Below is a list of Palmyrene monarchs, the monarchs that ruled and presided over the city of Palmyra and the subsequent Palmyrene Empire in the 3rd century AD, and the later vassal princes of the Al Fadl dynasty which ruled over the city in the 14th century.
Odaenathus, the lord of Palmyra, declared himself king before riding into battle against the Sassanians after news of the Roman defeat at Edessa reached him.[1] This elevated Palmyra from a subordinate city to a de facto independent kingdom allied to Rome.[2]
Odaenathus later elevated himself to the title of King of Kings, crowning his son co-King of Kings in 263.[3] The title was later passed to Vaballathus his son, before it was dropped for the title of King[4] and later Emperor.
| width=5% | Portrait | width=5% | Name | width=5% | Ruler From | width=5% | Ruler Until | width=10% | Relationship with Predecessor(s) | width=5% | Title | width=10% | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 110px | Odaenathus | 260 | 267 | King King of Kings | Founder of the Palmyrene monarchy, dropped the King title and started using King of Kings by 263 | ||||||||
| 110px | Hairan I | 263 | 267 | Son of Odaeanthus | King of Kings | Made co-King of Kings by his father.[5] | |||||||
| Maeonius | 267 | 267 | Odaenathus' cousin.[6] | Emperor | No evidence exists for his reign,[7] but he allegedly murdered Odaenathus and his son, Hairan and attempted a usurpation | ||||||||
| 267 | 272 | Son of Odaenathus | King of Kings King Emperor | Dropped the "King of Kings" title in 270, replacing it with the Latin rex (king) and declared emperor in 271. Reigned under the regency of his mother, Zenobia.[8] | |||||||||
| 110px | Zenobia | 267 | 272 | Mother of Vaballathus | Queen Empress | Ruled as a regent for her children and did not claim to rule in her own right. | |||||||
| Antiochus | 273 | 273 | Possibly a son of Zenobia.[9] | Emperor |
| Ruler | Reigned | Title | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1281–1284 | Prince | Appointed as a reward for aiding the Mamluks.[10] | ||
| 1284–1293 | Prince | Imprisoned by the Mamluks.[11] | ||
| 1295–1312 | Prince | Second reign. | ||
| 1312–1317 | Prince | Brother of Muhanna. | ||
| 1317–1320 | Prince | Expelled with his tribe. | ||
| 1330–1335 | Prince | Fourth reign. | ||
| 1335–1341 | Prince | Son of Muhanna.[12] | ||
| Alam al-Din Suleiman | 1341–1342 | Prince | Son of Muhanna.[13] | |
| 1342–1343 | Prince | Son of Fadl bin Issa. | ||
| 1343–1345 | Prince | Son of Fadl bin Issa. | ||
| 1345–1347 | Prince | Son of Muhanna.[14] | ||
| 1347–1348 | Prince | Second reign. | ||
| 1348 | Prince | Second reign. | ||
| 1348 | Prince | Son of Muhanna.[15] | ||
| 1348–1350 | Prince | Son of Muhanna. | ||
| 1350–1361 | Prince | Second reign. | ||
| 1361–1364 | Prince | Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed. | ||
| 1364–1366 | Prince | Son of Muhanna's brother Musa. | ||
| 1366–1368 | Prince | Third reign; rebelled and was dismissed.[16] | ||
| 1368 | Prince | Second reign; rebelled and was dismissed. | ||
| 1368–1373 | Prince | Son of Fadl bin Issa. | ||
| 1373–1375 | Prince | Fourth reign. | ||
| 1375–1379 | Prince | Son of Muhanna. | ||
| 1379–1380 | Prince | Third reign; ruled with Mu'ayqil. | ||
| 1379–1380 | Prince | Second reign; ruled with Zamil. | ||
| 1380– | Prince | Son of Hayar. | ||
| –1396 | Prince | Son of Hayar's brother Assaf. | ||
| 1396–1398 | Prince | Son of Hayar's brother 'Anqa.[17] | ||
| 1398–1399 | Prince | Brother of Suleiman II.[18] | ||
| 1399–1406 | Prince | Second reign. |