List of Peruvian football champions explained

The Peruvian football champions are the winners of the highest league in Peruvian football, which is currently named as Liga 1 and organized by Peruvian Football Federation. The Liga Peruana de Football was established in 1912. It was an amateur league that lasted until 1921 due to scheduling and organizing conflicts. In this league only teams from Lima participated. In 1926, the Peruvian Football Federation took control of organizing the tournament and continued the Peruvian Primera División with the introduction of teams from Callao. In 1951, the Primera División turned professional and in 1966, the Torneo Descentralizado was founded in which the first non-capital teams were invited to play the first national championship.[1] Between 1996 and 2008, the Apertura and Clausura format was adopted.

In its early stages the first division was dominated by Universitario and Alianza Lima. Other notable teams were Atlético Chalaco, Sport Boys and Deportivo Municipal. The professional era saw Sporting Cristal rise to challenge the dominance of Universitario and Alianza Lima. These three teams account for nearly a third of the titles won. Melgar, Juan Aurich and Binacional are the only teams outside the Lima Region to have won national titles.[2] As of 2022, the league title has been won by over 21 clubs but Universitario, Alianza Lima, and Sporting Cristal share a total of 71 titles of the 106 titles contested. Universitario and Alianza Lima alone account for 51 of the titles contested.

Amateur league (1912–1950)

Peruvian football had amateur status since its foundation until 1950. In the course of this era, Alianza Lima, Atlético Chalaco, Municipal, Sport Boys, and Universitario de Deportes shared the most titles. The first run from 1912 to 1921 featured clubs only from Lima and Callao under the Liga Peruana de Football and were awarded the Escudo Dewar (Dewar Shield, after a trophy gifted to the League by the British Embassy). In 1926, the Peruvian Football Federation organized its first championship and included teams from the Callao league.[3] In 1936 no tournament took place due the 1936 Olympic games.[4]

Tournament names:

width= width=60px Seasonwidth=180px Champion width=180px Runner-upwidth=180px Third placewidth=180px Winning managerwidth=180px Top scorer width=180px Top scorer's club width=100px Goals
1913
1914Sport AlianzaJorge Chávez N°1
1915
1916
1917Sport AlianzaUnión Miraflores
1919
1920
1921
1922–25No Tournament due to scheduling and organizing conflict
1926Sport Progreso
1927Alianza Lima
1928 Guillermo Rivero 10
1929Circolo Sportivo Italiano Andrés Rotta Carlos Cilloniz 8
1930 Telmo Carbajo Manuel Puente 5
1931Sporting Tabaco Guillermo Rivero 16
1932Alianza LimaFederación Universitaria Guillermo Rivero 11
1933 Guillermo Rivero 9
1934Universitario[5] [6] [7] [8] Alianza Lima9
1935 Jorge Alcalde 5
1936League not played due to Peruvian participation in the 1936 Summer Olympics
1937Sport BoysAlianza Lima Víctor Alcalde Mariscal Sucre[9] 10
1938Sport Boys Miguel Rostaing La Torre Jorge Alcalde 8
1939Sucre15
1940Universitario Miguel Rostaing La Torre 15
1941 Jorge Cabrejos 13
1942Deportivo Municipal José Arana Cruz 11
1943Alianza Lima German Cerro 9
1944Deportivo Municipal Alfonso Huapaya Victor Espinoza 16
1945Deportivo Municipal16
1946Deportivo Municipal Valeriano Lopez 22
1947Deportivo Municipal José Arana Cruz Valeriano Lopez 20
1948Atlético Chalaco Valeriano Lopez 20
1949Sucre Emilio Salinas 18
1950Sport Boys16

Professional league (1951–present)

In 1951 the league obtained professional status and in 1966 expanded the league to the entire nation, beginning the Descentralizado.

