List of Nobel laureates in Physics explained

The Nobel Prize in Physics (Swedish: Nobelpriset i fysik) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in physics.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[3] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[4]

Statistics

The Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded to 224 individuals as of 2023.[5] The first prize in physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, of Germany, who received 150,782 SEK. John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice—in 1956 and 1972.

William Lawrence Bragg was the youngest Nobel laureate in physics; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25. He was also the youngest laureate for any Nobel prize until 2014 (when Malala Yousafzai won the Nobel Peace Prize at the age of 17).[6] The oldest Nobel Prize laureate in physics was Arthur Ashkin who was 96 years old when he was awarded the prize in 2018.[7]

Only five women have won the prize: Marie Curie (1903), Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1963), Donna Strickland (2018), Andrea Ghez (2020), and Anne L'Huillier (2023).[8] Before L'Huillier, each woman only ever received a quarter share of the prize, although Marie Curie did receive an unshared Nobel prize in chemistry in 1911. In 2023, L'Huillier received a one-third share.

There have been six years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded (1916, 1931, 1934, 1940–1942). There were also nine years for which the Nobel Prize in Physics was delayed for one year:

A 2020 study reported that half of the Nobel Prizes for science awarded between 1995 and 2017 are clustered in few disciplines. Particle physics (14%), atomic physics (10.9%), and 3 non-physics disciplines dominate the prize in recent decades, followed by semiconductor physics and magnetics.[10]

Laureates

scope = colYearscope = col class = unsortableImagescope = colLaureatescope = col style = "width: 100pt;"Countryscope = col class = unsortableRationalescope = col class = unsortableRef
1901scope = row data-sort-value = "Rontgen, Wilhelm"Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923)"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"[11]
1902scope=row data-sort-value="Lorentz, Hendrik" Hendrik Lorentz (1853–1928)"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"[12]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Zeeman, Pieter"Pieter Zeeman (1865–1943)
1903scope = row data-sort-value = "Becquerel, Henri"Henri Becquerel (1852–1908)"for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"[13]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Curie, Pierre"Pierre Curie (1859–1906)"for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
scope = row data-sort-value = "Skłodowska-Curie, Marie"Marie Curie (1867–1934)

