List of Nepenthes natural hybrids explained

This list of Nepenthes natural hybrids is a comprehensive listing of all recorded natural hybrids involving species of the carnivorous plant genus Nepenthes. Hybrids that are not endemic to a given region are marked with an asterisk.

Named natural hybrids

Name Parent species Authority Year Image Distribution Altitudinal distribution
N. × alisaputrana N. burbidgeae × N. rajah 1992
N. × bauensis N. gracilis × N. northiana 2004
N. × cantleyi N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis Hort.Westphal nom.nud. 1991
N. × cincta N. albomarginata × N. northiana 1884
N. × ferrugineomarginata N. albomarginata × N. reinwardtiana 1982
N. × harryana N. edwardsiana × N. villosa 1882
N. × hookeriana N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana 1881 0–450 m[1]
N. × kinabaluensis N. rajah × N. villosa 1984 2420–3030 m
N. × kuchingensis N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis 1982
N. × merrilliata N. alata × N. merrilliana Hort. ex Fleming nom.nud. 1979 Philippines (Mindanao, Samar[2])
N. × mirabilata N. alata × N. mirabilis Hort. ex Lauffenburger nom.nud. 1995 Philippines (Mindanao)
N. × pangulubauensis N. gymnamphora × N. mikei Hort.B.R.Salmon & Maulder ex P.Mann in sched. nom.nud. 1996
N. × pyriformis N. inermis × N. talangensis 2001
N. × sarawakiensis N. muluensis × N. tentaculata 1993
N. × sharifah-hapsahii N. gracilis × N. mirabilis 2007
N. × trichocarpa N. ampullaria × N. gracilis 1858 0–800 m
N. × truncalata N. alata × N. truncata Hort.Bednar nom.nud. 1994 Philippines (Mindanao)
N. × trusmadiensis N. lowii × N. macrophylla 1983
N. × tsangoya (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis Tsang ex Lauffenburger nom.nud. 1995 Philippines (Mindanao)
N. × ventrata N. alata × N. ventricosa Hort. ex Fleming nom.nud. 1979

By distribution

Borneo

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Borneo.

