List of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene explained

This is a list of New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years Before Present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present day.^[1] This epoch equates with the latter third of the Haweran Stage of the Wanganui epoch in the New Zealand geologic time scale.

The North Island and South Island are the two largest islands of New Zealand. Stewart Island is the largest of the smaller islands. New Zealand proper also includes outlying islands such as the Chatham Islands, Kermadec Islands, and New Zealand Subantarctic Islands. Only New Zealand proper is represented on this list, not the Realm of New Zealand. For extinctions in the Cook Islands, Niue, or Tokelau, see the List of Oceanian animals extinct in the Holocene.

The islands of East Polynesia (including New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island) were among the last habitable places on Earth colonised by humans.^{[2] [3]} The first settlers of New Zealand migrated from Polynesia and became the Māori people.^[4] According to archeological and genetic research, the ancestors of the Māori arrived in New Zealand no earlier than about 1280 CE, with at least the main settlement period between about 1320 and 1350,^[5] consistent with evidence based on whakapapa (genealogical traditions).^{[6] [7]} No credible evidence exists of pre-Māori settlement of New Zealand. In 1642, the Dutch navigator Abel Tasman became the first European explorer known to visit New Zealand.^[8] In 1769, British explorer James Cook became the first European to map New Zealand and communicate with the Māori.^{[9] [10]} From the late 18th century, the country was regularly visited by explorers and other sailors, missionaries, traders and adventurers. In 1840, the Treaty of Waitangi annexed New Zealand into the British Empire.^{[11] [12] [13]} As a result of the influx of settlers, the population of Pākehā (European New Zealanders) grew explosively from fewer than 1,000 in 1831 to 500,000 by 1881.^[14]

Numerous species have disappeared from New Zealand as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, had a significant impact on the environment. The arrival of the Māori resulted in animal extinctions due to deforestation and hunting.^[15] The Māori also brought two species of land mammals, Polynesian rats (Rattus exulans) and kurī, a breed of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris).^[16] In pre-human times, bats were the only land mammals found in New Zealand.^[17] Polynesian rats definitely contributed to extinctions, and kurī might have contributed as well.^{[18] [19]} Like the Māori settlers centuries earlier, the European settlers hunted native animals and engaged in habitat destruction. They also introduced numerous invasive species.^[20] A few examples are black rats (Rattus rattus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus),^[21] domestic cats (Felis catus),^[22] stoats (Mustela erminea),^[23] and common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula).^[24]

This list of extinct species only includes the indigenous biota of New Zealand, not domestic animals like the kurī.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Bats (order Chiroptera)

New Zealand short-tailed bats (family Mystacinidae)

Possibly extinct

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Eared seals (family Otariidae)

-- sortable-->"	Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
New Zealand sea lion	Phocarctos hookeri 'NZ'	Coastal North and South Island	Distinct lineage of the New Zealand sea lion once found all over the North and South Islands, as evidenced by ancient DNA studies on subfossil remains dating to just before 1280 CE.^[26] It was hunted to extinction by the Maori within a few centuries. Afterwards, the subantarctic lineage of the New Zealand sea lion colonised Stewart Island and the southeastern coast of the South Island from the Auckland and Campbell Islands.^[27]
Chatham Islands sea lion	Phocarctos hookeri 'Chathams'	Chatham Islands	Distinct lineage that became extinct due to overhunting within two centuries of Moriori settlement, in 1450-1650 CE.^[28]

Birds (class Aves)

Moa (order Dinornithiformes)

Giant moa (family Dinornithidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
North Island giant moa	Dinornis novaezealandiae	North Island and Great Barrier Island	Most recent bones in the Ruahine Range were dated to 1286–1390 CE.^[29] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Moa chicks may have also been eaten by Polynesian dogs.^[30]
South Island giant moa	Dinornis robustus	South Island, Stewart Island, and D'Urville Island	Most recent bones in Tumbledown Bay, Canterbury were dated to 1451–1952 CE (1558–1728 CE maximum likelihood), making this a contender for last surviving moa species.^[31] They were hunted, and their bones are widespread in Māori middens, shaped into tools and ornaments. Estimates of moa remains in 1,200 open ovens and middens surveyed in the vicinity of the Waitaki River mouth during the 1930s range from 29,000 to 90,000. Moa chicks may have been eaten by Polynesian dogs. Burning of the giant moa's dry forest and shrubland habitat also likely reduced their numbers.^[32]