1904scope = row data-sort-value = "Rayleigh, Lord"Lord Rayleigh (1842–1919)"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"[14]
1905scope = row data-sort-value = "Lenard, Philipp"Philipp Lenard (1862–1947)"for his work on cathode rays"[15]
1906scope = row data-sort-value="Thomson, Joseph"J. J. Thomson (1856–1940)"for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"[16]
1907scope = row data-sort-value = "Michelson, Albert"Albert A. Michelson (1852–1931)"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"[17]
1908scope = row data-sort-value = "Lippmann, Gabriel"Gabriel Lippmann (1845–1921)"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"[18]
1909scope = row data-sort-value = "Marconi, Guglielmo"Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937)"for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"[19]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Braun, Karl"Karl Ferdinand Braun (1850–1918)
1910scope = row data-sort-value = "Van der Waals, Johannes"Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923)"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"[20]
1911scope = row data-sort-value = "Wien, Wilhelm"Wilhelm Wien (1864–1928)"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"[21]
1912scope = row data-sort-value = "Dalén, Nils"Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937)"for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys"[22]
1913scope = row data-sort-value = "Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike"Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (1853–1926)"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"[23]
1914scope = row data-sort-value = "Von Laue, Max"Max von Laue (1879–1960)"For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals", an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy.[24]
1915scope = row data-sort-value = "Bragg, William Henry"William Henry Bragg (1862–1942)"'For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays', an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography"[25]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Bragg, William Lawrence"Lawrence Bragg (1890–1971)
1916Not awarded due to World War I
1917scope = row data-sort-value = "Barkla, Charles"Charles Glover Barkla (1877–1944)"'For his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements', another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy"[26]
1918scope = row data-sort-value = "Planck, Max"Max Planck (1858–1947)"for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta"[27]
1919scope = row data-sort-value = "Stark, Johannes"Johannes Stark (1874–1957)"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"[28]
1920scope=row data-sort-value="Guillaume, Charles" Charles Édouard Guillaume (1861–1938)"for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel-steel alloys"[29]
1921scope=row data-sort-value="Einstein, Albert" Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
1922scope=row data-sort-value="Bohr, Niels" Niels Bohr (1885–1962)"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"[30]
1923scope=row data-sort-value="Millikan, Robert" Robert Andrews Millikan (1868–1953)"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"[31]
1924scope=row data-sort-value="Siegbahn, Manne" Manne Siegbahn (1886–1978)"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"[32]
1925scope=row data-sort-value="Franck, James" James Franck (1882–1964)"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"[33]
scope=row data-sort-value="Hertz, Gustav" Gustav Hertz (1887–1975)
1926scope=row data-sort-value="Perrin, Jean" Jean Baptiste Perrin (1870–1942)"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"[34]
1927scope=row data-sort-value="Compton, Arthur" Arthur Compton (1892–1962)"for his discovery of the effect named after him"[35]
scope=row data-sort-value="Wilson, Charles" Charles Thomson Rees Wilson (1869–1959)"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1928scope=row data-sort-value="Richardson, Owen" Owen Willans Richardson (1879–1959)"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"[36]
1929scope=row data-sort-value="De Broglie, Louis" Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, 7th Duc de Broglie (1892–1987)"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"[37]
1930scope=row data-sort-value="Raman, Chandrasekhara" C. V. Raman (1888–1970)"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"[38]
1931Not awarded
1932scope=row data-sort-value="Heisenberg, Werner" Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976)"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"[39]
1933scope=row data-sort-value="Schrodinger, Erwin" Erwin Schrödinger (1887–1961)"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"[40]
scope=row data-sort-value="Dirac, Paul" Paul Dirac (1902–1984)
1934Not awarded
1935scope=row data-sort-value="Chadwick, James" James Chadwick (1891–1974)"for the discovery of the neutron"[41]
1936scope=row data-sort-value="Hess, Victor" Victor Francis Hess (1883–1964)"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"[42]
scope=row data-sort-value="Anderson, Carl" Carl David Anderson (1905–1991)"for his discovery of the positron"
1937scope=row data-sort-value="Davisson, Clinton" Clinton Davisson (1881–1958)"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"[43]
scope=row data-sort-value="Thomson, George" George Paget Thomson (1892–1975)
1938scope=row data-sort-value="Fermi, Enrico" Enrico Fermi (1901–1954)"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"[44]
1939scope=row data-sort-value="Lawrence, Ernest" Ernest Lawrence (1901–1958)"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"[45]
1940Not awarded due to World War II
1941Not awarded due to World War II
1942Not awarded due to World War II
1943scope=row data-sort-value="Stern, Otto" Otto Stern (1888–1969)"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"[46]
1944scope=row data-sort-value="Rabi, Isidor" Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898–1988)"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"[47]
1945scope=row data-sort-value="Pauli, Wolfgang" Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958)"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli principle"[48]
1946scope=row data-sort-value="Bridgman, Percy" Percy Williams Bridgman (1882–1961)"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics"[49]
1947scope=row data-sort-value="Appleton, Edward" Edward Victor Appleton (1892–1965)"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"[50]
1948scope=row data-sort-value="Blackett, Patrick" Patrick Blackett (1897–1974)"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"[51]
1949scope=row data-sort-value="Yukawa, Hideki" Hideki Yukawa (1907–1981)"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"[52]
1950scope=row data-sort-value="Powell, Cecil" C. F. Powell (1903–1969)"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"[53]
1951scope=row data-sort-value="Cockcroft, John" John Cockcroft (1897–1967)"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"[54]
scope=row data-sort-value="Walton, Ernest" Ernest Walton (1903–1995)
1952scope=row data-sort-value="Bloch, Felix" Felix Bloch (1905–1983)"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"[55]
