List of Kapudan Pashas explained

See main article: Kapudan Pasha.

The Kapudan Pasha (Turkish, Ottoman (1500-1928);: قپودان پاشا, Modern Turkish: Kaptan Paşa), also known in Turkish as Kaptan-ı Derya ("Captain of the Seas"), was the commander-in-chief of the navy of the Ottoman Empire. Around 160 captains served between the establishment of the post under Bayezid I and the office's replacement by the more modern Ottoman Ministry of the Navy (Bahriye Nazırlığı) during the Tanzimat reforms.

The title of Kapudan Pasha itself is only attested from 1567 onwards; earlier designations for the supreme commander of the fleet include derya begi ("beg of the sea") and re'is kapudan ("head captain").[1]

NameAppointedVacatedNotes
Kara Mürsel Bey1324
Saruca Pasha1390Turk?[2] [3]
Çavlı Bey1412Turk?
Baltaoğlu Süleyman Bey14511453Bulgarian?[4]
Hamza Bey14531456Albanian
Has Yunus Bey14561459
Kasım Bey14591460
Kadim İsmail Bey14611462Devşirme?
Yakup Bey14621463Albanian
Zagan Pasha14631466Albanian,[5] [6] [7] Greek or Serb;[8] previously grand vizier.
Veli Mahmud Pasha14661478Serb,[9] Devşirme; later grand vizier.[10]
Gedik Ahmed Pasha14781480Albanian or Serb,[11] Devşirme; invaded Mediterranean and seized Santa Maura, Kefalonia, and Zante; later grand vizier.
Mesih Pasha14801491Greek, converted member of the Palaiologoi; later grand vizier.
Güveği Sinan Pasha14911492Albanian, Devşirme, founder of Vlora dynasty of Albanian generals and politicians.[12]
Kara Nişancı Davud14921503Devşirme?
Küçük Davud Pasha15031506
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha15061511Slav; later grand vizier.
İskender Ağa Pasha15111514Devşirme?
Sinan Bey15141516Devşirme?
Frenk Cafer Ağa Pasha15161520Devşirme
Parlak Mustafa Pasha15201522Bosniak
Bayram Pasha1522<--not 17th century vizier-->
Kurdoğlu Muslihiddin Reis<--unmentioned by Reg-->
Süleyman Pasha1531
Kemankeş Ahmed Bey15311533Devşirme?
Hayreddin Barbarossa15331546Greek,[13] [14] Albanian,[15] [16] or Turk;[17] [18] position raised to beylerbey, granted Eyalets of the Islands of the Mediterranean and Ottoman Algeria.
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha15461550Bosniak, Devşirme; invaded Libya; later grand vizier.
Sinan Pasha15501554Croat; supported Turgut Reis's western raids; later grand vizier.
Piyale Pasha15541567Held the title of Kapudan Beg. Croat;[19] [20] [21] captured Corsica with the French in 1554, defeated Spanish at Piombino in 1555, raided Calabria, Salerno, Tuscany, Spain, and seized the Balearics in 1558, won crushing Battle of Djerba in 1560; captured Naples in 1563.
Müezzinzade Ali Pasha15677 October 1571First to hold the title of Kapudan Pasha. Effected conquest of Cyprus from Venice, but killed at Lepanto.<--Reg erroneously has Kemal Reis Kilij Arslan; Erkan erroneously claimed Grand Vizier-->
15671572Born in Algiers in 1517. He was called to Constantinople and named Kapudan Pasha (Commander-in-Chief) of the Ottoman Navy in 1567, like his father before him. Hasan Pasha was at the Great Siege of Malta in 1565, and Battle of Lepanto in 1571. He died in Constantinople in 1572.
Kılıç Ali Paşa157121 June 1587Italian, born Giovanni Dionigi Galeni, known after conversion as Uluç and Uluç Ali Reis;<--Erkan erroneous claims Turkish; omitted by Reg--> rebuilt Turkish fleet, recaptured Tunis from Don Juan and ended War of Cyprus, raided Calabria and put down numerous revolts.
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha15911595Italian, born Scipione Cicala; first term; later grand vizier.<--omitted by Reg-->
Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha15991604Second term; previously grand vizier.<--omitted by Reg-->
Derviş Pasha1604Bosniak<--omitted by Reg-->
Güzelce Ali Pasha1617?
Cataldjali Hasan Pasha16251631<--omitted by Reg-->
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha16321635Turk; later grand vizier.[22] <--omitted by Reg-->
Kemankeş Mustafa Pasha17 October 163524 December 1638Albanian, later grand vizier.<--Reg erroneously cites 1643-->
Gazi Hüseyin Pasha16391641Turk<--omitted by Reg-->
Yusuf Pasha164X164XDalmatian Slav; executed by Sultan.