Tournament names:

width=pxEd.width=60px Seasonwidth=180px Champion width=180px Runner-upwidth=180px Third placewidth=180px Winning managerwidth=180px Top scorer width=180px Top scorer's club width=100px Goals
1951Deportivo Municipal Alfonso Huapaya Valeriano Lopez 31
1952Sport Boys Luis Guzmán Emilio Salinas 22
1953Alianza Lima Carlos Iturrizaga Gualberto Blanco 17
1954 Vicente Villanueva 14
1955Universitario Maximo Mosquera 11
1956Alianza Lima Daniel Ruiz 16
1957Centro IqueñoAtlético Chalaco Daniel Ruiz 20
1958Atlético Chalaco Juan Joya 17
1959Sport Boys Daniel Ruiz 28
1960Sport Boys Fernando Olaechea 18
1961Alianza Lima Juan Honores 18
1962Sporting Cristal22
1963Sporting Cristal13
1964Alianza Lima15
1965Universitario Carlos Urranaga 16
196619
1967Sporting Cristal14
1968Juan Aurich26
1969Defensor Arica Jaime Moreno 15
1970Universitario22
1971Alianza Lima Manuel Mellan 25
1972Universitario Francisco González 20
1973Sporting Cristal Francisco González 25
1974Unión Huaral Pablo Muchotrigo 32
1975 Jose Leyva 28
1976Sport Boys Alejandro Luces 17
1977Sporting Cristal Freddy Ravello 21
197819
1979Atlético Chalaco Jose Leyva 28
1980Atlético Torino18
1981 Máximo Carrasco Jose Carranza 15
1982Alianza Lima19
1983Melgar César Cubilla Juan Caballero 29
1984 Jaime Drago
Francisco Montero
13
13
1985 Genaro Neyra 22
1986Alianza Lima Juvenal Briceño 16
1987Alianza Lima Fidel Suarez 20
1988Universitario Alberto Mora 15
1989Sporting Cristal Simo Vilic Carlos Delgado 14
1990Sport Boys31
199125
1992Sporting Cristal18
1993Alianza Lima19
199425
199523
199620
1997Alianza Lima Ricardo Zegarra 17
1998Sporting Cristal25
1999Alianza Lima32
2000Sporting Cristal37
2001Cienciano Jorge Ramirez 21
2002Universitario24
2003Sporting Cristal20
2004Sporting Cristal Gabriel García 35
2005Cienciano18
2006Cienciano22
2007Coronel Bolognesi19
2008Universitario32
200923
201024
201117
201227
201321
201423
201525
201630
201722
201840
201927
202020
202112
202219
202322

Clubs

Universitario and Alianza Lima have a clear advantage of titles won over the other clubs in Peru. They have won a combined total of 51 Primera División championships of the 106 seasons contested, 26 and 25 respectively. Sporting Cristal trails behind with 20 professional era titles since their debut in 1956 and further behind is the traditional Sport Boys having conquered 6 league titles. Newcomer Universidad de San Martín de Porres has begun to challenge the dominance of the Big Three with back-to-back titles in 2007 and 2008 and a third i 2010. In addition, Melgar and Unión Huaral are the only clubs outside the metropolitan area of Lima to have won a national championship. Other noteworthy clubs to have won championships include 4-time winner Deportivo Municipal.

Universitario is the club with the longest spell in the Primera División, playing since 1928 when they debuted in the Primera División. They are followed by archrivals Alianza Lima who competed in the first edition of the Primera División but were relegated in 1938 and returning a year later for an uninterrupted spell since 1940. Melgar is the team with the longest run in the Primera División outside Lima, competing since 1971.[10]

The oldest clubs currently participating in the Primera División are Alianza Lima and Cienciano which were founded at the beginning of the turn of the century in 1901. The newest clubs active in the Primera División include Ayacucho, Sport Huancayo, Cusco and Universidad de San Martín. The current Juan Aurich participating in the Descentralizado is not the same club that competed in previous seasons.

As of 2022, Universitario, Alianza Lima and Sporting Cristal have won 26, 25 and 20 official league titles respectively. They are regarded as the Big Three of Peru. However, other teams have risen to new heights. In particular, a team from Cusco, Cienciano, has been the only Peruvian team to win international tournaments || Copa Sudamericana 2003 and Recopa Sudamericana 2004 ||, though it has yet to win the domestic league title. Other notable teams include Binacional, Juan Aurich, Melgar and Unión Huaral, which are the only non-capital teams to have won a national championship.[10]