Lesser moa (family Emeidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Bush moa	Anomalopteryx didiformis	North Island, South Island, and Stewart Island^[33]	Most recent bones in Echo Valley, Fiordland were dated to 1310-1420 CE. The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Moa chicks may have been eaten by Polynesian dogs.^[34]
Eastern moa	Emeus crassus	South Island	Most recent eggshell fragments at Wairau Bar were dated to 1320–1350 CE.^[35] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Remains are widespread in middens, along with tools used to cut up carcasses and to work bones into tools. Middens in the Marlborough district contained remains of more than 4,000 individuals and large numbers of eggs. Eastern moa was the second most abundant species recorded after the broad-billed moa. Moa chicks may have also been eaten by Polynesian dogs. Burning of the eastern moa's forest and shrubland habitat is also likely to have reduced its numbers.^[36]
Broad-billed moa	Euryapteryx curtus	North, South, Stewart, and Great Barrier Island^[37]	Most recent bones in Ototara, North Otago were dated to 1464–1637 CE, making this a contender for last surviving moa species. The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Remains are widespread in middens, along with specialised tools used to cut up carcasses and to work bones into tools. Moa chicks may have also been eaten by Polynesian dogs. Burning of the broad-billed moa's forest and shrubland habitat is also likely to have reduced its numbers.
Heavy-footed moa	Pachyornis elephantopus	South Island and Stewart Island	Most recent bones in Kawarau Valley, Central Otago were dated to 1294–1438 CE. The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Moa chicks may also have been eaten by Polynesian dogs. Burning of eastern dryland forests and shrublands is also likely to have reduced the extent of suitable habitat.^[38]
Mantell's moa	Pachyornis geranoides	North Island	Most recent remains were dated to 1278–1415 CE.^[39] The main cause of extinction was overhunting. Moa chicks may also have been eaten by Polynesian dogs.^[40]
Crested moa	Pachyornis australis	South Island	Subalpine restricted species believed extinct during the Pleistocene-Holocene extinction around 10,000 years ago, until a partial skeleton from the Bulmer Cavern of Mount Owen was dated to 1396–1442 CE. The main cause of extinction was probably overhunting. Crested moa chicks may also have been eaten by Polynesian dogs.^[41]

Upland moa (family Megalapterygidae)

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Chatham duck	Anas chathamica	Chatham Islands	Remains dated to 448–657 CE, but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1350. The species likely became extinct through overhunting, as it was large and flightless.^[46]
New Zealand musk duck	Biziura delautouri	North Island and South Island	One bone was found in a food midden. Hunting is the most likely cause of extinction, which happened before European arrival.^[47]
Finsch's duck	Chenonetta finschi	North Island and South Island^[48]	Extinct in the 16th century due to hunting and predation by Polynesian rats.
South Island goose	Cnemiornis calcitrans	South Island	Hunted by early Polynesian settlers, their remains are widespread in midden deposits. Overhunting is the most likely cause of extinction.^[49] The date of extinction is unknown, but probably happened in the 16th century.
North Island goose	Cnemiornis gracilis	North Island	Remains dated to the first millennium CE,^[50] but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1280. A possible historical record, describing a rufous flightless goose that was hunted with dogs, was made in 1875. Though the reasons of extinction are unknown, any flightless goose would have been extremely vulnerable to overhunting.
Chatham Islands swan	Cygnus sumnerensis chathamicus	Chatham Islands	Likely hunted to extinction by the Moriori before 1650 CE.
New Zealand swan	Cygnus sumnerensis sumnerensis	South Island	Bones were found in Polynesian middens,^[51] and dated to 1059-1401 CE. It was probably driven to extinction through overhunting before 1450 CE. This species was considered once synonymous with the Australian black swan which was later introduced to New Zealand by Europeans, but an ancient DNA study confirmed that they were different species that separated from a common ancestor 1–2 million years ago.
Scarlett's duck	Malacorhynchus scarletti	North Island, South Island, and Chatham Islands^[52]	Became extinct sometime after Polynesian arrival. It was hunted by the Māori and its nests were possibly susceptible to predation by Polynesian rats.
New Zealand merganser	Mergus australis	Auckland Islands, North Island, South Island, Stewart Island	Reduced to the Auckland Islands only by the time of European colonisation, it was last recorded in 1902. Became extinct due to hunting and predation by introduced mammals.^[53]
Chatham Island merganser	Mergus milleneri	Chatham Island	Only known from bones found in middens. Hunting is the most likely cause of extinction.^[54]
New Zealand stiff-tailed duck	Oxyura vantetsi	North Island and South Island	Extinct before European contact. Hunting is the most likely cause of extinction, and a bone found in the South Island may have come from a human midden.^[55]
Chatham Islands shelduck	Tadorna cf. variegata	Chatham Islands	An "as-yet unnamed shelduck species was exterminated by the first Polynesian settlers" in the Chatham Islands.^[56]