Koca Musa Pasha16451647Bosniak; died at Kandiye during Cretan War before he could receive his promotion to grand vizier.<--omitted by Reg-->
Kara Musa Pasha164721 September 1647
Kılavuz Köse Ali Pasha16471648
Koca Dervish Mehmed Pasha16521653Circassian; later grand vizier.
Kara Murad Pasha165311 May 1655Albanian;[23] effected the breakout First Battle of the Dardanelles during the Cretan War; prior and later grand vizier.<--omitted by Reg-->
Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha16661670Turk;[24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] later grand vizier.
Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha16801684Later grand vizier.
Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha16951701Turk[30] or Aragonese;[31] commanded at Andros in 1696 during the Morean War, attempted moderate reforms and published the Kannunname.<--omitted by Reg-->
Baltacı Mehmet Pasha17041704Turk; later grand vizier.<--omitted by Reg-->
Veli Mehmed Pasha17061707Turk
Moralı Ibrahim PashaNovember 17071709
Küçük Ali Pasazade Mehmed Pasha17091711Turk
Canım Hoca Mehmed PashaDecember 1714February 1717Turk from Koroni, former galley slave in the Venetian fleet. Led the Ottoman navy in the Ottoman–Venetian War (1714–18); first term.[32]
Ibrahim Pasha17171718Defeated in the Battle of Matapan.
Süleyman PashaApril 5, 17181721
Kaymak Mustafa Pasha17211730Bosniak[33] <--omitted by Reg-->
Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha17301730Second term, lasted for only a few days.
Hacı Hüseyin Pasha17321732[34] <--omitted by Reg-->
Koca Bekir Pasha17321732Turk; first term.[35] <--omitted by Reg-->
Canım Hoca Mehmed Pasha17321736Third term.
Hacı Mehmed Pashac. 1735. Turk?<--omitted by Reg-->
Hatibzade Yahya Pasha17431743
Râtip Ahmed Pasha17431744Turk
Koca Bekir Pasha17501753Turk; second term.<--omitted by Reg-->
Macar Hacı Hasan PashaFebruary 1761December 1761
Ahıskalı Mehmed PashaDecember 1761August 1762
Eğribozlu İbrahim Pasha1769Turk?[36] <--omitted by Reg-->
Mandalzade Hüsameddin Pasha17701770Removed following the disastrous naval defeat at Chesma during the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774.<--omitted by Reg; Battle of Chesma says Cafer Bey succeeded Husameddin Pasha-->
Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha17701789 or 1790 Georgian
[37] dislodged Russians from Aegean, commanded forces during the Russo-Turkish Wars of 1768–1774 and 1787–1792; later grand vizier.<
--Reg erroneously gives 1760s-->
Koca Yusuf Pasha19 December 1789Georgian; former grand vizier.<--omitted by Reg-->
17891792[38]
Küçük Hüseyin Pasha11 March 17927 December 1803Georgian; commanded the Turkish invasion fleet of French-occupied Egypt.[39] [40] <--Reg erroneous cites 1790-->
Mehmed Kadri Pasha18031804<--omitted by Reg-->
Hafız İsmail Pasha18041805Later grand vizier.<--omitted by Reg-->
Hacı Salih Pasha18051805Turk; later grand vizier.<--omitted by Reg-->
Hacı Mehmed Pasha II21 November 18061808Turk[41] <--omitted by Reg-->
Seydi Ali Pasha1807 or 18081808Georgian
Abdullah Ramiz Efendi18081808Crimean Tatar<--omitted by Reg-->
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha18111818Abazin; later grand vizier.[42] <--omitted by Reg-->
Deli Abdullah Pasha1821Turk; later grand vizier.
Nasuhzade Ali Pasha18217 June 1822Albanian; also known as Kara-Ali Pasha; commanded Turkish fleet during the Greek War of Independence: directed Massacre of Samothrace, killed by fireship directed by Konstantinos Kanaris following Massacre of Chios;[43] ancestor of Turkish author Nasuh Mahruki.<--omitted by Reg-->
Kara Mehmet1822
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed PashaDecember 18221826
Aghan Ephrikian Pasha1828Probably Armenian; Governor
Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha18301832
Çengeloğlu Tahir Mehmed PashaNovember 18321836Turk<--omitted by Reg-->
Ahmed Fevzi Pasha10 November 18361839Greek, defected to Egypt.<--Erkan is ALSO cited as source for "Damat Mehmed Ali Pasha" (10 Nov 1836-1848) AND as source for "Ateş Mehmed Pasha" (10 Nov 1836-1863)-->
Topal İzzet Pasha1840Reformer
Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha18431845
Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha18471848
unknownLost administrative control of the Eyalet of the Islands c. 1848.