scope=row data-sort-value="Purcell, Edward" Edward Mills Purcell (1912–1997)
1953scope=row data-sort-value="Zernike, Frits" Frits Zernike (1888–1966)"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"[56]
1954scope=row data-sort-value="Born, Max" Max Born (1882–1970)"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"[57]
scope=row data-sort-value="Bothe, Walther" Walther Bothe (1891–1957)"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
1955scope=row data-sort-value="Lamb, Willis" Willis Lamb (1913–2008)"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"[58]
scope=row data-sort-value="Kusch, Polykarp" Polykarp Kusch (1911–1993)"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1956scope=row data-sort-value="Bardeen, John" John Bardeen (1908–1991)"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"[59]
scope=row data-sort-value="Brattain, Walter" Walter Houser Brattain (1902–1987)
scope=row data-sort-value="Shockley, William" William Shockley (1910–1989)
1957scope=row data-sort-value="Lee, Tsung-Dao" Lee Tsung-Dao (1926–2024)"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"[60]
scope=row data-sort-value="Yang, Chen-Ning" Yang Chen-Ning (b. 1922)
1958scope=row data-sort-value="Cherenkov, Pavel" Pavel Cherenkov (1904–1990)"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"[61]
scope=row data-sort-value="Frank, Ilya" Ilya Frank (1908–1990)
scope=row data-sort-value="Tamm, Igor" Igor Tamm (1895–1971)
1959scope=row data-sort-value="Segre, Emilio" Emilio Segrè (1905–1989)"for their discovery of the antiproton"[62]
scope=row data-sort-value="Chamberlain, Owen" Owen Chamberlain (1920–2006)
1960scope=row data-sort-value="Glaser, Donald" Donald A. Glaser (1926–2013)"for the invention of the bubble chamber"[63]
1961scope=row data-sort-value="Hofstadter, Robert" Robert Hofstadter (1915–1990)"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"[64]
scope=row data-sort-value="Mossbauer, Rudolf" Rudolf Mössbauer (1929–2011)"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"
1962scope=row data-sort-value="Landau, Lev" Lev Landau (1908–1968)"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"[65]
1963scope=row data-sort-value="Wigner, Eugene" Eugene Wigner (1902–1995)"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"[66]
scope=row data-sort-value="Goeppert-Mayer, Maria" Maria Goeppert-Mayer (1906–1972)"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
scope=row data-sort-value="Jensen, J." J. Hans D. Jensen (1907–1973)
1964scope=row data-sort-value="Basov, Nikolay" Nikolay Basov (1922–2001)"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser–laser principle"[67]
scope=row data-sort-value="Prokhorov, Alexander" Alexander Prokhorov (1916–2002)
scope=row data-sort-value="Townes, Charles" Charles H. Townes (1915–2015)
1965scope=row data-sort-value="Feynman, Richard" Richard Feynman (1918–1988)"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics (QED), with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"[68]
scope=row data-sort-value="Schwinger, Julian" Julian Schwinger (1918–1994)
scope=row data-sort-value="Tomonaga, Sin-Itiro" Shin'ichirō Tomonaga (1906–1979)
1966scope=row data-sort-value="Kastler, Alfred" Alfred Kastler (1902–1984)"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"[69]
1967scope=row data-sort-value="Bethe, Hans" Hans Bethe (1906–2005)"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"[70]
1968scope=row data-sort-value="Alvarez, Luis" Luis Alvarez (1911–1988)"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"[71]
1969scope=row data-sort-value="Gell-Mann, Murray" Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019)"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"[72]
1970scope=row data-sort-value="Alfven, Hannes" Hannes Alfvén (1908–1995)"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"[73]
scope=row data-sort-value="Neel, Louis" Louis Néel (1904–2000)"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
1971scope=row data-sort-value="Gabor, Dennis" Dennis Gabor (1900–1979)"for his invention and development of the holographic method"[74]
1972scope=row data-sort-value="Bardeen, John" John Bardeen (1908–1991)"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"[75]
scope=row data-sort-value="Cooper, Leon" Leon Cooper (b. 1930)
scope=row data-sort-value="Schrieffer, John" John Robert Schrieffer (1931–2019)
1973scope=row data-sort-value="Esaki, Leo" Leo Esaki (b. 1925)"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"[76]
scope=row data-sort-value="Giaever, Ivar" Ivar Giaever (b. 1929)
scope=row data-sort-value="Josephson, Brian" Brian Josephson (b. 1940)"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect"
1974scope=row data-sort-value="Ryle, Martin" Martin Ryle (1918–1984)"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"[77]
scope=row data-sort-value="Hewish, Antony" Antony Hewish (1924–2021)
1975scope=row data-sort-value="Bohr, Aage" Aage Bohr (1922–2009)"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"[78]
scope=row data-sort-value="Mottelson, Ben" Ben Roy Mottelson (1926–2022)
scope=row data-sort-value="Rainwater, James" James Rainwater (1917–1986)
1976scope=row data-sort-value="Ting, Samuel" Samuel C. C. Ting (b. 1936)"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"[79]
scope=row data-sort-value="Richter, Burton" Burton Richter (1931–2018)
1977scope=row data-sort-value="Anderson, Philip" Philip Warren Anderson (1923–2020)"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"[80]
scope=row data-sort-value="Mott, Nevill" Nevill Francis Mott (1905–1996)
scope=row data-sort-value="Van Vleck, John" John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (1899–1980)
1978scope=row data-sort-value="Kapitsa, Pyotr" Pyotr Kapitsa (1894–1984)"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"[81]
scope=row data-sort-value="Penzias, Arno" Arno Allan Penzias (1933–2024)"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
scope=row data-sort-value="Wilson, Robert" Robert Woodrow Wilson (b. 1936)
1979scope=row data-sort-value="Glashow, Sheldon" Sheldon Glashow (b. 1932)"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"[82]
scope=row data-sort-value="Salam, Abdus" Abdus Salam (1926–1996)
scope=row data-sort-value="Weinberg, Steven" Steven Weinberg (1933–2021)
1980scope=row data-sort-value="Cronin, James" James Cronin (1931–2016)"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"[83]
scope=row data-sort-value="Fitch, Val" Val Logsdon Fitch (1923–2015)
1981scope=row data-sort-value="Bloembergen, Nicolaas" Nicolaas Bloembergen (1920–2017)"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"[84]
scope=row data-sort-value="Schawlow, Arthur" Arthur Leonard Schawlow (1921–1999)
scope=row data-sort-value="Siegbahn, Kai" Kai Siegbahn (1918–2007)"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"
1982scope=row data-sort-value="Wilson, Kenneth" Kenneth G. Wilson (1936–2013)"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"[85]
1983scope=row data-sort-value="Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan" Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910–1995)"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"[86]