  1. N. albomarginata × N. ampullaria[3] *
  2. ? N. albomarginata × N. chaniana
  3. N. albomarginata × N. clipeata[3]
  4. N. albomarginata × N. hirsuta[3]
  5. N. albomarginata × N. macrovulgaris
  6. N. albomarginata × N. northiana [=''[[Nepenthes × cincta|N. × cincta]]][3]
  7. N. albomarginata × N. rafflesiana[4]
  8. N. albomarginata × N. reinwardtiana [=''[[Nepenthes × ferrugineomarginata|N. × ferrugineomarginata]]][3] *
  9. N. albomarginata × N. veitchii[3]
  10. N. ampullaria × N. bicalcarata[3]
  11. N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=''[[Nepenthes × trichocarpa|N. × trichocarpa]]][3] *
  12. (N. ampullaria × N. gracilis) × N. bicalcarata [=''[[Nepenthes × trichocarpa|N. × trichocarpa]] × N. bicalcarata]
  13. N. ampullaria × N. hemsleyana[5]
  14. N. ampullaria × N. hirsuta[3]
  15. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × kuchingensis|N. × kuchingensis]], Nepenthes cutinensis][3] *
  16. N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=''[[Nepenthes × hookeriana|N. × hookeriana]]][3] *
  17. ? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × hookeriana|N. × hookeriana]] × N. mirabilis][4]
  18. N. bicalcarata × N. gracilis [=''[[Nepenthes × cantleyi|N. × cantleyi]]][3]
  19. N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis (including N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma)[3]
  20. N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana[3]
  21. ? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma[3]
  22. N. burbidgeae × N. edwardsiana[3]
  23. N. burbidgeae × N. fusca[3]
  24. N. burbidgeae × N. rajah [=''[[Nepenthes × alisaputrana|N. × alisaputrana]]][3]
  25. N. burbidgeae × N. tentaculata[3]
  26. N. chaniana × N. veitchii[6]
  27. N. clipeata × N. rafflesiana[6]
  28. N. clipeata × N. reinwardtiana[3]
  29. N. edwardsiana × N. rajah[3]
  30. N. edwardsiana × N. villosa [=''[[Nepenthes × harryana|N. × harryana]]][3]
  31. ? N. faizaliana × N. veitchii[6]
  32. N. fusca × N. lowii[6]
  33. N. fusca × N. platychila[7]
  34. N. fusca × N. rajah[3]
  35. N. fusca × N. reinwardtiana [=?''[[Nepenthes naquiyuddinii|N. naquiyuddinii]]][6]
  36. N. fusca × N. stenophylla[6]
  37. N. fusca × N. tentaculata[6]
  38. N. fusca × N. veitchii
  39. N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii|N. × sharifah-hapsahii]], N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][3] [8] * (including N. gracilis × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma)
  40. N. gracilis × N. northiana [=''[[Nepenthes × bauensis|N. × bauensis]]][9]
  41. N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana[3] *
  42. N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana[6] *
  43. N. hemsleyana × N. rafflesiana
  44. ? N. hirsuta × N. lowii[6]
  45. N. hispida × N. reinwardtiana[3]
  46. N. hurrelliana × N. lowii[6] [10]
  47. N. hurrelliana × N. veitchii
  48. N. lowii × N. macrophylla [=''[[Nepenthes × trusmadiensis|N. × trusmadiensis]]][3]
  49. N. lowii × N. muluensis
  50. N. lowii × N. rajah[11]
  51. N. lowii × N. stenophylla[3]
  52. ? N. lowii × N. tentaculata[12]
  53. N. lowii × N. veitchii[3]
  54. N. macrovulgaris × N. rajah[3]
  55. N. macrovulgaris × N. reinwartdiana[3]
  56. N. macrovulgaris × N. tentaculata[3]
  57. N. mirabilis × N. northiana[6]
  58. N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[3] * (including N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana)[6]
  59. N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana[6]
  60. ? N. muluensis × N. tentaculata [=''[[Nepenthes × sarawakiensis|N. × sarawakiensis]],[3] ?N. muluensis][6]
  61. N. rajah × N. stenophylla[3]
  62. N. rajah × N. tentaculata[3]
  63. N. rajah × N. villosa [=''[[Nepenthes × kinabaluensis|N × kinabaluensis]]][3]
  64. N. reinwardtiana × N. stenophylla[3]
  65. N. reinwardtiana × N. tentaculata
  66. N. stenophylla × N. tentaculata[3]
  67. N. stenophylla × N. veitchii[3]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:[13]

Nepenthes hurrelliana and N. murudensis are of putative hybrid origin, but are considered species by most taxonomists, as they form stable, fertile populations independent of their original parent species. The same could be said for stable hybrids such as N × kinabaluensis. Indeed, species status has been proposed for this taxon in the past.[14]

Sumatra

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Sumatra.