Mahmud Pasha18531854
Damat Gürcü Halil Rifat Pasha18541855
unknown13 March 1867Office abolished.[44]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Encyclopedia: Ḳapudan Pas̲h̲a . S. . Ozbaran . The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume IV: Ira–Kha . BRILL . Leiden and New York . 1997 . 90-04-05745-5 . 571–572 .
  2. İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, pp. 172 ff. Türkiye Yayınevi (Istanbul), 1971.
  3. Web site: Osmanlı Dönemi Türk Deniz Kuvvetleri . 21 February 2007 . tr . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070126004207/http://www.dzkk.tsk.mil.tr/turkce/Tarihce/OsmanliKaptanPasalar.asp . 26 January 2007 .
  4. Web site: İstanbul'un Fethi. Tascilar, Muhammet. Türk Tarihi. 21 February 2007. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20091212031459/http://www.dallog.net/savaslar/fetih.htm. 12 December 2009. dead.
  5. Book: Stavrides, Théoharis . The Sultan of vezirs: the life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474) . Brill . 63 . 2001 . 978-90-04-12106-5.
  6. Franz Babinger, Princeton University Press, 19 October 1992, p. 47
  7. Book: Baron Kinross, Patrick Balfour . The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire . Morrow . 116 . 1977 . 0688030939.
  8. Ellis Goldberg, Reşat Kasaba, Joel S. Migdal, "Rules and rights in the Middle East" (1993), p. 153
  9. Book: Stavrides, Théoharis . The Sultan of vezirs: the life and times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angelovic (1453–1474) . Brill . 73 . 2001 . 978-90-04-12106-5.
  10. Web site: Mahmud Paşa (Velî). Tascilar, Muhammet. Türk Tarihi. 21 February 2007. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20100131070800/http://www.dallog.net/tdsa1/mahmudpasa.htm. 31 January 2010. dead.
  11. Book: Stavrides, Théoharis . The Sultan of Vezirs: The Life and Times of the Ottoman Grand Vezir Mahmud Pasha Angeloviu (1453–1474) (Ottoman Empire and Its Heritage Series, Volume 24). August 2001. Brill Academic Publishers, Inc.. 90-04-12106-4. 65.
  12. Book: Clayer, Nathalie . NATHALIE CLAYER, Aux origines du nationalisme albanais : la naissance d'une nation majoritairement musulmane en Europe,Paris . January 2007 . 9782845868168 .
  13. Hayreddin Barbarossa, who would rise to become the ruler of Algiers, and later admiral of the Ottoman fleet, was of Greek origin and got his start raiding the southern and western shores of Anatolia on behalf of Korkud, son of Bayezid..., Virginia H. Aksan & Daniel Goffman, The early modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2007,, p. 106.
  14. Their father was former Muslim soldier, probably from a recent converted family of the European Provinces. Their mother is said to have been the widow of a Greek priest., Frank Ronald Charles Bagley et al., The Last Great Muslim Empires: History of the Muslim World, Brill Academic Publishers, 1997, p. 114.
  15. Born in Mytilene around 1466 to a, Hayreddin, then called Hizir., Niccolò Capponi, Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto, Da Capo Press, 2007,, p. 30.
  16. Encyclopædia Britannica, Vol 1, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1972, p. 147.
  17. Kiel, Machiel. "The Smaller Aegean Islands in the 16th–18th Centuries According to Ottoman Administrative Documents". Op. cit. Davies, Siriol & Davis, Jack L. Between Venice and Istanbul: Colonial Landscapes in Early Modern Greece, p. 36. ASCSA, 2007. .
  18. Encyclopædia Britannica, 14th Edition, Revised, p. 147. "Barbarossa." Encyclopædia Britannica Co., Ltd., 1963.
  19. Freely, John. The Companion Guide to Istanbul and Around the Marmara.
  20. Cardini, Franco. Europe and Islam.
  21. Shaw, S.J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey .
  22. Web site: Hüseyin Paşa (Gazi, Deli). Tascilar, Muhammet. Türk Tarihi. 21 February 2007. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20100131070551/http://www.dallog.net/tdsa/huseyinpasadeli.htm. 31 January 2010. dead.
  23. Web site: Murad Paşa (Kara). Tascilar, Muhammet. Türk Tarihi. 21 February 2007. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20100131070821/http://www.dallog.net/tdsa1/muradpasa.htm. 31 January 2010. dead.