scope=row data-sort-value="Fowler, William" William Alfred Fowler (1911–1995)"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1984scope=row data-sort-value="Rubbia, Carlo" Carlo Rubbia (b. 1934)"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"[87]
scope=row data-sort-value="Van der Meer, Simon" Simon van der Meer (1925–2011)
1985scope=row data-sort-value="Von Klitzing, Klaus" Klaus von Klitzing (b. 1943)"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"[88]
1986scope=row data-sort-value="Ruska, Ernst" Ernst Ruska (1906–1988)"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"[89]
scope=row data-sort-value="Binnig, Gerd" Gerd Binnig (b. 1947)"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
scope=row data-sort-value="Rohrer, Heinrich" Heinrich Rohrer (1933–2013)
1987scope=row data-sort-value="Bednorz, Georg" Georg Bednorz (b. 1950)"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"[90]
scope=row data-sort-value="Muller, K. Alex" K. Alex Müller (1927–2023)
1988scope=row data-sort-value="Lederman, Leon" Leon M. Lederman (1922–2018)"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"[91]
scope=row data-sort-value="Schwartz, Melvin" Melvin Schwartz (1932–2006)
scope=row data-sort-value="Steinberger, Jack" Jack Steinberger (1921–2020)
1989scope=row data-sort-value="Ramsey, Norman" Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. (1915–2011)"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"[92]
scope=row data-sort-value="Dehmelt, Hans" Hans Georg Dehmelt (1922–2017)"for the development of the ion trap technique"
scope=row data-sort-value="Paul, Wolfgang" Wolfgang Paul (1913–1993)
1990scope=row data-sort-value="Friedman, Jerome" Jerome I. Friedman (b. 1930)"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"[93]
scope=row data-sort-value="Kendall, Henry" Henry Way Kendall (1926–1999)
scope=row data-sort-value="Taylor, Richard" Richard E. Taylor (1929–2018)
1991scope=row data-sort-value="De Gennes, Pierre-Gilles" Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (1932–2007)"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"[94]
1992scope=row data-sort-value="Charpak, Georges" Georges Charpak (1924–2010)"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"[95]
1993scope=row data-sort-value="Hulse, Russell"Russell Alan Hulse (b. 1950)"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"[96]
scope = row data-sort-value="Taylor, Joseph" Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (b. 1941)
1994scope=row data-sort-value = "Brockhouse, Bertram" Bertram Brockhouse (1918–2003)"for the development of neutron spectroscopy" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"[97]
scope=row data-sort-value="Shull, Clifford" Clifford Shull (1915–2001)"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique" and "for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
1995scope = row data-sort-value = "Perl, Martin"Martin Lewis Perl (1927–2014)"for the discovery of the tau lepton" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"[98]
scope = row data-sort-value="Reines, Frederick"Frederick Reines (1918–1998)"for the detection of the neutrino" and "for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
1996scope = row data-sort-value = "Lee, David"David Lee (b. 1931)"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"[99]
scope=row data-sort-value="Osheroff, Douglas" Douglas D. Osheroff (b. 1945)
scope = row data-sort-value="Richardson, Robert"Robert Coleman Richardson (1937–2013)
1997scope=row data-sort-value="Chu, Steven" Steven Chu (b. 1948)"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light."[100]
scope=row data-sort-value="Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude" Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (b. 1933)
scope=row data-sort-value="Phillips, William" William Daniel Phillips (b. 1948)
1998scope=row data-sort-value="Laughlin, Robert" Robert B. Laughlin (b. 1950)"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"[101]
scope=row data-sort-value="Stormer, Horst" Horst Ludwig Störmer (b. 1949)
scope=row data-sort-value="Tsui, Daniel" Daniel C. Tsui (b. 1939)
1999scope = row data-sort-value = "Hooft, Gerard"Gerard 't Hooft (b. 1946)"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"[102]
scope=row data-sort-value="Veltman, Martinus" Martinus J. G. Veltman (1931–2021)
2000scope=row data-sort-value="Alferov, Zhores" Zhores Alferov (1930–2019)"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and optoelectronics"[103]
scope=row data-sort-value="Kroemer, Herbert" Herbert Kroemer (1928–2024)
scope=row data-sort-value="Kilby, Jack" Jack Kilby (1923–2005)"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
2001scope = row data-sort-value = "Cornell, Eric"Eric Allin Cornell (b. 1961)"for the achievement of Bose–Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"[104]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Wieman, Carl"Carl Wieman (b. 1951)
scope = row data-sort-value = "Ketterle, Wolfgang"Wolfgang Ketterle (b. 1957)
2002scope=row data-sort-value="Davis, Raymond" Raymond Davis Jr. (1914–2006)"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"[105]
scope=row data-sort-value="Koshiba, Masatoshi" Masatoshi Koshiba (1926–2020)
scope=row data-sort-value="Giacconi, Riccardo" Riccardo Giacconi (1931–2018)
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2003scope=row data-sort-value="Abrikosov, Alexei" Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov (1928–2017)
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"[106]
scope=row data-sort-value="Ginzburg, Vitaly" Vitaly Ginzburg (1916–2009)
scope = row data-sort-value="Leggett, Anthony"Anthony James Leggett (b. 1938)
2004scope = row data-sort-value = "Gross, David"David Gross (b. 1941)"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"[107]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Politzer, Hugh"Hugh David Politzer (b. 1949)
scope = row data-sort-value = "Wilczek, Frank"Frank Wilczek (b. 1951)
2005scope = row data-sort-value = "Glauber, Roy"Roy J. Glauber (1925–2018)"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"[108]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Hall, John"John L. Hall (b. 1934)"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
scope = row data-sort-value = "Hansch, Theodor"Theodor W. Hänsch (b. 1941)
2006scope = row data-sort-value = "Mather, John"John C. Mather (b. 1946)"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"[109]
scope=row data-sort-value="Smoot, George" George Smoot (b. 1945)
2007scope=row data-sort-value="Fert, Albert" Albert Fert (b. 1938)"for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance"[110]
scope = row data-sort-value="Grunberg, Peter"Peter Grünberg (1939–2018)
2008scope = row data-sort-value = "Kobayashi, Makoto"Makoto Kobayashi (b. 1944)"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"[111]
scope=row data-sort-value="Maskawa, Toshihide" Toshihide Maskawa (1940–2021)
scope = row data-sort-value = "Nambu, Yoichiro"Yoichiro Nambu (1921–2015)"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
2009scope=row data-sort-value="Kao, Charles" Charles K. Kao (1933–2018)