Owlet-nightjars (order Aegotheliformes)

Owlet-nightjars (family Aegothelidae)

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Adzebills (family Aptornithidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
South Island adzebill	Aptornis defossor	South Island	Most recent bones were dated to 1234–1445 CE. The presence of adzebill bones in middens indicates that early Polynesian settlers hunted the species, and this is the most likely cause of extinction.^[59] Nests could also have been raided by Polynesian rats.
North Island adzebill	Aptornis otidiformis	North Island	Most recently dated to around 1000 CE, but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival. The presence of adzebill bones in middens indicates that early Polynesian settlers hunted them, and this is the most likely cause of extinction.^[60] Nests could also have been raided by Polynesian rats.

Rails (family Rallidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Chatham rail	Cabalus modestus	Chatham Islands	Last recorded between 1893 and 1895. Extinct due to habitat destruction, competition with and predation by introduced mammals.^[61]
Snipe-rail	Capellirallus karamu	North Island	Excavations at Lake Poukawa, Hawke's Bay show that snipe-rails were once common but drastically reduced in numbers after Māori colonisation and the vegetation changed from podocarp forest to bracken and scrub, likely because of fire. However, the main factor of extinction was probably predation by Polynesian rats.^[62]
Hawkins's rail	Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi	Chatham Islands	Last recorded in 1895. It was hunted to extinction.^[63]
Chatham coot	Fulica chathamensis	Chatham Island^[64]	Remains dated to 701–119 BCE, but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1350 CE. Probably became extinct due to overhunting and predation of eggs and chicks by Polynesian rats. Its bones are common in middens, indicating that it was frequently taken for food.
New Zealand coot	Fulica prisca	North Island and South Island	Extinct due to overhunting by early Māori. Its bones are common in two archaeological middens in coastal Marlborough, where some coot bones were shaped into tools.^[65] Nests could also have been raided by introduced predators.
Dieffenbach's rail	Hypotaenidia dieffenbachii	Chatham Islands	Last collected in 1840. It was possibly driven to extinction by introduced predators and habitat loss due to fire.^[66]
North Island takahē	Porphyrio mantelli	North Island	Restricted to high altitude grasslands, this species declined with the expansion of forests in the Holocene but survived until hunting by the Maori drove it to extinction. There is a disputed historical observation from 1894.^[67]
Hodgens' waterhen	Tribonyx hodgenorum	North Island and South Island	Disappeared in the 17th century as a result of hunting and predation by Polynesian rats.^[68]

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
North Island snipe	Coenocorypha barrierensis	Little Barrier Island,^[69] Browns Island (disputed), and North Island	Subfossil remains found across the North Island. A possible live individual was shot on Browns Island in 1820, and another was collected on Little Barrier Island in 1870. It is presumed extinct due to predation by Polynesian rats on the North Island and by feral cats introduced by Europeans on smaller islands.
Forbes's snipe	Coenocorypha chathamica	Chatham Island^[70] and Pitt Island	Presumed extirpated by Polynesian rats on Chatham Island between 1500 and 1800 CE, and by feral cats on Pitt Island by the late 19th century.
South Island snipe	Coenocorypha iredalei	South Island, Stewart Island, Jacky Lee Island, Big South Cape Island,^[71] and possibly other offshore islands	Extirpated from the larger islands due to predation by Polynesian rats and from the smaller ones by black rats. The last population in Big South Cape Island disappeared in 1964 after a failed relocation attempt.

