List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries explained

This article lists inventions and discoveries made by scientists with Pakistani nationality within Pakistan and outside the country, as well as those made in the territorial area of what is now Pakistan prior to the independence of Pakistan in 1947.

Post-independence

See main article: History of Pakistan.

Chemistry

• Development of the world's first workable plastic magnet at room temperature by organic chemist and polymer scientist Naveed Zaidi.^{[1] [2] [3]}

Physics

• Discovery of electroweak interaction by Abdus Salam, along with two Americans Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg. The discovery led them to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics.^[4]
• Abdus Salam who along with Steven Weinberg independently predicted the existence of a subatomic particle now called the Higgs boson, Named after a British physicist who theorized that it endowed other particles with mass.^[5]
• The development of the Standard Model of particle physics by Sheldon Glashow's discovery in 1960 of a way to combine the electromagnetic and weak interactions.^[6] In 1967 Steven Weinberg^[7] and Abdus Salam^[8] incorporated the Higgs mechanism^{[9] [10] [11]} into Glashow's electroweak theory, giving it its modern form.

Nuclear energy

• Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood a Pakistani nuclear engineer developed a device to detect heavy water leaks in nuclear steam cylinders while working at Knapp nuclear power reactor near Karachi in 1972.^[12] The device is patent in his name under his initials SBM probe and is widely used in nuclear power plants to date.^[13]

Medicine

• The Ommaya reservoir - a system for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of patients with brain tumours - was developed by Ayub K. Ommaya, a Pakistani neurosurgeon.^[14]
• A non-invasive technology for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) - developed by Faisal Kashif.^[15]

Computing

• A boot sector computer virus dubbed (c)Brain, one of the first computer viruses in history,^[16] was created in 1986 by the Farooq Alvi Brothers in Lahore, Pakistan, reportedly to deter unauthorized copying of the software they had written.^{[17] [18]}
• Neurochip by Pakistani-Canadian inventor Naweed Syed.

Music

• The Sagar veena, a string instrument designed for use in classical music, was developed entirely in Pakistan over the last 40 years at the Sanjannagar Institute in Lahore by Raza Kazim.^{[19] [20]}

Economics

• The Human Development Index was devised by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered policies".^{[21] [22]}

See also

• • Science and technology in Pakistan
• List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization covers the Bronze Age culture that flourished from 3300 to 1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan
• List of Indian inventions and discoveries covers inventions made in the Indian subcontinent between the decline of the IVC and the formation of Pakistan

External links

• applications: Can we invent more than herbal crack cream?, The Express Tribune

Notes and References

1. http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/29163 CERN courier: New polymer enables room-temperature plastic magnet
2. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6326-first-practical-plastic-magnets-created.html New Scientist: First practical plastic magnets created
3. http://www.dur.ac.uk/oem.group/People/Naveed/naveed.htm Bio: Dr. Naveed Zaidi
4. Web site: Abdus Salam - Biography . Nobelprize.org . 1996-11-21 . 2011-12-23.
5. Web site: Pakistan shuns physicist linked to 'God particle' . Fox News . 2012-07-09.
6. S.L. Glashow . 1961 . Partial-symmetries of weak interactions . . 22 . 579–588 . 10.1016/0029-5582(61)90469-2. 1961NucPh..22..579G . 4 .
7. S. Weinberg . 1967 . A Model of Leptons . . 19 . 1264–1266 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264. 1967PhRvL..19.1264W . 21. free .
8. A. Salam . N. Svartholm . 1968 . Elementary Particle Physics: Relativistic Groups and Analyticity . 367 . . . Stockholm.
9. F. Englert . R. Brout . 1964 . Broken Symmetry and the Mass of Gauge Vector Mesons . . 13 . 321–323 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.321. 1964PhRvL..13..321E . 9. free.
10. P.W. Higgs . 1964 . Broken Symmetries and the Masses of Gauge Bosons . . 13 . 508–509 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.508. 1964PhRvL..13..508H . 16. free .
11. G.S. Guralnik, C.R. Hagen, T.W.B. Kibble . 1964 . Global Conservation Laws and Massless Particles . . 13 . 585–587 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.13.585. 1964PhRvL..13..585G . 20. free .
12. Albright . David . Higgins . Holly . 2003-03-01 . A bomb for the Ummah . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 59 . 2 . 49–55 . 10.2968/059002012 . 0096-3402.
13. Web site: 2012-01-14 . Darulhikmat . 2024-05-10 . web.archive.org.
14. Web site: The Wisdom Fund Board Member Ayub Khan Ommaya, Leading Neurosurgeon and Inventor, Dead at 78 . Twf.org . 2011-12-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111217054830/http://www.twf.org/bio/AKOmmaya.html . 2011-12-17 .
15. Web site: DAWN.COM Suhail Yusuf October 21, 2011 . New neurological test by a Pakistani | Sci-tech . Dawn.Com . 2011-10-21 . 2011-12-23.
16. Web site: Boot sector virus repair . Antivirus.about.com . 2010-06-10 . 2010-08-27.
17. Web site: Amjad Farooq Alvi Inventor of first PC Virus post by Zagham . YouTube . 2010-08-27.
18. Web site: Krish . Aahan . 25 Famous Computer Viruses Of All Time [INFOGRAPHIC] |publisher=Ry.com |date=2011-03-16 |access-date=2011-12-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513142427/http://wwwery.com/12791-most-popular-computer-viruses.html |archive-date=2011-05-13 ].
19. Web site: 'Hor Vi Neevan Ho' goes on air! . nooriworld.net . 2011-12-23 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111008005851/http://nooriworld.net/2010/07/18/hor-vi-neevan-ho-goes-on-air/ . 2011-10-08 .
20. Web site: The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - The Tribune Lifestyle . Tribuneindia.com . 2011-12-23.
21. Haq, Mahbub ul. 1995. Reflections on Human Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
22. 4407121. Mahbub ul Haq and Human Development: A Tribute. Baru. Sanjaya. Economic and Political Weekly. 1998. 33. 35. 2275–2279.