"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"[112]
scope=row data-sort-value="Boyle, Willard" Willard S. Boyle (1924–2011)"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
scope=row data-sort-value="Smith, George" George E. Smith (b. 1930)
2010scope=row data-sort-value="Geim, Andre" Andre Geim (b. 1958)"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"[113]
scope=row data-sort-value="Novoselov, Konstantin" Konstantin Novoselov (b. 1974)
2011scope=row data-sort-value="Perlmutter, Saul" Saul Perlmutter (b. 1959)"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"[114]
scope=row data-sort-value="Schmidt, Brian" Brian P. Schmidt (b. 1967)
scope=row data-sort-value="Riess, Adam" Adam G. Riess (b. 1969)
2012scope=row data-sort-value="Haroche, Serge" Serge Haroche (b. 1944)"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems."[115]
scope=row data-sort-value="Wineland, David" David J. Wineland (b. 1944)
2013scope=row data-sort-value="Englert, Francois" François Englert (b. 1932)"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"[116]
scope=row data-sort-value="Higgs, Peter" Peter Higgs (1929–2024)
2014scope=row data-sort-value="Akasaki, Isamu" Isamu Akasaki (1929–2021)"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"[117]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Amano, Hiroshi"Hiroshi Amano (b. 1960)
scope = row data-sort-value = "Nakamura, Shuji"Shuji Nakamura (b. 1954)
2015scope=row data-sort-value="Kajita, Takaaki"Takaaki Kajita (b. 1959)"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"[118]
scope = row data-sort-value = "McDonald, Arthur"Arthur B. McDonald (b. 1943)
2016scope = row data-sort-value = "Thouless, David"David J. Thouless (1934–2019)"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"[119]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Haldane, Duncan"Duncan Haldane (b. 1951)
scope=row data-sort-value="Kosterlitz, John" John M. Kosterlitz (b. 1943)