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Imber's petrel	Pterodroma imberi	Chatham Islands^[72]	Probably disappeared from Chatham Island due to hunting and predation by Polynesian rats. It survived in Mangere Island until the 18th century, and in Pitt Island until the middle or late 19th century, when it was finished by feral cats.
Scarlett's shearwater	Puffinus spelaeus	South Island	Most recently dated to 1350 CE.^[73] Breeding colonies may have been overexploited directly, and their small size would have made eggs and chicks vulnerable to predation by Polynesian rats.^[74]

Penguins (order Sphenisciformes)

Penguins (family Spheniscidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Chatham penguin	Eudyptes warhami	Chatham Islands,^[75] North Island, and South Island	Last dated after the 13th century. It was almost certainly extinct before Europeans arrived in the Chatham Islands;^[76] a crested penguin captured alive in 1871 or 1872 was probably a vagrant of another species in the same genus.^[77] ^[78]
Richdale's penguin	Megadyptes antipodes richdalei	Chatham Islands^[79]	Last dated after the 13th century. It was hunted to extinction.^[80]
Waitaha penguin	Megadyptes antipodes waitaha	North Island, South Island,^[81] Stewart Island, and Codfish Island / Whenua Hou	Last dated to 1347–1529 CE.^[82] Archaeological remains indicate that early Polynesian settlers hunted the species and that this, with possible additional predation by Polynesian rats and dogs, was a probable cause of extinction. After its extinction, the subantarctic subspecies of the yellow-eyed penguin, M. a. antipodes, colonised Stewart Island and part of the South Island from the Auckland and Campbell Islands.

Boobies, cormorants, and allies (order Suliformes)

Cormorants and shags (family Phalacrocoracidae)

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Herons (family Ardeidae)

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Eyles's harrier	Circus teauteensis	North Island and South Island	Last dated to the first millennium CE but believed to have survived until Polynesian arrival c. 1280. There is a dubious observation from the 1870s. It is thought to have become extinct due to a combination of human-induced impacts: its forest and shrubland habitat was burned off and replaced with grassland, predation by introduced Polynesian rats probably caused a decline in its prey species, and hunting by humans is apparent from the presence of harrier bones in middens, and use of its bones to make tools. The Polynesian rat and dog may have also preyed on chicks. Unlike the closely related swamp harrier which colonised New Zealand after its extinction,^[87] it was probably too heavy and small-winged to hunt over open grassland areas.^[88]
Haast's eagle	Hieraaetus moorei	South Island^[89] and Stewart Island	Most recent eggshell fragments at Wairau Bar were dated to 1320–1350 CE. It became extinct around the same time as all moa species. Overhunting of its moa prey was probably the main cause of its extinction. Loss of habitat due to the burning of dry mosaic forests and shrublands may also have caused declines in its prey species. Haast's eagle may also have been hunted because its bones, some of which were found in middens after being worked into tools. Nests could also have been raided by feral pigs and rats. Two claimed sightings from the 1800s are unlikely to have been Haast's eagle.

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Old World parrots (family Psittaculidae)

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

New Zealand wrens (family Acanthisittidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Lyall's wren	Traversia lyalli	Stephens Island, North Island, and South Island	Disappeared from the main islands after Maori settlement, likely because of habitat loss and predation by Polynesian rats. It lingered on Stephens Island until 1895, when it was exterminated by domestic cats.^[93] ^[94]
Bushwren	Xenicus longipes	North Island, South Island, Stewart Island, Kapiti Island, Big South Cape Island, Solomon Island and Pukeweka offshore Stewart Island^[95]	Extinct since 1972 due to predation by feral cats, rats, weasels, and stoats.
North Island stout-legged wren	Pachyplichas jagmi	North Island	Extinct after Māori settlement but before European contact.^[96] ^[97]
South Island stout-legged wren	Pachyplichas yaldwyni	South Island	Extinct after Māori settlement but before European contact.
Long-billed wren	Dendroscansor decurvirostris	South Island	Extinct shortly after Māori settlement.^[98] Its flightlessness and probable ground-nesting habits would have made it easy prey for Polynesian rats.

Old World orioles (family Oriolidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
North Island piopio	Turnagra tanagra	North Island	Last known individual killed at Ōhura, south Waikato, in 1902. Unconfirmed sightings continued into the 1970s, mainly from forest behind Whanganui, inland Taranaki and Te Urewera. It is likely that predation by introduced black rats was the main cause of extinction, though birds were occasionally eaten by settlers, and their final disappearance coincided with the spread of stoats.^[101]
South Island piopio	Turnagra capensis capensis	South Island and some Fiordland islands^[102]	Declined rapidly following European settlement, especially after 1870. It was extinct on Banks and Otago Peninsulas by the 1880s, and on the West Coast and Fiordland by c. 1895. This coincided with the spread of introduced black rats and later, stoats. Unconfirmed sightings persisted into the 1930s, with the last in west Otago in 1963. Suggestions to transfer South Island piopio to an offshore sanctuary such as Kapiti Island or Little Barrier Island never eventuated, as live capture was very difficult before the invention of modern mist nets.
Stephens Island piopio	Turnagra capensis minor	Stephens Island	Last collected in 1897. Became extinct following clearance of the island's forest and introduction of cats by lighthouse keepers.

