diagnostic purposes.

explorer most commonly known for his early explorations of Australia, particularly the Snowy Mountains and Tasmania. Climbed and named the highest Australian peak – Mount Kosciuszko.[66]

inventor, with several hundred patents and over 50 discoveries to his name; his inventions founded ground for radio and TV broadcasting.[67]

medical researcher, geneticist and oncologist. He conducted research on drug resistance and molecular genetics and is known for the Szybalski's rule.[68] [69]

Ś

writer, physician, chemist, biologist and philosopher. He was the first person who linked rickets to lack of sunlight (1822). He also created modern Polish terminology in the field of chemistry.[70] [71]

physicist noted for pioneering research in nuclear physics including the nuclear shell model[72] and for independently predicting the existence of the so-called island of stability.[73]

T

transportation engineer who invented Polish: [[trylinka]], the hexagonal concrete block widely used in the construction of roads in Poland due to its low cost and durability, becoming a synonym for sidewalks made of them.[74] [75]

was a Polish American businessman, best known for founding Commodore International. Tramiel later formed Atari Corporation after he purchased the remnants of the original Atari, Inc. from its parent company.[76]

entrepreneur, founder of the most prestigious movie theater in the Netherlands – the Tuschinski Theater in Amsterdam.[77]

U

W

biologist, physician and inventor, known for creating the first effective vaccine against epidemic typhus.

regarded as one of the greatest mountaineers in history. He performed the first winter ascents on Mount Everest, Kangchenjunga, and Lhotse.[79]

linguist; known for her work in semantics, pragmatics and cross-cultural linguistics; she's credited with formulating the theory of natural semantic metalanguage and the concept of semantic primes.[80]

the forerunner of holography and television.[81]

chemist: the first (alongside Karol Olszewski) to liquefy oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere in a stable state (not, as had been the case up to then, in a dynamic state in the transitional form as vapour) (1833).[82]

Z

geologist and inventor. Pioneer of oil extraction from sea bottom.[86]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Bruno-abakanowicz biography, list of Bruno-abakanowicz inventions. Edubilla.com. 11 December 2018. 14 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181214064730/http://www.edubilla.com/inventor/bruno-abakanowicz/. live.
  2. Achmatowicz. O.. Bukowski. P.. Szechner. B.. Zwierzchowska. Z.. Zamojski. A.. 1971-01-01. Synthesis of methyl 2,3-dideoxy-DL-alk-2-enopyranosides from furan compounds: A general approach to the total synthesis of monosaccharides. Tetrahedron. 27. 10. 1973–1996. 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)98229-8. 0040-4020.
  3. Skalski JH, Zembala M . Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz: the discoverer of the variable vascularity of the spinal cord . Ann. Thorac. Surg. . 80 . 5 . 1971–5 . November 2005 . 16242505 . 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.06.022 . https://archive.today/20130414131543/http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/content/full/80/5/1971 . dead . 2013-04-14 .
  4. 1 January 1994. Henryk Arctowski station: Mixing science and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research. 21. 2. 333–343. 10.1016/0160-7383(94)90049-3. 0160-7383. Donachie. Stuart P..
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  6. Krzysztof . Lewandowski . Manned vehicles to the Moon and Mars research . Astronautyka . 3 . 2001 . 25–27 .
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  8. Web site: Achievements of Polish Scientists in the Technical Sciences. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Poland. 2023-05-04. 14 March 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100314102000/http://www.poland.gov.pl/Technical,Sciences,501.html. dead.
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