2017scope = row data-sort-value="Weiss, Rainer" Rainer Weiss (b. 1932)"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"[120]
scope = row data-sort-value="Thorne, Kip"Kip Thorne (b. 1940)
scope = row data-sort-value = "Barish, Barry"Barry Barish (b. 1936)
2018scope = row data-sort-value = "Ashkin, Arthur"Arthur Ashkin (1922–2020)"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"[121]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Mourou, Gérard"Gérard Mourou (b. 1944)"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"
scope = row data-sort-value = "Strickland, Donna"Donna Strickland (b. 1959)
2019scope = row data-sort-value= "Peebles, James"James Peebles (b. 1935)"for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology"[122]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Mayor, Michel"Michel Mayor (b. 1942)"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star"
scope = row data-sort-value = "Queloz, Didier"Didier Queloz (b. 1966)
2020scope = row data-sort-value = "Penrose, Roger"Roger Penrose (b. 1931)"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity"[123]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Genzel, Reinhard" Reinhard Genzel (b. 1952)"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
scope = row data-sort-value = "Ghez, Andrea"Andrea M. Ghez (b. 1965)
2021scope = row data-sort-value = "Manabe, Syukuro" Syukuro Manabe (b. 1931)[124] "for the physical modelling of Earth's climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"[125]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Hasselmann, Klaus"Klaus Hasselmann (b. 1931)
scope = row data-sort-value = "Parisi, Giorgio"Giorgio Parisi (b. 1948)"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales"
2022scope = row data-sort-value = "Aspect, Alain" Alain Aspect (b. 1947)"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"[126]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Clauser, John" John Clauser (b. 1942)
scope = row data-sort-value = "Zeilinger, Anton" Anton Zeilinger (b. 1945)
2023scope = row data-sort-value = "L'Huillier, Anne" Anne L'Huillier (b. 1958)"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"[127]
scope = row data-sort-value = "Krausz, Ferenc" Ferenc Krausz (b. 1962)
scope = row data-sort-value = "Agostini, Pierre" Pierre Agostini (b. 1941)

