The highest-selling singles in Japan are ranked in the Oricon Singles Chart, which is published by Oricon Style magazine. The data are compiled by Oricon based on each singles' physical sales. This list includes the singles that reached the number one place on that chart in 1983.
| Issue date | Song | Artist(s) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| January 3 | "" | [1] | |
| January 10 | |||
| January 17 | "Second Love" | Akina Nakamori | |
| January 24 | |||
| January 31 | "" | Masahiko Kondō | |
| February 7 | |||
| February 14 | "" | Seiko Matsuda | |
| February 21 | |||
| February 28 | "" | Toshihiko Tahara | |
| March 7 | "½ no Shinwa" | Akina Nakamori | |
| March 14 | |||
| March 21 | |||
| March 28 | |||
| April 4 | |||
| April 11 | |||
| April 18 | "" | Takashi Hosokawa | |
| April 25 | |||
| May 2 | |||
| May 9 | "" | Masahiko Kondō | |
| May 16 | "" | Seiko Matsuda | |
| May 23 | "" | Rats & Star | |
| May 30 | "" | Toshihiko Tahara | |
| June 6 | "" | Hiroko Yakushimaru | |
| June 13 | |||
| June 20 | |||
| June 27 | |||
| July 4 | |||
| July 11 | |||
| July 18 | |||
| July 25 | "" | Masahiko Kondō | |
| August 1 | |||
| August 8 | |||
| August 15 | "" | Seiko Matsuda | |
| August 22 | "" | Toshihiko Tahara | |
| August 29 | |||
| September 5 | "Flashdance... What a Feeling" Japanese title: | Irene Cara | |
| September 12 | |||
| September 19 | "Kinku" | Akina Nakamori | |
| September 26 | "Cat's Eye" | Anri | |
| October 3 | |||
| October 10 | |||
| October 17 | |||
| October 24 | |||
| October 31 | "Glass no Ringo / Sweet Memories" | Seiko Matsuda | |
| November 7 | "" | Seiko Matsuda | |
| November 14 | "Royal Straight Flash" (ロイヤル・ストレート・フラッシュ) | Masahiko Kondō | |
| November 21 | "Hitomi wa Diamond / Aoi Photograph" | Seiko Matsuda | |
| November 28 | "" | Toshihiko Tahara | |
| December 5 | |||
| December 12 | |||
| December 19 | "" | Ouyang Fei Fei | |
| December 26 |