  1. N. albomarginata × N. ampullaria[15] *
  2. N. albomarginata × N. eustachya[15]
  3. N. albomarginata × N. reinwardtiana [=''[[Nepenthes × ferrugineomarginata|N. × ferrugineomarginata]]][15] *
  4. N. ampullaria × N. eustachya
  5. N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=''[[Nepenthes × trichocarpa|N. × trichocarpa]]][15] *
  6. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × kuchingensis|N. × kuchingensis]], Nepenthes cutinensis][15] *
  7. N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=''[[Nepenthes × hookeriana|N. × hookeriana]]][15] *
  8. N. ampullaria × N. reinwardtiana[15]
  9. N. ampullaria × N. spathulata[16]
  10. N. ampullaria × N. tobaica[15]
  11. N. angasanensis × N. densiflora[15]
  12. N. aristolochioides × N. singalana[15]
  13. ? N. beccariana × N. sumatrana
  14. N. bongso × N. gymnamphora[15]
  15. N. bongso × N. singalana[15]
  16. N. bongso × N. talangensis[15]
  17. N. diatas × N. mikei[15]
  18. N. dubia × N. izumiae[15]
  19. ? N. dubia × N. jacquelineae[17]
  20. ? N. dubia × N. jamban[18]
  21. ? N. eustachya × N. gracilis
  22. N. eustachya × N. longifolia[15]
  23. N. eustachya × N. sumatrana[15]
  24. N. flava × N. ovata[19]
  25. N. flava × N. rhombicaulis[19]
  26. N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii|N. × sharifah-hapsahii]], N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][8] [15] *
  27. N. gracilis × N. rafflesiana[15] *
  28. N. gracilis × N. reinwardtiana[15] *
  29. N. gracilis × N. sumatrana
  30. N. gymnamphora × N. mikei[15] [=''[[Nepenthes × pangulubauensis|N. × pangulubauensis]]]
  31. N. gymnamphora × N. ovata[15]
  32. N. gymnamphora × N. reinwardtiana[15]
  33. ? N. gymnamphora × N. rhombicaulis
  34. N. gymnamphora × N. singalana[15]
  35. N. gymnamphora × N. spathulata[15]
  36. N. gymnamphora × N. spectabilis[15]
  37. N. gymnamphora × N. talangensis[15]
  38. N. inermis × N. singalana
  39. N. inermis × N. spathulata[15]
  40. N. inermis × N. talangensis [=''[[Nepenthes × pyriformis|N. × pyriformis]]][15]
  41. N. izumiae × N. jacquelineae
  42. N. jamban × N. lingulata
  43. ? N. longifolia × N. sumatrana
  44. N. mikei × N. ovata[15]
  45. N. mikei × N. spectabilis[15]
  46. N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[15] *
  47. N. mirabilis × N. spathulata[15]
  48. N. mirabilis × N. sumatrana
  49. N. ovata × N. rhombicaulis[15]
  50. N. ovata × N. spectabilis[15]
  51. N. reinwardtiana × N. spathulata[15]
  52. N. reinwardtiana × N. tobaica[15]
  53. N. rhombicaulis × N. spectabilis[15]
  54. N. rhombicaulis × N. tobaica[15]
  55. N. rigidifolia × N. spectabilis[15]
  56. ? N. singalana × N. spathulata[15]
  57. N. spathulata × N. tobaica[15]
  58. N. spectabilis × N. tobaica[15]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:[20]

Philippines

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from the Philippines. The N. alata hybrids listed below involve N. alata in the broad sense (sensu lato); this polymorphic taxon has recently been split into a large number of daughter species that now form the so-called "N. alata group".

  1. N. alata × N. burkei
  2. N. alata × N. merrilliana [=''[[Nepenthes × merrilliata|N. × merrilliata]]][21]
  3. ? (N. alata × N. merrilliana) × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × tsangoya|N. × tsangoya]]][22]
  4. N. alata × N. mindanaoensis
  5. N. alata × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × mirabilata|N. × mirabilata]]][23]
  6. ? N. alata × N. petiolata[23]
  7. N. alata × N. pulchra[24]
  8. N. alata × N. truncata [=''[[Nepenthes × truncalata|N. × truncalata]]][25]
  9. N. alata × N. ventricosa [=''[[Nepenthes × ventrata|N. × ventrata]]][21]
  10. ? N. pantaronensis × N. sumagaya[26] [27]
  11. N. bellii × N. merrilliana
  12. N. bellii × N. mindanaoensis
  13. N. ceciliae × N. pulchra
  14. N. merrilliana× N. mindanaoensis
  15. N. merrilliana × N. mirabilis
  16. N. mindanaoensis × N. truncata
  17. N. mindanaoensis × N. erucoides[28]
  18. N. palawanensis × N. aff. philippinensis
  19. ? N. petiolata × N. truncata[23]

In addition, certain plants from Mount Hamiguitan are likely to represent crosses involving N. hamiguitanensis, N. justinae[29] (previously identified as N. mindanaoensis), N. micramphora, and N. peltata.

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:

Nepenthes petiolata may itself have evolved from a cross between N. alata and N. truncata. It has been suggested that N. extincta might represent a natural hybrid between N. merrilliana and N. mindanaoensis, as both of these species grow near the type locality of N. extincta and share many morphological features with it.