Number of Nobel laureates in Physics by country

CountryNumber of Nobel laureates
90
26
24
16
/ 10
9
9
6
6
5
6
4
3
(1912-1949) 2
2
(Taiwan) 2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize . . 29 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071025001741/http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/ . 25 October 2007 . live .
  2. Web site: The Nobel Prize Awarders . Nobel Foundation. 29 October 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081015013145/http://nobelprize.org/prize_awarders/ . 15 October 2008 .
  3. Web site: The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies . . 29 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080822184717/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/ . 22 August 2008.
  4. Web site: The Nobel Prize . . 29 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081015012957/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/ . 15 October 2008 . live .
  5. Web site: 2023-10-03 . All Nobel Prizes in Physics . 2023-10-03 . . 25 October 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20061025062604/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/ . live .
  6. Web site: Why Nobel-Winning Scientists are Getting Older . Priceonomics . 10 April 2015 . 6 October 2022 . Though Bragg is no longer the youngest Nobel Laureate of all time Malala Yousafzai won the Nobel Peace Prize this past year, at age 17 he is still the youngest in the sciences. . 11 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221011221821/https://priceonomics.com/why-nobel-winning-scientists-are-getting-older/ . live .
  7. Web site: 6 October 2022 . Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics . 6 October 2022 . . 17 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200917051337/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-physics/ . live .
  8. Web site: Nobel Prize Awarded Women . 2023-10-03 . . 24 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210524135446/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/lists/nobel-prize-awarded-women/ . live .
  9. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 . . 23 May 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081017151250/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/index.html . 17 October 2008 . live .
  10. Ioannidis. John. Cristea . Ioana-Alina. Boyack. Kevin. 29 July 2020. Work honored by Nobel prizes clusters heavily in a few scientific fields. PLOS ONE. 15. 7. e0234612. 10.1371/journal.pone.0234612. 32726312. 7390258. 2020PLoSO..1534612I. free.
  11. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213243/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1901/index.html . 17 October 2008 . live .
  12. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034748/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1902/index.html. 21 October 2008. live .
  13. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213248/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1903/index.html. 17 October 2008. live.
  14. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 . . 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213253/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1904/index.html. 17 October 2008 . live.
  15. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081008110704/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1905/index.html. 8 October 2008. live.
  16. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213259/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/index.html. 17 October 2008 . live.
  17. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081210175238/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1907/index.html. 10 December 2008 . live .
  18. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041709/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1908/index.html. 1 December 2008 . live .
  19. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909. . 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080822174212/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1909/index.html. 22 August 2008. live .
  20. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041714/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1910/index.html. 1 December 2008 . live .
  21. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081210175243/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1911/index.html. 10 December 2008. live.
  22. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103139/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1912/index.html. 17 September 2008 . live .
  23. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014454/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1913/index.html. 19 September 2008 . live.
  24. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080915195235/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1914/index.html. 15 September 2008 . live .
  25. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915. . 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081019182238/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1915/index.html. 19 October 2008. live .
  26. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917. Nobel Foundation. 9 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20081011063800/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1917/index.html. 11 October 2008. live.
  27. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918. Nobel Foundation. 9 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20081007223546/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1918/index.html. 7 October 2008. live.
  28. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081020155453/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1919/index.html. 20 October 2008. live.
  29. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080912040115/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1920/index.html . 12 September 2008 . live .
  30. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213314/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1922/index.html . 17 October 2008 . live .
  31. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081102193126/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1923/index.html . 2 November 2008 . live .
  32. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041739/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1924/index.html . 1 December 2008 . live .
  33. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080919052335/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1925/index.html . 19 September 2008 . live .
  34. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201093003/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1926/index.html . 1 December 2008 . live .
  35. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201041754/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1927/index.html . 1 December 2008 . live .
  36. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081202144516/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1928/index.html . 2 December 2008 . live .
  37. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052522/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1929/index.html . 24 October 2008 . live .
  38. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141011205133/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/index.html . 11 October 2014 . live .
  39. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081019182244/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/index.html . 19 October 2008 . live .
  40. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213324/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1933/index.html . 17 October 2008 . live .
  41. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081015033135/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1935/index.html . 15 October 2008 . live .
  42. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080916084743/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/index.html . 16 September 2008 . live .
  43. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090118/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1937/index.html . 14 September 2008 . live .
  44. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213329/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1938/index.html . 17 October 2008 . live .
  45. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052532/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1939/index.html . 24 October 2008 . live .
  46. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081028225301/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1943/index.html . 28 October 2008 . live .
  47. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090830030342/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1944/index.html . 30 August 2009 . live .
  48. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081011111759/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1945/index.html . 11 October 2008 . live .
  49. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201093008/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1946/index.html . 1 December 2008 . live .
  50. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081015033140/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1947/index.html . 15 October 2008 . live .
  51. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081210174412/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1948/index.html . 10 December 2008 . live .
  52. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034758/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1949/index.html . 21 October 2008 . live .
  53. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081005100443/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1950/index.html . 5 October 2008 . live .
  54. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080917024912/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1951/index.html . 17 September 2008 . live .
  55. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201111644/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1952/index.html . 1 December 2008 . live .
  56. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081202143951/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1953/index.html . 2 December 2008 . live .
  57. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034803/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/index.html . 21 October 2008 . live .
  58. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081201093027/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1955/index.html . 1 December 2008 . live .
  59. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090334/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1956/index.html . 14 September 2008 . live .
  60. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034808/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/index.html . 21 October 2008 . live .
  61. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081017213334/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1958/index.html . 17 October 2008 . live .
  62. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081028225311/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1959/index.html . 28 October 2008 . live .
  63. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081206005316/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1960/index.html . 6 December 2008 . live .
  64. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081104055012/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1961/index.html . 4 November 2008 . live .
