List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty explained
This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty comprehensively shows alumni (graduates and attendees) or faculty members (professors of various ranks, researchers, and visiting lecturers or professors) affiliated with Columbia University in New York City who were awarded the Nobel Prize or the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. People who have given public lectures, talks or non-curricular seminars; studied as non-degree students; received honorary degrees; or served as administrative staff at the university are excluded from the list. Summer school attendees and visitors are generally excluded from the list, since summer terms are not part of formal academic years; the same rule applies to the extension school.
Alumni or faculty members of Barnard College after 1900 and Bard College by 1944 are included in the list.[1] [2] Physicians and long-term medical staff of the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital are included in the list.[3] [4]
The Nobel Prizes, established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, are awarded to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of Chemistry, Literature, Peace, Physics, and Physiology or Medicine.[5] An associated prize, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (commonly known as the Nobel Prize in Economics), was instituted by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, in 1968 and was first awarded in 1969.[6]
As of the 2023 awards, 103 Nobel laureates have been affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty. Among the 103 laureates, 72 are Nobel laureates in natural sciences; 46 are Columbia alumni (graduates and attendees) and 34 have been long-term academic members of the Columbia faculty; and subject-wise, 33 laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, more than any other subject. This list considers Nobel laureates as equal individuals and does not consider their various prize shares or if they received the prize more than once.
Summary
See also: List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation. All types of affiliations, namely alumni and faculty members, count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page.
In the following list, the number following a person's name is the year they received the prize; in particular, a number with asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at Columbia University (including emeritus staff). A name marked with a dagger (†) indicates that this person has already been listed in a previous category (i.e., multiple affiliations).
Nobel laureates by category
Nobel laureates in Physics
No.!scope=col class=unsortableImage | scope=col | Name | scope=col | Year | scope=col | Affiliation with Columbia University |
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scope=row | 1 | | data-sort-value="Millikan, Robert" | Robert Millikan | 1923 | PhD[7] |
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scope=row | 2 | | data-sort-value="Fermi, Enrico" | Enrico Fermi | 1938 | Professor[8] |
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scope=row | 3 | | data-sort-value="Rabi, Isidor" | Isidor Rabi | 1944 | PhD; Professor[9] |
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scope=row | 4 | | data-sort-value="Yukawa, Hideki" | Hideki Yukawa | 1949 | Professor[10] |
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scope=row | 5 | | data-sort-value="Kusch, Polykarp" | Polykarp Kusch | 1955 | Professor[11] |
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scope=row | 6 | | data-sort-value="Lamb, Willis" | Willis Lamb | 1955 | Professor[12] |
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scope=row | 7 | | data-sort-value="Lee, Tsung-Dao" | Tsung-Dao Lee | 1957 | Professor[13] |
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scope=row | 8 | | data-sort-value="Segrè, Emilio" | Emilio Segrè | 1959 | Visitor (1935, 1936)[14] [15] |
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scope=row | 9 | | data-sort-value="Mayer, Maria" | Maria Mayer | 1963 | Researcher (1942–1945); Manhattan Project (1939–1945)[16] |
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scope=row | 10 | | data-sort-value="Townes, Charles" | Charles Townes | 1964 | Professor[17] |
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scope=row | 11 | | data-sort-value="Schwinger, Julian" | Julian Schwinger | 1965 | BA, PhD[18] |
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scope=row | 12 | | data-sort-value="Bethe, Hans" | Hans Bethe | 1967 | Visiting Professor (Spring 1941, 1948)[19] [20] |
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scope=row | 13 | | data-sort-value="Gell-Mann, Murray" | Murray Gell-Mann | 1969 | Visiting Associate Professor (Fall 1954)[21] |
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scope=row | 14 | | data-sort-value="Cooper, Leon" | Leon Cooper | 1972 | BA, MA, PhD[22] |
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scope=row | 15 | | data-sort-value="Bohr, Aage" | Aage Bohr | 1975 | Visiting Fellow (1949–1950)[23] |