Plants from Mount Hamiguitan that were originally thought to represent the natural hybrid N. micramphora × N. peltata are now recognised as belonging to a distinct species of possible hybridogenic origin, N. hamiguitanensis.[46]

Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore.

  1. N. albomarginata × N. ampullaria[15] *
  2. N. albomarginata × N. gracilis
  3. ? N. albomarginata × N. sanguinea[47]
  4. N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=''[[Nepenthes × trichocarpa|N. × trichocarpa]]][15] *
  5. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × kuchingensis|N. × kuchingensis]], Nepenthes cutinensis][15] *
  6. N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=''[[Nepenthes × hookeriana|N. × hookeriana]]][15] *
  7. N. benstonei × N. mirabilis[15]
  8. N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii|N. × sharifah-hapsahii]], N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?][8] [15] *
  9. N. macfarlanei × N. ramispina[15]
  10. N. macfarlanei × N. sanguinea[15]
  11. N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana[15] *
  12. N. ramispina × N. sanguinea[15]

Two natural hybrids have been recorded from Singapore: N. × hookeriana and N. × trichocarpa.[3] As such, all three species from Singapore are known to hybridise.

Sulawesi

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Sulawesi.

  1. ? N. eymae × N. maxima
  2. N. glabrata × N. hamata[48]
  3. N. glabrata × N. maxima
  4. N. glabrata × N. nigra[49]
  5. N. glabrata × N. tentaculata
  6. N. hamata × N. tentaculata
  7. N. maxima × N. tentaculata
  8. N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana
  9. N. nigra × N. tentaculata[50]
  10. N. pitopangii × N. tentaculata[51]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:

Indochina

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Indochina. For the purpose of this list, the area encompasses Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.

  1. N. ampullaria × N. gracilis [=''[[Nepenthes × trichocarpa|N. × trichocarpa]]][55] *
  2. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × kuchingensis|N. × kuchingensis]], Nepenthes cutinensis] *
  3. N. andamana × N. mirabilis (including N. andamana × N. mirabilis var. globosa)
  4. N. bokorensis × N. kampotiana[56]
  5. N. gracilis × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × sharifah-hapsahii|N. × sharifah-hapsahii]], N. × ghazallyana, N. × grabilis, N. neglecta?] *
  6. N. kampotiana × N. mirabilis
  7. N. kongkandana × N. mirabilis
  8. N. mirabilis × N. smilesii[57]
  9. N. mirabilis × N. thorelii[58] [59]

In addition, infraspecific hybrids between N. mirabilis var. globosa and N. mirabilis var. mirabilis are known to occur.[60]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:

New Guinea and the Maluku Islands

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from New Guinea, the Maluku Islands, and surrounding islands.

  1. N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=''[[Nepenthes × kuchingensis|N. × kuchingensis]], Nepenthes cutinensis] *
  2. N. ampullaria × N. neoguineensis
  3. N. insignis × N. mirabilis[63]
  4. N. klossii × N. maxima[64]
  5. N. maxima × N. neoguineensis
  6. ? N. paniculata × N. papuana[65]

Endemic species with no known natural hybrids:[66]

Australia

Nepenthes natural hybrids recorded from Australia.

  1. N. mirabilis × N. rowaniae[68]
  2. N. mirabilis × N. tenax
  3. N. rowaniae × N. tenax

Complex hybrids involving all three species are also common.

All three species from Australia are known to hybridise.

Outlying areas

There are six additional species endemic to areas other than those listed above. These are:

Of these, the only species that could conceivably hybridise in the wild are N. madagascariensis and N. masoalensis. Although the ranges of the two species used to meet near Cape Masoala, no natural hybrids have ever been recorded.