Titles by club

ClubTotalAmateur era (1912–1950)Professional era (1951–)
Liga
Peruana de FootballLima & Callao
(1912–21)
Liga ProvincialLima & Callao
(1926–50)
Liga ProvincialLima & Callao
(1951–65)
Descentralizado
(1966–2018)
Liga 1
(2019–)
Universitario 27 7 3 16 1
Alianza Lima 25 2 6 6 9 2
Sporting Cristal 20 2 17 1
Sport Boys 6 3 2 1 0
4 4 0 0 0
3 3 0
2 2 0 0 0
Melgar 2 2 0
2 1 1 0
2 2 0 0 00
2 2 0
Sport Progreso 2 1 1
Sport José Gálvez 2 2 0
11 0
Jorge Chávez N°1 1 1 0
10 1
Centro Iqueño 1 0 1 0
10 0 1 0
San Agustín 11
Sport Juan Bielovucic 11
Sport Inca 1 1

Titles by club

Rankscope=col width=200Clubscope=col width=80 Winnersscope=col width=100Runners-upscope=col class="unsortable" Winning yearsscope=col class="unsortable" Runners-up years
1Universitario 27 15 1928, 1932, 1933, 1940, 1955, 1965, 1970, 1972, 1978,1984, 1988, 1995, 2002, 2008, 2020
2Alianza Lima 25 25 1914, 1917, 1926, 1930, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1943, 1953, 1956, 1961, 1964, 1971, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2009, 2011, 2018, 2019, 2023
3Sporting Cristal 20 14
4Sport Boys 6 9 1938, 1950, 1952, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1976, 1990, 1991
54 8 1941, 1942, 1944, 1945, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1981
63
72 4 1948, 1957, 1958, 1979
Melgar 2 3 1983, 2016, 2022
2 2 1939, 1949
2 1 1913
2 1 1974
Sport Progreso 2 1 1920
Sport José Gálvez 2
141 21968, 2014
Jorge Chávez N°1 1 1 1916
1
Centro Iqueño 1
1
San Agustín 1
Sport Juan Bielovucic 1
Sport Inca 1

Titles by region

RegionNº of titlesClubs
Lima95Universitario (27), Alianza Lima (25), Sporting Cristal (20), Deportivo Municipal (4), Universidad San Martín (3), Sport José Gálvez (2), Lima Cricket (2), Mariscal Sucre (2), Sport Progreso (2), Unión Huaral (2), Centro Iqueño (1), San Agustín (1), Defensor Lima (1), Jorge Chávez N°1 (1), Sport Inca (1), Sport Juan Bielovucic (1)
Callao8Sport Boys (6), Atlético Chalaco (2)
Arequipa2Melgar (2)
Lambayeque1Juan Aurich (1)
Puno1Binacional (1)

Title definitions

Several matches to define champions have been played over the course of Peruvian football history. The earliest title-defining matches were played between teams that tied for first place at the end of the season or tournament phase and forced an extra match to determine the champion. Eventually, finals were organized to be played at the end of the season after set conditions were fulfilled or tournament winners. The first of these finals started in the eighties when winners of each regional tournament played each other to determine the season champion; if the same team won both tournaments, they were champions by default. In the late nineties the Apertura and Clausura tournaments were hosted so that the winners of each tournament would also face each other in the final. If the same team won both tournaments, they were champions by default.

In 2001, Alianza Lima won the Apertura tournament, but their performance in the Clausura tournament suffered and placed a shocking 10th place—which led to a rule change. A tournament-winning team had to place above a set place in order to be able to play the final. In the cases of the seasons of 2002, 2007 and 2008, one or both of the tournament winners failed to place above a set position therefore no final was played and the season champion was determined by the aggregate table or by the tournament winner that had satisfied the set conditions.