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scope=row | 16 | | data-sort-value="Rainwater, James" | James Rainwater | 1975 | MA, PhD; Professor[24] |
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scope=row | 17 | | data-sort-value="Ting, Samuel" | Samuel Ting | 1976 | Assistant Professor (1965–1967) and Instructor (1964–1965)[25] |
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scope=row | 18 | | data-sort-value="Penzias, Arno" | Arno Penzias | 1978 | MA, PhD[26] |
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scope=row | 19 | | data-sort-value="Weinberg, Steven" | Steven Weinberg | 1979 | Instructor (1957–1959)[27] |
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scope=row | 20 | | data-sort-value="Fitch, Val" | Val Fitch | 1980 | PhD[28] |
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scope=row | 21 | | data-sort-value="Schawlow, Arthur" | Arthur Schawlow | 1981 | Visiting Associate Professor (1960); Fellow and Research Associate (1949–1951)[29] |
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scope=row | 22 | | data-sort-value="Rubbia, Carlo" | Carlo Rubbia | 1984 | Research Fellow (1958–1959)[30] |
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scope=row | 23 | | data-sort-value="Lederman, Leon" | Leon Lederman | 1988 | MA, PhD; Professor[31] |
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scope=row | 24 | | data-sort-value="Schwartz, Melvin" | Melvin Schwartz | 1988 | BA, PhD; Professor; Research Associate[32] |
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scope=row | 25 | | data-sort-value="Steinberger, Jack" | Jack Steinberger | 1988 | Professor[33] |
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scope=row | 26 | | data-sort-value="Ramsey, Norman" | Norman Foster Ramsey Jr. | 1989 | BA, PhD; Associate Professor[34] |
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scope=row | 27 | | data-sort-value="Perl, Martin" | Martin Perl | 1995 | PhD[35] |
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scope=row | 28 | | data-sort-value="Störmer, Horst" | Horst Störmer | 1998 | Professor[36] |
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scope=row | 29 | | data-sort-value="Tsui, Daniel C." | Daniel C. Tsui | 1998 | Adjunct Scientist[37] |
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scope=row | 30 | | data-sort-value="Mather, John C." | John C. Mather | 2006 | Lecturer (1975–1976)[38] |
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scope=row | 31 | | data-sort-value="Ashkin, Arthur" | Arthur Ashkin | 2018 | BA[39] |
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32 | | data-sort-value="Parisi, Giorgio" | Giorgio Parisi | 2021 | Researcher (1973–1974)[40] |
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33 | | data-sort-value="Clauser, John" | John Clauser | 2022 | MA, PhD[41] | |
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Nobel laureates in Chemistry
No.!scope=col class=unsortableImage | scope=col | Name | scope=col | Year | scope=col | Affiliation with Columbia University |
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scope=row | 1 | | data-sort-value="Langmuir, Irving" | Irving Langmuir | 1932 | BS[42] |
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scope=row | 2 | | data-sort-value="Urey, Harold" | Harold Urey | 1934 | Professor[43] |
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scope=row | 3 | | data-sort-value="Northrop, John H." | John H. Northrop | 1946 | BS, MA, PhD[44] |
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scope=row | 4 | | data-sort-value="Libby, Willard" | Willard Libby | 1960 | Head, Chemistry Division of the Columbia University branch of the Manhattan Project (1942–1945)[45] [46] [47] |
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scope=row | 5 | | data-sort-value="Leloir, Luis" | Luis Leloir | 1970 | Researcher, College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia (1944–1945)[48] [49] |
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scope=row | 6 | | data-sort-value="Stein, William H." | William H. Stein | 1972 | PhD[50] |
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scope=row | 7 | | data-sort-value="Hoffmann, Roald" | Roald Hoffmann | 1981 | BA[51] |
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scope=row | 8 | | data-sort-value="Hauptman, Herbert" | Herbert Hauptman | 1985 | MA[52] |
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scope=row | 9 | | data-sort-value="Altman, Sidney" | Sidney Altman | 1989 | Graduate student in physics[53] |
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scope=row | 10 | | data-sort-value="Knowles, William S." | William S. Knowles | 2001 | PhD[54] |
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scope=row | 11 | | data-sort-value="Grubbs, Robert" | Robert Grubbs | 2005 | PhD[55] |
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scope=row | 12 | | data-sort-value="Chalfie, Martin" | Martin Chalfie | 2008 | Professor[56] |
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scope=row | 13 | | data-sort-value="Lefkowitz, Robert" | Robert Lefkowitz | 2012 | BA, MD[57] |
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scope=row | 14 | | data-sort-value="Karplus, Martin" | Martin Karplus | 2013 | Professor[58] |