See also

Notes

a.Identified as N. pilosa × N. veitchii in Nepenthes of Borneo.[3]

b.Identified as N. lowii × N. pilosa in Nepenthes of Borneo.[6] [3]

c.Identified as N. dubia × N. singalana in Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.[15]

d.Identified as N. spectabilis × N. species A in Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.[15]

Notes and References

  1. Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992. Web site: The ecology and distribution of Bornean Nepenthes. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110722233248/http://myais.fsktm.um.edu.my/8918/1/10.pdf . 2011-07-22 . Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.
  2. Robinson, A. 2012. Nepenthes merrilliana on Samar . Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, June 29, 2012.
  3. [Charles Clarke (botanist)|Clarke, C.M.]
  4. Lowrie, A. 1983. Web site: Sabah Nepenthes Expeditions 1982 & 1983. .   Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.
  5. Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12.
  6. Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
  7. Lee, C.C. 2002. Nepenthes platychila (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from Sarawak, Borneo. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 54: 257-261.
  8. McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  9. Lee, C.C. 2004. Nepenthes. In: Sarawak Bau Limestone Biodiversity. H.S. Yong, F.S.P. Ng and E.E.L. Yen (eds). The Sarawak Museum Journal Vol. LIX, No. 80; Special Issue No. 6: 71-77.
  10. Lee, C.C. 2007. Re: lowii and hurrelliana of Mt. Murud . Carnivorous Plants in the tropics.
  11. http://lhnn.proboards.com/index.cgi?action=display&board=pforum&thread=3061&page=1 A rare find: N. rajah nat. hybrid
  12. [Hugo Steiner|Steiner, H.]
  13. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  14. Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1998 ['1996']. Pitcher plants of Mt. Kinabalu in Sabah. The Sarawak Museum Journal 50(71): 145–171.
  15. [Charles Clarke (botanist)|Clarke, C. M.]
  16. Akhriadi, P. 2007. Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci . Working paper, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
  17. Wistuba, A. Strange hybrid with Nepenthes jacquelineae? Wistuba.com.
  18. Wartono, A.Y. 2011. Re: dubia hybrid ? ID opinions . Carnivorous Plants in the tropics, March 2, 2011.
  19. Wistuba, A., J. Nerz & A. Fleischmann 2007. flava, a new species of Nepenthaceae from the northern part of Sumatra. Blumea 52(1): 159–163.
  20. McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  21. Fleming, R. 1979. Web site: Hybrid Nepenthes. .   Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 8(1): 10–12.
  22. Lauffenburger, A. 1995. Guide to Nepenthes Hybrids. OmnisTerra.
  23. Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
  24. McPherson, S.R. & V.B. Amoroso 2011. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of the Philippines. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
  25. Mann, P. 1998. A trip to the Philippines. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 27(1): 6–11.
  26. Gronemeyer, T., F. Coritico, A. Wistuba, D. Marwinski, T. Gieray, M. Micheler, F.S. Mey & V. Amoroso 2014. Four new species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae) from the central mountains of Mindanao, Philippines. Plants 3(2): 284–303.
  27. Cheek, M. 2014. Nomen novum Nepenthes. Planta Carnivora 36(2): 44–45.
  28. Robinson. Alastair S.. Zamudio. Sarah Grace. Caballero. Rolly Balagon. 2019-10-31. Nepenthes erucoides (Nepenthaceae), an ultramaficolous micro-endemic from Dinagat Islands Province, northern Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa. en. 423. 1. 21–32. 10.11646/phytotaxa.423.1.3. 1179-3163. free.
  29. Gronemeyer, T., W. Suarez, H. Nuytemans, M. Calaramo, A. Wistuba, F.S. Mey & V.B. Amoroso 2016. Two new Nepenthes species from the Philippines and an emended description of Nepenthes ramos. Plants 5(2): 23.
  30. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Identification and typification of Nepenthes blancoi, with N. abalata sp. nov. from the western Visayas, Philippines. Nordic Journal of Botany 31(2): 151–156.
  31. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. The Nepenthes micramphora (Nepenthaceae) group, with two new species from Mindanao, Philippines. Phytotaxa 151(1): 25–34.
  32. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Nepenthes alzapan (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 100(1): 57–60.
  33. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2014. Expansion of the Nepenthes alata group (Nepenthaceae), Philippines, and descriptions of three new species. Blumea 59(2): 144–154.
  34. Cheek, M., D.N. Tandang & P.B. Pelser 2015. Nepenthes barcelonae (Nepenthaceae), a new species from Luzon, Philippines. Phytotaxa 222(2): 145–150.
  35. Cheek, M. & M. Jebb 2013. Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species. European Journal of Taxonomy 69: 1–23.
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