List of monarchs of Sindh explained

Royal Title:	Maharaja/Sultan
Realm:	Sindh (Sind)
Coatofarmscaption:	Emblem of the Talpurs (1783–1843)
First Monarch:	Ranaditya Satya 489–524
Last Monarch:	Mir Nasir Khan Talpur 1840–1843 (as Mir of Hyderabad)
Style:	Maharaja Sultan Raja Wali Amir Sardar Jam Shah Mirza Subahdar Nawab Rais Mir
Residence:	Kot Diji Fort Ranikot Fort Naukot Fort Sehwan Fort Qasim Fort Pacco Qillo Umarkot Fort Sibi Fort Kalan Kot Fort Kacha Qila
Appointer:	Hereditary
Began:	489 AD
Ended:	24 March 1843
Pretender:	Mir Abbas Ali Khan Talpur

This is a list of the monarchs of Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ جا بادشاهن, romanized: Sind Jā Badshāhan), from the establishment of the Rai dynasty around 489 AD until the conquest of Sindh from the Talpur dynasty by the East India Company in 1843.

Rai dynasty (480–632 AD)

Known rulers of the Rai dynasty are:

Name	Reign	Notes
Ranaditya Satya	480 AD – Unknown	Gained independence from Sassanian Empire
Rai Diwaji	Unknown
Rai Sahiras II	Unknown
Rai Sahasi II	Unknown – 632 AD

Brahmin dynasty (632–712 AD)

The known rulers of the Brahmin dynasty are:^[1]

Name	Reign	Notes
Chach
Chandar
Dāhir		Ruled from Alor

Vilayet As-Sindh (Umayyad Caliphate) (712–750 AD)

In 712, Sind was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate. The emirs appointed by the caliphate are as below;

width=22%	Name	width=8%	Years	width=60%	Notes
Muhammad ibn Qasim al-Thaqafi	711–715	Conquered Sind. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi^[2]
Habib ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi	715–717	Appointed either by the caliph Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik or by Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman^[3]
Abd al-Malik ibn Misma	from 717	Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Basra, Adi ibn Artah al-Fazari^[4]
Amr ibn Muslim al-Bahili	to 720	Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Adi ibn Artah^[5]
Ubaydallah ibn Ali al-Sulami	from 721	Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari^[6]
Junayd ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Murri	to 726	Appointed by Umar ibn Hubayra^[7]
Tamim ibn Zaid al-Utbi	from 726	Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Khalid ibn Abdallah al-Qasri^[8]
Al-Hakam ibn Awana	to 740	Appointed by Khalid ibn Abdallah^[9]
Amr ibn Muhammad al-Thaqafi	740–744	Son of Muhammad ibn al-Qasim. Appointed by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi^[10]
Yazid ibn Irar al-Kalbi(?)	740s	Name and details of governorship given variously in the sources. See especially this note^[11]
Mughallis al-Abdi	751(?)	Appointed either by the caliph al-Saffah or by the governor of Khurasan, Abu Muslim^[12]
Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi	747–750	Initially took Sind as an anti-Umayyad rebel, then confirmed as governor by the Abbasids^[13]

Vilayet As-Sindh (Abbasid Caliphate)(750–861 AD)