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scope=row | 15 | | data-sort-value="Frank, Joachim" | Joachim Frank | 2017 | Professor[59] |
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16 | | Louis E. Brus | 2023 | PhD; Professor[60] | |
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Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine
No.!scope=col class=unsortableImage | scope=col | Name | scope=col | Year | scope=col | Affiliation with Columbia University |
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scope=row | 1 | | data-sort-value="Morgan, Thomas H." | Thomas H. Morgan | 1933 | Professor[61] |
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scope=row | 2 | | data-sort-value="Muller, Hermann J." | Hermann J. Muller | 1946 | BA, MA, PhD; Instructor in Zoology (1918–1920)[62] [63] |
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scope=row | 3 | | data-sort-value="Kendall, Edward C." | Edward C. Kendall | 1950 | BS, MS, PhD[64] |
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scope=row | 4 | | data-sort-value="Cournand, André" | André Cournand | 1956 | Professor[65] |
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scope=row | 5 | | data-sort-value="Richards, Dickinson" | Dickinson Richards | 1956 | MD; Professor[66] |
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scope=row | 6 | | data-sort-value="Lederberg, Joshua" | Joshua Lederberg | 1958 | BA; Research Assistant[67] |
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scope=row | 7 | | data-sort-value="Bloch, Konrad" | Konrad Bloch | 1965 | PhD; Researcher[68] |
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scope=row | 8 | | data-sort-value="Wald, George" | George Wald | 1967 | PhD[69] |
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scope=row | 9 | | data-sort-value="Luria, Salvador" | Salvador Luria | 1969 | Research Assistant in Surgical Bacteriology (1940–1942)[70] |
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scope=row | 10 | | data-sort-value="Lorenz, Konrad" | Konrad Lorenz | 1973 | Undergraduate attendee (1922, one semester of premedical studies)[71] |
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scope=row | 11 | | data-sort-value="Blumberg, Baruch" | Baruch Blumberg | 1976 | MD; Medical Resident[72] |
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scope=row | 12 | | data-sort-value="Gajdusek, Carleton" | Carleton Gajdusek | 1976 | Medical Resident at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center[73] [74] [75] |
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scope=row | 13 | | data-sort-value="Nathans, Daniel" | Daniel Nathans | 1978 | Intern (1954–1955) and Resident (1957–1959) in Medicine, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center[76] |
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scope=row | 14 | | data-sort-value="Benacerraf, Baruj" | Baruj Benacerraf | 1980 | BS; Researcher[77] |
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scope=row | 15 | | data-sort-value="Bergström, Sune" | Sune Bergström | 1982 | Research Fellow (1940–1941)[78] |
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scope=row | 16 | | data-sort-value="Varmus, Harold" | Harold Varmus | 1989 | MD[79] |
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scope=row | 17 | | data-sort-value="Thomas, Donnall" | Donnall Thomas | 1990 | Physician-in-chief, Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital (1955–1963)[80] [81] |
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scope=row | 18 | | data-sort-value="Ignarro, Louis" | Louis Ignarro | 1998 | BA[82] |
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scope=row | 19 | | data-sort-value="Kandel, Eric" | Eric Kandel | 2000 | Professor[83] |
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scope=row | 20 | | data-sort-value="Buck, Linda" | Linda Buck | 2004 | Postdoctoral Researcher (1980–1984)[84] |
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scope=row | 21 | | data-sort-value="Axel, Richard" | Richard Axel | 2004 | BA; Professor[85] |
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scope=row | 22 | | data-sort-value="Rothman, James" | James Rothman | 2013 | Professor[86] |
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23 | | data-sort-value="Julius, David" | David Julius | 2021 | Postdoctoral Researcher (1984–1990)[87] [88] | |
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Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics
No.!scope=col class=unsortableImage | scope=col | Name | scope=col | Year | scope=col | Affiliation with Columbia University |
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scope=row | 1 | | data-sort-value="Kuznets, Simon" | Simon Kuznets | 1971 | BS, MA, PhD[89] |
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scope=row | 2 | | data-sort-value="Arrow, Kenneth" | Kenneth Arrow | 1972 | MA, PhD[90] |
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scope=row | 3 | | data-sort-value="Friedman, Milton" | Milton Friedman | 1976 | PhD; Visiting Professor[91] |
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scope=row | 4 | | data-sort-value="Stigler, George" | George Stigler | 1982 | Professor[92] |