Key

Match went to extra time †
Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time
Match replayed

List of finals

YearWinnerScoreRunner-upVenue
1986San Agustín1–0Alianza LimaEstadio Nacional
1987Universitario1–0Alianza LimaEstadio Nacional
1988Sporting Cristal2–1UniversitarioEstadio Nacional
1989Unión Huaral1–0Sporting CristalEstadio Nacional
1990Universitario4–2Sport BoysEstadio Nacional
YearWinnerAgg.Runner-up1st leg2nd leg3rd leg
1998Universitarioalign=center bgcolor=cedff23–3 (4 - 2 p)Sporting Cristal1–22–1
1999Universitario3–1Alianza Lima3–00–1
2001Alianza Limaalign=center bgcolor=cedff23–3 (4 - 2 p)Cienciano3–20–1
2003Alianza Limaalign=center bgcolor=FBCEB12 - 1Sporting Cristalalign=center colspan="3"Single match
2004Alianza Limaalign=center bgcolor=cedff20 - 0Sporting Cristalalign=center colspan="3"Single match
2005Sporting Cristal1 - 0Ciencianoalign=center colspan="3"Single match
2006Alianza Lima3–2Cienciano0–13–1
2009Universitario2–0Alianza Lima1–01–0
2010Universidad San Martín3–2León de Huánuco1–12–1
2011Juan Aurichalign=center bgcolor=cedff22–2Alianza Lima1–20–10–0
2012Sporting Cristal2–0Real Garcilaso1–01–0
2013Universitarioalign=center bgcolor=cedff25–3Real Garcilaso2–33–01–1
2014Sporting Cristal5–4Juan Aurich2–20–03–2
2015Melgar5–4Sporting Cristal2–23–2
2016Sporting Cristal1–1Melgar1–10–0
2018Sporting Cristal7–1Alianza Lima4–13–0
20194–3Alianza Lima4–10–2
20203–2Universitario2–11–1
20211–0Sporting Cristal1–00–0
20222–1Melgar0–12–0
2023Universitario3–1Alianza Lima1–12–0

Other definitions

These matches were played when teams were tied for first in the general league or in a specific tournament.

YearWinnerScoreRunner-upVenueIn contention
1928Alianza Lima1–1Federación UniversitariaStadium Nacional1928 Campeonato de Selección y Competencia
ReplayAlianza Limaalign=center bgcolor=D0F0C02–0Federación UniversitariaStadium Nacional
1935Universitario2–1Alianza LimaStadium Nacional1934 Torneo de Primeros Equipos
1955Alianza Lima2–1UniversitarioEstadio Nacional1955 Campeonato Profesional de Lima
1961Sporting Cristal2–0Alianza LimaEstadio Nacional1961 Campeonato Profesional de Lima
1968Sporting Cristal2–1Juan AurichEstadio Nacional1968 Torneo Descentralizado
1976Unión Huaral2–0Sport BoysEstadio Nacional1976 Torneo Descentralizado
1989Sporting Cristal2–0Alianza AtléticoEstadio Nacional1989 Torneo Regional I
1990Universitario1–0Alianza LimaEstadio Nacional1990 Torneo Regional II
1991Sporting Cristal1–0Sport BoysEstadio Nacional1991 Torneo Regional I
1991Sporting Cristalalign=center bgcolor=cedff21–1UniversitarioEstadio Nacional1991 Torneo Regional II
1998Sporting Cristal1–0Alianza LimaEstadio Nacional1998 Torneo Clausura
2001Alianza Lima2–1Sporting CristalEstadio Nacional2001 Torneo Apertura
2001Cienciano1–0Estudiantes de MedicinaEstadio UNSA2001 Torneo Clausura
2002Universitario1–0
0–0
Alianza LimaEstadio Monumental
Estadio Mansiche
2002 Torneo Apertura
2006Cienciano2–1UniversitarioEstadio Mansiche2006 Torneo Clausura
2014Sporting Cristal1–0Alianza LimaEstadio UNSA2014 Torneo Clausura
2015Melgaralign=center bgcolor=cedff21–1Real GarcilasoEstadio Miguel Grau2015 Torneo Clausura
2020Ayacuchoalign=center bgcolor=cedff21–1Sporting CristalEstadio Monumental2020 Fase 2
2021Sporting Cristal2–0Universidad San MartínEstadio Alejandro Villanueva2021 Fase 1

Half-year / Short tournaments

Parallel tournaments

These were the filler tournaments played parallel to or in between the national championship. Some of these tournaments awarded the winning clubs with a qualification to an international tournament or guaranteed a spot in a further round whilst two of these filler tournaments did not award anything to its winner. The purpose of these tournaments was so that the national team could participate in its compromises without affecting the national championship when calling domestic players.

