List of Neanderthal fossils explained

This is a list of Neanderthal fossils.

Some important European Neanderthals

Remains of more than 300 European Neanderthals have been found. This is a list of the most notable.

	Name	Age	Cranial capacity (cm^3)	Year discovered	Country	Discovered by	Now located at
	Ehringsdorf skull	150k–120k	1450 ^[1]	1908–1925	Germany		Archäologischen Landesmuseums Thüringen
	Engis 2	Undated	? (child)	1829	Belgium	Philippe-Charles Schmerling	University of Liège
	Gibraltar 1	40k	1200	1848	Gibraltar	Edmund Flint	Natural History Museum, London
	Gibraltar 2	Undated	? (child)	1926	Gibraltar	Dorothy Garrod	Natural History Museum, London
	Krijn	100-40 ka	(Not a full skull)	2001	Netherlands	Luc Anthonis	Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden
	La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1	60k	1600	1908	France	L. Bardon, A. Bouyssonie and J. Bouyssonie
	La Ferrassie 1	70k–50k	1641	1909	France	Louis Capitan and Denis Peyrony	Musée de l'Homme
	Neanderthal 1	40k	1452	1856	Germany	Kleine Feldhofer Grotte	Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn
	Saccopastore 1	250k	1200 ^[2]	1929	Italy
	Saccopastore 2	250k	1300 ^[3]	1935	Italy	Alberto Blanc and Henri Breuil
	Altamura Man	170k		1993	Italy

Southwest Asian Neanderthals

As of 2017, this list of Southwest Asian Neanderthals may be considered essentially complete.

Central and North Asian Neanderthals

Central Asian Neanderthals were found in Uzbekistan and North Asian Neanderthals in Asian Russia.

Country	Site	Principal Neanderthal finds	MNI <	--Only include remains that are diagnostically Neanderthal.-->	Geological age (ka)	Initial descriptions	Notes
Uzbekistan	Teshik-Tash	8-11-yr-old skeleton	1	—	Okladnikov (1949)
Uzbekistan	Obi-Rakhmat	Subadult skull frag. and teeth	1	74^[4]	Glantz et al. (2008)^[5]
Asian Russia	Chagyrskaya	Partial mandible	1	—	(Announced in Viola 2012)
Asian Russia	Okladnikov	Sub-adult humerus and femur	1		(Announced in Krause et al. 2007)^[6]	mtDNA sampled
Asian Russia	Denisova	Altai 1: Toe phalanx♀ D11: Bone fragment	2	—	Mednikova (2011)Brown, et al. (2016)^[7]	Altai 1: Full genome sequenced^[8] D11: mtDNA sampled
Total			6

See also

• List of Southwest Asian Neanderthals
• Neanderthal Museum
• List of fossil sites
• List of human fossils

Further reading

• Book: Arsuaga, Juan Luis . 2009 . The Neanderthal's Necklace: In Search of the First Thinkers . New York . Four Walls Eight Windows . 978-0786740734 .
• Book: Gooch, Stan . 2008 . The Neanderthal Legacy: Reawakening Our Genetic and Cultural Origins . Rochester, Vermont . Inner Traditions . 978-1594777424 .
• Book: Muller . Stephanie Muller . Shrenk . Friedemann . 2008 . The Neanderthals . New York . Routledge . 978-1134095162 .
• Book: Silberman . Neil Asher . 2012 . The Oxford Companion to Archaeology . 2 . Oxford . Oxford University Press . 978-0199735785 .
• Book: Stringer, Chris . 2012 . Lone Survivors: How We Came to Be the Only Humans on Earth . New York . Macmillan . 978-1429973441 .

External links

• Web site: Homo neanderthalensis . 3 January 2024 . .

Notes and References

1. Beals. K.L. . Dodd. S.M. . 1984. Brain size, cranial morphology, climate, and time machines. Current Anthropology. 25. 301–330 . 10.1086/203138. 86147507 .
2. Sergi. S. . 1948 . The palaeanthropi in Italy: the fossil men of Saccopastore and Circeo. Man . 48 . 61–79. 10.2307/2793251. 2793251 .
3. Encyclopedia: Holloway. R.L.. Delson . Eric. Ancestors: the Hard Evidence . The poor brain of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis: see what you please . 319–324 .
4. Bailey . S. E. . 2008 . The affinity of the dental remains from Obi-Rakhmat Grotto, Uzbekistan . Journal of Human Evolution . 55 . 2 . 238–248 . 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.03.004 . 18486185. 2008JHumE..55..238B .
5. Glantz . Michelle . Viola . Bence . Wrinn . Patrick . Chikisheva . Tatiana . Derevianko . Anatoly . Krivoshapkin . Andrei . Islamov . Uktur . Suleimanov . Rustam . Ritzman . Terrence . New hominin remains from Uzbekistan . Journal of Human Evolution . August 2008 . 55 . 2 . 223–237 . 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.12.007 . 18499228. 2008JHumE..55..223G .
6. Krause . Johannes . Orlando . Ludovic . Serre . David . Viola . Bence . Prüfer . Kay . Richards . Michael P. . Hublin . Jean-Jacques . Hänni . Catherine . Derevianko . Anatoly P. . Pääbo . Svante . Neanderthals in central Asia and Siberia . Nature . 30 September 2007 . 449 . 7164 . 902–904 . 10.1038/nature06193 . 17914357 . 2007Natur.449..902K. 2084412 .
7. Brown . Samantha . Higham . Thomas . Slon . Viviane . Pääbo . Svante . Identification of a new hominin bone from Denisova Cave, Siberia using collagen fingerprinting and mitochondrial DNA analysis . Scientific Reports . March 29, 2016 . 6 . 10.1038/srep23559 . 23559 . 27020421 . 4810434 . 2016NatSR...623559B.
8. Prüfer . Kay . The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains . . 2013 . 505 . 1 . 43–49 . 10.1038/nature12886 . 2014Natur.505...43P . 24352235 . 4031459.