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scope=row | 5 | | data-sort-value="Modigliani, Franco" | Franco Modigliani | 1985 | Instructor at Bard College (1942–1944)[93] |
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scope=row | 6 | | data-sort-value="Solow, Robert" | Robert Solow | 1987 | Research Fellow (1949–1950)[94] |
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scope=row | 7 | | data-sort-value="Becker, Gary" | Gary Becker | 1992 | Professor[95] |
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scope=row | 8 | | data-sort-value="Fogel, Robert" | Robert Fogel | 1993 | MA[96] |
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scope=row | 9 | | data-sort-value="Vickrey, William" | William Vickrey | 1996 | MA, PhD; Professor[97] |
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scope=row | 10 | | data-sort-value="Merton, Robert C." | Robert C. Merton | 1997 | BS[98] |
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scope=row | 11 | | data-sort-value="Mundell, Robert" | Robert Mundell | 1999 | Professor[99] |
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scope=row | 12 | | data-sort-value="Heckman, James" | James Heckman | 2000 | Associate Professor[100] |
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scope=row | 13 | | data-sort-value="Stiglitz, Joseph" | Joseph Stiglitz | 2001 | Professor; Stern Visiting Professor[101] |
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scope=row | 14 | | data-sort-value="Phelps, Edmund" | Edmund Phelps | 2006 | Professor[102] |
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scope=row | 15 | | data-sort-value="Roth, Alvin" | Alvin Roth | 2012 | BS[103] |
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16 | | data-sort-value="Card, David" | David Card | 2021 | Visiting Professor (1990–1991)[104] |
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17 | | Joshua Angrist | 2021 | Visiting Professor (2018)[105] | |
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Nobel laureates in Literature
No.!scope=col class=unsortableImage | scope=col | Name | scope=col | Year | scope=col | Affiliation with Columbia University |
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scope=row | 1 | | data-sort-value="Mistral, Gabriela" | Gabriela Mistral | 1945 | Visiting Professor at Barnard College (1930–1931)[106] [107] [108] |
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scope=row | 2 | | data-sort-value="Brodsky, Joseph" | Joseph Brodsky | 1987 | Adjunct Professor (1978–1985)[109] [110] |
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scope=row | 3 | | data-sort-value="Gordimer, Nadine" | Nadine Gordimer | 1991 | Adjunct Professor (1971–1972, 1976–1978, 1983)[111] |
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scope=row | 4 | | data-sort-value="Walcott, Derek" | Derek Walcott | 1992 | Visiting Professor (1979, 1981–1983, 1984)[112] |
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scope=row | 5 | | data-sort-value="Pamuk, Orhan" | Orhan Pamuk | 2006 | Professor; Visiting Scholar[113] |
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scope=row | 6 | | data-sort-value="Glück, Louise" | Louise Glück | 2020 | Undergraduate attendee[114] | |
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Nobel Peace Prize laureates
No.!scope=col class=unsortableImage | scope=col | Name | scope=col | Year | scope=col | Affiliation with Columbia University |
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scope=row | 1 | | data-sort-value="Roosevelt, Theodore" | Theodore Roosevelt | 1906 | Law student[115] |
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scope=row | 2 | | data-sort-value="Butler, Nicholas" | Nicholas Butler | 1931 | BA, MA, PhD; Professor; President[116] |
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3 | | data-sort-value="Wiesel, Elie" | Elie Wiesel | 1986 | Visiting Professor at Barnard College (1997–1999)[117] |
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4 | | data-sort-value="Gore, Al" | Al Gore | 2007 | Visiting Professor (2001)[118] [119] |
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5 | | data-sort-value="Obama, Barack" | Barack Obama | 2009 | BA[120] |
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6 | | data-sort-value="Liu, Xiaobo" | Liu Xiaobo | 2010 | Visiting Scholar (1988–1989)[121] [122] |
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7 | | data-sort-value="Gbowee, Leymah" | Leymah Gbowee | 2011 | Distinguished Fellow in Social Justice at Barnard College (2013–2014)[123] [124] |
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8 | | Maria Ressa | 2021 | Professor[125] | |
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Some visitors not qualified as faculty members
Visiting positions such as the "Global Fellowship" of SIPA and "Ernest Kempton Adams (EKA) Lectureship" at Columbia do not require employment-level duties, and thus are excluded from this list.[126] [127] [128] The EKA Fund was established in 1904, enabling Columbia to invite scientists to deliver a series of public lectures.[129]
Affiliates during the Manhattan Project, the scientific research project which developed the first nuclear weapons, who specifically worked for the military are also excluded from this list.