Season Tournament Champion Runner-up Award
1969AperturaAtlético GrauUniversitarioAdvanced to end-of-season Liguilla
1977InterzonalAlianza Lima
Coronel Bolognesi
Advanced to end-of-season Liguilla
1981RegionalDeportivo MunicipalAdvanced to Copa Libertadores second berth play-off
1992Liguilla Pre-LibertadoresSporting CristalOvación SipesaQualified for 1993 Copa Libertadores
1993Liguilla Pre-LibertadoresAlianza LimaSporting CristalQualified for 1994 Copa Libertadores
1994AperturaSporting CristalCiclista LimaQualified for 1995 Copa CONMEBOL
1994Liguilla Pre-LibertadoresAlianza LimaDeportivo SipesaQualified for 1995 Copa Libertadores
1996Liguilla Pre-LibertadoresAlianza LimaUniversitarioQualified for 1997 Copa Libertadores
1997Liguilla Pre-LibertadoresSporting CristalUniversitarioQualified for 1998 Copa Libertadores
2017Torneo de VeranoQualified for 2018 Copa Libertadores
2018Torneo de VeranoQualified for 2018 Torneo Descentralizado Semifinals

Regional and Descentralizado seasons

The first regional seasons began in 1984 where teams were divided into regional groups and would advance to the Descentralizado or descend to the Torneo Intermedia for a promotion/relegation tournament against second division teams. Only the 1984 regional did not crown a champion. Starting in 1989, the Descentralizado was temporarily replaced by two regional tournaments, each crowning a champion and contesting a national season final.

+
Season Champion Runner-up Third Place
width=100Regional No champion; only a qualification tournament
Descentralizado Alianza Lima
width=100Regional
Descentralizado Los Espartanos
width=100Regional
Descentralizado Deportivo Municipal
width=100Regional San Agustín
Descentralizado Universitario
width=100Regional Alianza Atlético
Descentralizado "B"Alfonso Ugarte
Descentralizado Alianza Atlético
width=100Regional I Aurora
Regional II Mina San Vicente
width=100Regional I Unión Huaral
Regional II Sport Boys
width=100Regional I Universitario
Regional II Sport Boys

Apertura and Clausura / Fase 1 and Fase 2 seasons

In 1997, the first Apertura and Clausura half-year tournaments were introduced and had its champions face each other in a season final as in the regional tournaments between 1989 and 1991. They were abolished at the end of 2008 season, and restored in 2014 to 2019.

+
Season Champion Runner-up Third Place
width=100Apertura Universitario
Clausura Sporting Cristal
width=100Apertura Sporting Cristal
Clausura Sport Boys
width=100Apertura Sporting Cristal
Clausura Sport Boys
width=100Apertura
Clausura Cienciano
width=100Apertura Melgar
Clausura Sporting Cristal
width=100Apertura Sporting Cristal
Clausura Alianza Atlético
width=100Apertura Coronel Bolognesi
Clausura Sporting Cristal
width=100Apertura Alianza Atlético
Clausura Cienciano
width=100Apertura Alianza Lima
Clausura Coronel Bolognesi
width=100Apertura Coronel Bolognesi
Clausura Coronel Bolognesi
width=100Apertura Sport Áncash
Clausura Cienciano
width=100Apertura Universidad San Martín
Clausura Sport Áncash
width=100Apertura Universidad César Vallejo
Clausura Unión Comercio
width=100Apertura Deportivo Municipal
Clausura Sport Huancayo
width=100Apertura Alianza Lima
Clausura
width=100Apertura
Clausura
width=100Apertura Real Garcilaso
Clausura Ayacucho
width=100Apertura Universidad César Vallejo
Clausura Sporting Cristal
width=100Fase 1 Sporting Cristal
Fase 2
width=100Fase 1
Fase 2 Universitario
width=100Apertura Sporting Cristal
Clausura Atlético Grau
width=100Apertura Universitario
Clausura Alianza Lima
width=100Apertura Melgar
Clausura