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
New Zealand raven	Corvus antipodum		Extinct before European contact. The presence of bones in middens shows that they were eaten by humans, and they may have been impacted by the rapid extirpation of mainland seal and seabird colonies following human arrival.
Chatham raven	Corvus moriorum	Chatham Islands^[104]	Dated to 8134–7408 BC but believed to have survived until 1350 BC. It became extinct before European contact. The presence of raven bone remains in middens shows that they were eaten by humans. However, it is equally likely that the extinction was part of a trophic cascade caused by human hunting of breeding seals and seabirds in the islands.^[105]

New Zealand wattlebirds (family Callaeidae)

Possibly extinct, New Zealand wattlebirds (family Callaeidae)

Grassbirds and allies (family Locustellidae)

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Squamates (order Squamata)

Skinks (family Scincidae)

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

Frogs (order Anura)

New Zealand primitive frogs (family Leiopelmatidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Aurora frog	Leiopelma auroraensis	Fiordland, South Island	Known from subfossil bones. Probably disappeared within the past 1,000 years due to predation by the Polynesian rat.^[116]
Markham's frog	Leiopelma markhami	North Island and South Island	Last dated to 1650 CE. Probably disappeared due to predation by the Polynesian rat.
Waitomo frog	Leiopelma waitomoensis	North Island	Last dated to 220–320 CE, but believed to have survived until the past 1,000 years. Probably disappeared due to predation by the Polynesian rat.

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Smelts (order Osmeriformes)

Australia-New Zealand smelts and graylings (family Retropinnidae)

Insects (class Insecta)

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

Ground beetles (family Carabidae)

Clitellates (class Clitellata)

Order Opisthopora

Family Megascolecidae

Plants (kingdom Plantae)

Order Brassicales

Mustard and crucifer family (family Brassicaceae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Waitakere scurvy grass	Lepidium amissum	Coastal Waitākere Ranges, North Island^[120]	Last collected in 1917. It was already uncommon then and wasn't described as a species until 2013, from herbarium specimens. The reasons for extinction are unclear, but might be related to habitat alteration.^[121]
	Lepidium obtusatum	Coastal Waitākere Ranges and Wellington, North Island^[122] ^[123]	Last seen in Waitākere in 1917 and in Wellington in 1950. The Wellington population seems to have been eliminated through a combination of habitat destruction as a consequence of gravel extraction, weed invasion, and over collection by botanists. It is not clear why it disappeared from the Waitākere coastline.

Order Santalales

Showy mistletoes (family Loranthaceae)

Order Caryophyllales

Pink and carnation family (family Caryophyllaceae)

Order Gentianales

Family Loganiaceae

Order Boraginales

Borage and forget-me-not family (family Boraginaceae)

See also

• List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene
  • • List of Hawaiian animals extinct in the Holocene List of Oceanian animals extinct in the Holocene Holocene extinction
• Lists of extinct animals
• List of extinct bird species since 1500
• List of Late Quaternary prehistoric bird species
• New Zealand Threat Classification System
• New Zealand geologic time scale