Name!scope=colNobel Prize | scope=col | Year | scope=col | Role in Columbia University |
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scope=row | Hendrik Lorentz | Physics | 1902 | EKA Lecturer about a month in the spring of 1906; Lorentz began his lectures on March 23, and gave his final lecture on April 27; later book Theory of Electrons was based on a course of lectures delivered during that period[130] [131] [132] [133] |
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scope=row | Wilhelm Wien | Physics | 1911 | EKA Lecturer (1913); delivered six public lectures in April 1913[134] |
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scope=row | Max Planck | Physics | 1918 | EKA Lecturer (1909); delivered eight public lectures in the spring of 1909[135] |
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scope=row | Walter Brattain | Physics | 1956 | Physicist (1941–1943) at the Division of War Research under National Defense Research Committee, working on magnetic detection of submarines[136] [137] [138] |
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scope=row | William Shockley | Physics | 1956 | Research Director (1942–1944) of the Antisubmarine Warfare Operations Research Group (set up by the US Navy Department at Columbia) for military projects[139] [140] |
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scope=row | John van Vleck | Physics | 1977 | Visiting lecturer for summer school (1934)[141] [142] |
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scope=row | Kofi Annan | Peace | 2001 | Global Fellow (Spring 2009), School of International and Public Affairs, for public lectures and seminars | |
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Notes
- Web site: Barnard's Story Barnard College. October 16, 2017. www.barnard.edu. en. October 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171012095927/https://barnard.edu/about/womens-college/history. live.
- Web site: College. Bard. September 17, 2013. History of Bard College. December 14, 2017. www.bard.edu. en. June 14, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110614212715/http://www.bard.edu/about/history/. live.
- Web site: Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital. October 13, 2020. www.columbia.edu. December 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191223122413/https://library-archives.cumc.columbia.edu/finding-aid-subjects/mary-imogene-bassett-hospital. live.
- Web site: Residency Programs Bassett Healthcare Network. October 13, 2020. www.bassett.org. October 24, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201024235535/https://www.bassett.org/medical-education/residency-programs. live.
- Web site: Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize. May 18, 2017. Nobel Foundation. May 19, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170519190836/http://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/. live.
- Web site: The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. May 18, 2017. Nobel Foundation. August 13, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180813234814/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/. live.
- Web site: Millikan, Robert Andrews, 1868–1953. January 8, 2018. history.aip.org. January 8, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180108174941/https://history.aip.org/phn/11403004.html. live.
- Web site: Fermi, Enrico, 1901–1954. January 6, 2018. history.aip.org. January 7, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120052/https://history.aip.org/phn/11508031.html. live.
- Web site: Rabi, I. I. (Isidor Isaac), 1898–1988. January 5, 2018. history.aip.org. January 6, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106063610/https://history.aip.org/phn/11407006.html. live.
- Web site: Hideki Yukawa – Biographical. January 5, 2018. www.nobelprize.org. March 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180316203921/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1949/yukawa-bio.html. live.