  65. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081022204150/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1962/index.html . 22 October 2008 . live .
  66. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081022204155/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1963/index.html . 22 October 2008 . live .
  67. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080917024917/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1964/index.html . 17 September 2008 . live .
  68. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034818/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1965/index.html . 21 October 2008 . live .
  69. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215809/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1966/index.html . 18 December 2008 . live .
  70. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215814/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1967/index.html . 18 December 2008 . live .
  71. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 . Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052547/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1968/index.html . 24 October 2008 . live .
  72. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081104055023/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1969/index.html . 4 November 2008 . live .
  73. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014504/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1970/index.html . 19 September 2008 . live .
  74. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081105072646/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1971/index.html . 5 November 2008 . live .
  75. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014509/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/index.html . 19 September 2008 . live .
  76. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110621141041/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1973/index.html . 21 June 2011 . 9 October 2008 . Nobel Foundation.
  77. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081210193210/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1974/index.html . 10 December 2008 . live .
  78. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081015033145/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1975/index.html . 15 October 2008 . live .
  79. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081014111342/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1976/index.html . 14 October 2008 . live .
  80. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014515/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1977/index.html . 19 September 2008 . live .
  81. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034833/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1978/index.html . 21 October 2008 . live .
  82. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090226040152/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/index.html . 26 February 2009 . live .
  83. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081211004721/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1980/index.html . 11 December 2008 . live .
  84. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080801111427/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1981/index.html . 1 August 2008 . live .
  85. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081021043113/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1982/index.html . 21 October 2008 . live .
  86. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081013101810/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1983/index.html . 13 October 2008 . live .
  87. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080917024922/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1984/index.html . 17 September 2008 . live .
  88. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090341/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1985/index.html . 14 September 2008 . live .
  89. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080917103215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1986/index.html . 17 September 2008 . live .
  90. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080919014520/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1987/index.html . 19 September 2008 . live .
  91. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081011111804/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1988/index.html . 11 October 2008 . live .
  92. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034844/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1989/index.html . 21 October 2008 . live .
  93. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081218215855/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1990/index.html . 18 December 2008 . live .
  94. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081102193215/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1991/index.html . 2 November 2008 . live .
  95. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081022071715/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1992/index.html . 22 October 2008 . live .
  96. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20131014091534/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1993/index.html. 14 October 2013. live .
  97. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20080915060616/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1994/index.html. 15 September 2008. live .
  98. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081028225427/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1995/index.html. 28 October 2008. live.
  99. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20090212091915/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1996/index.html. 12 February 2009. live.
  100. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081007171154/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1997/index.html . 7 October 2008 . live .
  101. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081211005110/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1998/index.html . 11 December 2008 . live .
  102. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034857/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1999/index.html. 21 October 2008. live.
  103. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034902/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/index.html . 21 October 2008 . live .
  104. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081019182316/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2001/index.html. 19 October 2008. live.
  105. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090324053221/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2002/index.html . 24 March 2009 . live .
  106. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 . . 9 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081008110720/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2003/index.html . 8 October 2008 . live .
  107. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052705/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2004/index.html. 24 October 2008. live .
  108. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081024052710/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2005/index.html. 24 October 2008. live.
  109. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081011142836/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2006/index.html. 11 October 2008. live.
  110. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2007. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110805062614/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2007/index.html. 5 August 2011.
  111. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20081008214840/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2008/index.html. 8 October 2008. live.
  112. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 . . 6 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091008215314/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2009/index.html . 8 October 2009 . live .
  113. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 . . 5 October 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221326/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2010/index.html . 7 October 2010 . live .
  114. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 . Nobel Foundation. 4 October 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120801221425/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2011/index.html . 1 August 2012 . live .
  115. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012. Nobel Foundation. 9 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121011232400/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2012/index.html. 11 October 2012. live.
  116. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013. Nobel Foundation. 8 October 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20240405023447/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2013/summary/. 5 April 2024. dead. dmy-all.
  117. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 . . 7 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240407181951/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2014/summary/ . 7 April 2024 . live.
  118. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 . . 5 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240506235854/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2015/summary/ . 6 May 2024 . live .
  119. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 . Nobel Foundation. 4 October 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405024846/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2016/summary/ . 5 April 2024 . live .
  120. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 . . 3 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405024446/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2017/summary/ . 5 April 2024 . live .
  121. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 . . 2 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240504112438/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/summary/ . 4 May 2024 . live .
  122. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019 . . 8 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240504102129/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2019/summary/. 4 May 2024 . live .
  123. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020 . . 6 October 2020 . 4 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240504103334/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/ . live .
  124. Web site: He is considered a U.S. citizen by Nobel Prize Committee. . . 5 October 2021 . 5 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211005162722/https://www.reuters.com/resizer/fEyxJm4jLzoTBe6QjP45ECAfe-o=/960x0/filters:quality(80)/cloudfront-us-east-2.images.arcpublishing.com/reuters/QHFCJQQJGZPDNJDYCZDTTPWSZ4.jpg . live .
  125. Web site: 5 October 2021 . The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 . 6 October 2022 . . 4 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240504063255/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2021/summary/ . live .
  126. Web site: 4 October 2022 . The Nobel Prize in Physics 2022 . 6 October 2022 . . 28 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240428042346/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2022/summary/ . live .
  127. Web site: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023. Nobel Foundation. 3 October 2023. 3 October 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20240504070254/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2023/summary/. 4 May 2024. live.

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