Further reading

• Bell, B.D. 1994. A review of the status of New Zealand Leiopelma species (Anura: Leiopelmatidae), including a summary of demographic studies in Coromandel and on Maud Island. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, Vol. 21: 341–349.
• Bunce, M., Worthy, T.H., Ford, T., Hoppitt, W., Willerslev, E., Drummond A., and Cooper, A. 2003. Extreme reversed sexual size dimorphism in the extinct New Zealand moa Dinornis. Nature, 425:172–175.
• Cooper, A., Lalueza-Fox, C., Anderson, C., Rambaut, A., Austin, J., and Ward, R. 2001. Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution. Nature 409:704–707.
• Day, D., 1981, The Doomsday Book of Animals, Ebury Press, London.
• Gill, B.; Martinson, P., (1991) New Zealand's Extinct Birds, Random Century New Zealand Ltd.
• Gill, B. J. 2003. Osteometry and systematics of the extinct New Zealand ravens (Aves: Corvidae: Corvus). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1: 43–58.
• Flannery, T., and Schouten, P., 2001, A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals, William Heinemann, London. (UK edition).
• Fuller, E., 2001, Extinct Birds, Oxford University Press. (UK Edition).
• Huynen, L., Millar, C.D., Scofield, R.P., and Lambert, D.M. 2003. Nuclear DNA sequences detect species limits in ancient moa. Nature, 425:175–178.
• Perkins, S. 2003. Three Species No Moa? Fossil DNA analysis yields surprise. Science News, 164:84.
• Philip R. Millener & T. H. Worthy (1991). "Contribution to New Zealand's late Quaternary avifauna. II: Dendroscansor decurvirostris, a new genus and species of wren (Aves: Acantisittidae)." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 21, 2: 179–200.
• Philip R. Millener (1988). "Contributions to New Zealand's late Quaternary avifauna. I: Pachyplichas, a new genus of wren (Aves: Acanthisittidae), with two new species." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 18:383–406
• Wilson, K-J, (2004) Flight of the Huia, Canterbury University Press, Christchurch.
• Worthy, T.H. 1998. The Quaternary fossil avifauna of Southland, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of The Royal Society of New Zealand. Volume 28, Number 4, pp 537–589.
• Worthy, T.H., Holdaway R.N., 2002, The lost world of the Moa: Prehistoric Life of New Zealand, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. .

External links

• New Zealand extinct birds at TerraNature
• Rediscovered New Zealand birds previously thought extinct at TerraNature

Notes and References

1. Walker . Mike . Johnsen . Sigfus . Rasmussen . Sune Olander . Popp . Trevor . Steffensen . Jorgen-Peder . Gibrard . Phil . Hoek . Wim . Lowe . John . Andrews . John . Bjo Rck . Svante . Cwynar . Les C. . 2009 . Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records . live . . 24 . 1 . 3–17 . 2009JQS....24....3W . 10.1002/jqs.1227 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131104131948/http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf . 2013-11-04 . 2022-04-24 . free . Konrad . Hughen . Peter . Kersahw . Bernd . Kromer . Thomas . Litt . David J. . Lowe . Takeshi . Nakagawa . Rewi . Newnham . Jakob . Schwander.
2. Wilmshurst . Janet M. . Hunt . Terry L. . Lipo . Carl P. . Anderson . Atholl J. . December 27, 2010 . High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 108 . 5 . 1815–1820 . 10.1073/pnas.1015876108 . 0027-8424 . 3033267 . 21187404 . free .
3. Wilmshurst . Janet M. . Anderson . Atholl J. . Higham . Thomas F. G. . Worthy . Trevor H. . 2008-06-03 . Dating the late prehistoric dispersal of Polynesians to New Zealand using the commensal Pacific rat . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 105 . 22 . 7676–7680 . 10.1073/pnas.0801507105 . 0027-8424 . 2409139 . 18523023. free . 2008PNAS..105.7676W .
4. Walters . Richard . Buckley . Hallie . Jacomb . Chris . Matisoo-Smith . Elizabeth . 7 October 2017 . Mass Migration and the Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand . Journal of World Prehistory . 30 . 4 . 351–376 . 10.1007/s10963-017-9110-y . free.
5. Jacomb . C. . Holdaway . R. N. . Allentoft . M. E. . Bunce . M. . Oskam . C. L. . Walter . R. . Brooks . E. . 2014 . High-precision dating and ancient DNA profiling of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) eggshell documents a complex feature at Wairau Bar and refines the chronology of New Zealand settlement by Polynesians . Journal of Archaeological Science . 50 . 24–30 . 10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.023 . 2014JArSc..50...24J . 0305-4403.
6. Roberton . J. B. W. . 1956 . Genealogies as a basis for Maori chronology . Journal of the Polynesian Society . 65 . 1 . 45–54.
7. Te Hurinui . Pei . 1958 . Maori genealogies . Journal of the Polynesian Society . 67 . 2 . 162–165.
8. Encyclopedia: European discovery of New Zealand – Abel Tasman . . New Zealand . 16 January 2010 . Wilson . John . 'On 13 December 1642 the Dutch sighted "a large land, uplifted high" – probably the Southern Alps ...'.
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