- Web site: Kusch, Polykarp, 1911–1993. January 4, 2018. history.aip.org. January 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180105123050/https://history.aip.org/phn/11604009.html. live.
- Web site: Lamb, Willis E. (Willis Eugene), 1913–2008. January 4, 2018. history.aip.org. January 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011833/https://history.aip.org/phn/11604013.html. live.
- Web site: Tsung-Dao Lee's Home Page. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170826035651/http://tdlee.ccast.ac.cn/eindex.html. August 26, 2017. January 4, 2018. tdlee.ccast.ac.cn.
- News: June 20, 2013. Emilio Segrè. en-US. Berkeley Lab. April 26, 2017. July 31, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170731042818/http://www.lbl.gov/nobelists/1959-emilio-g-segre/. live.
- Web site: April 22, 2015. Emilio Segrè. July 9, 2021. www.aip.org. en. February 20, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180220152009/https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4876. live.
- Web site: Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 1906–1972. January 4, 2018. history.aip.org. January 5, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180105011529/https://history.aip.org/phn/11604031.html. live.
- Web site: Townes, Charles H.. January 3, 2018. history.aip.org. January 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013942/https://history.aip.org/phn/11408013.html. live.
- Web site: Schwinger, Julian, 1918–1994. January 3, 2018. history.aip.org. January 4, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013918/https://history.aip.org/phn/11601024.html. live.
- Web site: Bethe, Hans A. (Hans Albrecht), 1906–2005. January 3, 2018. history.aip.org. October 23, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171023011933/https://history.aip.org/phn/11412006.html. live.
- Web site: December 17, 2014. Hans Bethe – Session II. July 9, 2021. www.aip.org. en. March 1, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225012/https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4504-2. live.
- Web site: Caltech Mourns the Passing of Murray Gell-Mann (1929–2019). June 15, 2021. www.caltech.edu. May 24, 2019 . April 19, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210419063455/https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/caltech-mourns-passing-murray-gell-mann. live.
- Web site: Leon N. Cooper – Curriculum Vitae. January 2, 2018. www.nobelprize.org. January 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072425/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1972/cooper-cv.html. live.
- Web site: Bohr, Aage. January 2, 2018. history.aip.org. January 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072817/https://history.aip.org/phn/11707003.html. live.
- Web site: Rainwater, James, 1917–1986. January 2, 2018. history.aip.org. January 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072820/https://history.aip.org/phn/11608023.html. live.
- Web site: Ting, S. C. C. (Samuel Chao-chung), 1936–. January 2, 2018. history.aip.org. January 3, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072907/https://history.aip.org/phn/11603033.html. live.
- Web site: Penzias, Arno A.. December 29, 2017. history.aip.org. December 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172346/https://history.aip.org/phn/11506004.html. live.
- Web site: Weinberg, Steven, 1933–. December 29, 2017. history.aip.org. December 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172027/https://history.aip.org/phn/11503008.html. live.
- Web site: Fitch, Val L., 1923–2015. December 28, 2017. history.aip.org. December 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112250/https://history.aip.org/phn/11509012.html. live.
- Web site: Schawlow, Arthur L., 1921–1999. December 28, 2017. history.aip.org. December 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171229112239/https://history.aip.org/phn/11503015.html. live.
- Web site: Hoffmann. Ilire Hasani, Robert. Academy of Europe: Rubbia Carlo. December 28, 2017. www.ae-info.org. December 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171228232522/http://www.ae-info.org/ae/Member/Rubbia_Carlo. live.
- Web site: Lederman, Leon M.. December 22, 2017. history.aip.org. December 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220210/https://history.aip.org/phn/11605003.html. live.
- Web site: Schwartz, Melvin, 1932–2006. December 22, 2017. history.aip.org. December 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220135/https://history.aip.org/phn/11601031.html. live.
- Web site: Steinberger, J.. December 22, 2017. history.aip.org. December 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220112/https://history.aip.org/phn/11604036.html. live.
- Web site: Ramsey, Norman, 1915–2011. December 22, 2017. history.aip.org. December 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171222220159/https://history.aip.org/phn/11408011.html. live.
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