  24. Bérenger, Jean (2003). Tollet, Daniel (ed.). Guerres et paix en Europe centrale aux époques moderne et contemporaine mélanges d'histoire des relations internationales offerts à Jean Bérenger. Paris-Sorbonne University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9782840502586. French: Il [Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pacha] était d'origine turque et fut élevé dans la famille des Köprülü. (English: He [Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha] was of Turkish descent and was brought up in the Köprülü family.
  25. Veiga, Francisco (2006). El turco diez siglos a las puertas de Europa. Debate. p. 262. ISBN 9788483066706. Spanish: A él le sucedería Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa, de origen turco. (English: He would be succeeded by Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasa, of Turkish origin.
  26. Şimşir, Nahide (2004). Osmanlı araştırmaları makaleler · Volume 1. IQ Kültürsanat. p. 111. ISBN 9789752550056. Kara Mustafa Pasha, who was of Turkish origin and was brought up in the Köprülü family, was a passionate, ambitious and authoritarian person
  27. Wheatcroft, Andrew (2009). The Enemy at the Gate Habsburgs, Ottomans, and the Battle for Europe. Basic Books. ISBN 9780786744541. While the other Köprülü were all of Albanian origin, the first of them brought to Istanbul in the youth levy, Kara Mustafa was a pure Anatolian.
  28. Sevinç, Necdet (1992). Osmanlının yükselişi ve çöküşü sosyal ve ekonomik inceleme. Burak Yayınevi. p. 111. ISBN 9789757645009. Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha - Ethnicity: Turkish
  29. Dilek, Zeki (2000). Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa Uluslararası Sempozyumu 08-11 Haziran 2000, Merzifon. Merzifon Vakfı. p. 4. ISBN 9789759744700. Even later, Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, one of the Grand Viziers of Turkish origin in the Ottoman Empire [...]
  30. Web site: Mezomorto Hüseyin Paşa. Tascilar, Muhammet. Türk Tarihi. 21 February 2007. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20100131070805/http://www.dallog.net/tdsa1/mezomorto.htm. 31 January 2010. dead.
  31. Panzac, Daniel. La Marine ottomane. De l’apogée à la chute de l’Empire (1572–1923).
  32. Book: Setton, Kenneth Meyer . Kenneth Setton . Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century . The American Philosophical Society . Philadelphia, Mass. . 1991 . 0-87169-192-2 . 0065-9738 . 428.
  33. Web site: Kaymak Mustafa Paşa . 21 February 2007 . tr . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061225021813/http://www.babakale.com/sayfalar/kaptanpasa.htm . 25 December 2006 .
  34. Web site: Kaptan Hacı Hüseyin Paşa Çeşmesi. Çeþmelerden Örnekler. 21 February 2007. tr. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070928122003/http://www.cesmeler.gen.tr/cn25.htm. 28 September 2007.
  35. Web site: Bekir Paşa (Koca). Tascilar, Muhammet. Türk Tarihi. 21 February 2007. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20100131071430/http://www.dallog.net/tdsa/bekirpasakoca.htm. 31 January 2010. dead.
  36. Web site: Şanlı Bahriye:Kuruluş. Gülen, Nejat. Şanli Bahrıye. 21 February 2007. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20070314134829/http://www.1001kitap.com/Tarih/Nejat_Gulen/sanli_bahriye/bahriye01kurulus.html#1. 14 March 2007. dead.
  37. King, Charles (2004), The Black Sea: a History, p.159. Oxford University Press, .
  38. Book: 'Abd al-Rahman Jabarti. Thomas Philipp. Moshe Perlmann. Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt. 2. 1994. Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. 294.
  39. Inalcık, Halil. Trans. by Gibb, H.A.R. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Ed., Vol. V, Fascicules 79–80, pp. 35 f. "Khosrew Pasha". E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1979. Accessed 13 September 2011.
  40. Web site: Hüseyin Paşa (Küçük). Tascilar, Muhammet. Türk Tarihi. 21 February 2007. tr. https://web.archive.org/web/20100131070556/http://www.dallog.net/tdsa/huseyinpasakucuk.htm. 31 January 2010. dead.
  41. Web site: Hacı Mehmet Paşa Yalısı (Direkli Yalıkaptan Paşa Yalısı) . 21 February 2007 . tr .
  42. Web site: Şanlı Bahriye: II. Mahmut Dönemi (1808–1839) . 21 February 2007 . tr . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070120103210/http://www.1001kitap.com/Tarih/Nejat_Gulen/sanli_bahriye/bahriye03ikinci_mahmut.html . 20 January 2007 .
  43. Woodhouse. The Story of Modern Greece. Faber and Faber, 1968.
  44. Bernd Langensiepen, Ahmet Güleryüz, The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828–1923, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1995,, p. 197.

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