Total Half-year / Short tournaments by club

ClubTotalHalf-year tournaments
Torneo Apertura
(1997–)
Torneo Clausura
(1997–)
Fase 1
(2020–2021)
Fase 2
(2020–2021)
Torneo Regional
(1984–1991)
Torneo Descentralizado
(1984–1988)
Liguillas pre-libertadores(1992-1997)Torneo de Verano
(2017–2018)
Alianza Lima196 6 0 1 0 3 30
Sporting Cristal173 6 1 0 3 1 21
15 7 2 1 0 4 1 00
4 1 2 0 0 0 0 01
3 1 2 0 0 0 0 00
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 00
2 0 0 0 0 1 1 00
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 00
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 00
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 00
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 00
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 00
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 00

National Cups and Supercups

Throughout the history of Peruvian football, tournaments have been divided into a few stages or have employed filler tournaments played alongside the Descentralizado due to the Peru national football team's compromises, be it FIFA World Cup qualification, FIFA World Cup participation, or Copa América.[11]

National Cups

Season Cup Champion Runner-up Award
1970Copa Presidente de la RepúblicaNone
1989Torneo Plácido GalindoDefensor LimaUniversitarioAdvanced to Regional II end-of-season pre-Liguilla
1993Torneo IntermedioDeportivo MunicipalDeportivo SipesaQualified for 1994 Copa CONMEBOL
2011Torneo IntermedioJosé GálvezQualified for 2012 Copa Federación
2014Torneo del IncaQualified for 2015 Copa Libertadores
2015Torneo del IncaQualified for 2015 Torneo Descentralizado Semifinals
2019Qualified for 2020 Copa Sudamericana
2021Copa Bicentenario Qualified for 2022 Copa Sudamericana

Supercups

Season CupChampion Runner-up Award
1919Copa de Campeones del PerúAlianza LimaNone
2012Copa FederaciónJosé GálvezNone
Supercopa Movistar (ADFP) None
2020Supercopa PeruanaBinacionalNone

Footnotes

A. Melgar is recognized as the third-placed team for 1992 regular season. Ovación Sipesa received the berth for the 1993 Copa CONMEBOL as Liguilla runner-up, however they did not participate in the 1992 regular season.

C. Includes titles as "Federación Universitaria" (until 1932).

D. Includes titles as "Sport Alianza" (Liga).

E.  Liga team from Lima, not to be confused with José Gálvez from Chimbote.

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Historia . FPF . es . History . June 6, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110518162040/http://fpf.org.pe/f_home.asp?cpd=167 . May 18, 2011 .
  2. Web site: Torneos: Campeones del Fútbol Peruano Primera División . FPF . es . Tournaments: Champions of Peruvian Football First Division . June 6, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110617121409/http://fpf.org.pe/f_home.asp?cpd=235 . June 17, 2011 .
  3. Web site: 2015-03-19 . Memoria de la Federación Peruana de Fútbol . 2024-06-25 . fpf.com.pe . es.
  4. Web site: Campeonatos Nacionales . Luis Sánchez . 31 January 2008 . retrofutbolas.com . es . 13 December 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110715174858/http://www.retrofutbolas.com/Templates/campeonatos.htm . July 15, 2011 .
  5. Web site: Untitled Document . 2013-01-03 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120903131851/http://www.fpf.com.pe/f_home.asp?cpd=235 . 2012-09-03 .
  6. Web site: ADFP-Clubes . 2012-11-07 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121129051327/http://www.adfp.org.pe/equipo.aspx?id_equipo=016 . 2012-11-29 .
  7. Sportive Association of Professional Football (Perú), Memorial Book of Gold 1912-2012, ADFP, Azagraphic Perú SAC, Lima, 2012, p. 21.
  8. https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114826/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=1891320/ FIFA.com
  9. Web site: Ficha de Juan Flores. 2 August 2012. es. bdfa.com.ar.
  10. Web site: Behr . Raúl . Méritos y rachas: los mejores y peores . es . Merits and streaks: the best and worst . DeChalaca . 27 August 2009 . Unión Huaral y FBC Melgar son los dos únicos equipos del interior que se han logrado consagrar campeones nacionales. .
  11. Web site: Interzonales, Intermedios y otros demonios: ¿Cuentan o no?. Behr. Raúl. 14 February 2009. DeChalaca.com. es. 24 September 2010.