width=22%	Name	width=8%	Years	width=60%	Notes
Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi	750–751
Musa ibn Ka'b al-Tamimi	752–754	Appointed either by al-Saffah or by Abu Muslim^[14]
'Uyaynah ibn Musa al-Tamimi	754–760	Son of Musa ibn Ka'b, who appointed him^[15]
Umar ibn Hafs Hazarmard	760–768	Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph al-Mansur^[16]
Hisham ibn Amr al-Taghlibi	768–774	Appointed by al-Mansur^[17]
Bistam ibn Amr al-Taghlibi	774(?)	Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr, who appointed him^[18]
Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil al-Tamimi	774-775/6	Variant name given by Ibn Khayyat. Appointed by al-Mansur^[19]
Muhammad ibn Ma'bad al-Tamimi	775(?)	Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil, who he succeeded as governor^[20]
Rawh ibn Hatim al-Muhallabi	776–778	Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by the caliph al-Mahdi^[21]
Nasr ibn Muhammad al-Khuza'i	778–781	Appointed by al-Mahdi^[22]
Al-Zubayr ibn al-'Abbas	781(?)	Not listed by Ibn Khayyat. Never went to Sind. Appointed by al-Mahdi^[23]
Sufyah ibn Amr al-Taghlibi(?)	781–782	Name given variously in the sources. Brother of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by al-Mahdi^[24]
Layth ibn Tarif	782–785	Appointed by al-Mahdi^[25]
Muhammad ibn Layth	785–786	Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Layth ibn Tarif. Appointed during the caliphate of al-Hadi^[26]
Layth ibn Tarif	from 786	Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Re-appointed, this time by the caliph al-Rashid^[27]
Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi	780s	Salim's nisbah is given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid^[28]
Ibrahim ibn Salim al-Yunusi/Burnusi	780s	Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Son of Salim, who he succeeded as governor^[29]
Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi	from 790	First cousin twice removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him^[30]
Muhammad ibn Tayfur al-Himyari(?)	790s	Name given variously in the sources. Appointed by al-Rashid^[31]
Kathir ibn Salm al-Bahili	790s	Grandson of Qutayba ibn Muslim. Deputy governor for his brother Sa'id ibn Salm^[32]
Muhammad ibn Adi al-Taghlibi	790s	Nephew of Hisham ibn Amr. Appointed by the governor of Basra, 'Isa ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi^[33]
Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman	790s	Appointed either by al-Rashid or by Muhammad ibn Adi
Abdallah ibn Ala al-Dabbi	790s	Not listed by al-Ya'qubi. Appointed by Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman
Ayyub ibn Ja'far al-Hashimi	to 800	Second cousin once removed of al-Rashid, who appointed him^[34]
Dawud ibn Yazid al-Muhallabi	800–820	Last governor listed by Ibn Khayyat. Member of the Muhallabid family. Appointed by al-Rashid^[35]
Bishr ibn Dawud al-Muhallabi	820–826	Son of Dawud ibn Yazid, who he succeeded as governor. Confirmed in office by the caliph al-Ma'mun^[36]
Hajib ibn Salih	826	Appointed by al-Ma'mun^[37]
Ghassan ibn Abbad	828–831	Appointed by al-Ma'mun^[38]
Musa ibn Yahya al-Barmaki	831–836	Member of the Barmakid family. Appointed by Ghassan ibn Abbad^[39]
Imran ibn Musa al-Barmaki	from 836	Son of Musa ibn Yahya, who he succeeded as governor^[40]
Anbasah ibn Ishaq al-Dabbi	840s	Deputy governor for Itakh al-Turki^[41]
Harun ibn Abi Khalid al-Marwrudhi	to 854	Appointed by the caliph al-Mutawakkil^[42]
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Habbari	854–861	Appointed by the caliph al-Mutawakkil

Habbari dynasty (861–1010 AD)

The Habbari rulers stylised themselves as Emirs.Note: the dates below are only approximate.^[43]

Title	Name	Reign
Amir	Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz al Habbari	861–884 AD
Amir	Abdullah ibn Umar al Habbari	884–913 AD
Amir	Umar ibn Abdullah al Habbari	913–943 AD
Amir	Muhammad ibn Abdullah al Habbari	943–973 AD
Amir	Ali ibn Umar al Habbari	973–987 AD
Amir	Isa bin Ali al Habbari	987–987 AD
Amir	Manbi ibn Ali al Habbari	987–1010 AD
the Emirs of Sindh were nominally allegiant to the Abbasid Caliphs throughout their rule.

Soomra dynasty (1010–1351 AD)

The list of Soomra rulers is as follows;

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Sardar	Khafif I bin Rao Soomar	1010–1026
Sardar	Soomar bin Rao Soomar	1026–1053
Sardar	Bhungar I bin Khafif I Soomro	1053–1068
Sardar	Dodo I bin Bhungar I Soomro	1068–1092
Sardarni	Zainab Tari binte Dodo I Soomro	1092–1098
Sardar	Sanghar bin Dodo I Soomro	1098–1107
Sardarni	Hamun Soomro	1107–1107
Sardar	Khafif II bin Soomar bin Dodo I Soomro	1107–1142
Sardar	Umar I bin Soomar bin Dodo I Soomro	1142–1181
Sardar	Dodo II bin Khafif II Soomro	1181–1195
Sardar	Bhungar II bin Chanesar bin Hamir bin Dodo I Soomro	1195–1222
Sardar	Chanesar I bin Bhungar II Soomro	1222–1228 (1st reign)
Sardar	Ganhwar I bin Bhungar II Soomro	1228–1236 (1st reign)
Sardar	Chanesar I bin Bhungar II Soomro	1236–1237 (2nd reign)
Sardar	Ganhwar I bin Bhungar II Soomro	1237–1241 (2nd reign)
Sardar	Muhammad Tur bin Ganhwar I Soomro	1241–1256
Sardar	Ganhwar II bin Muhammad Tur Soomro	1256–1259
Sardar	Dodo III bin Ganhwar II Soomro	1259–1273
Sardar	Tai bin Dodo III Soomro	1273–1283
Sardar	Chanesar II bin Dodo III Soomro	1283–1300
Sardar	Bhungar III bin Chanesar II Soomro	1300–1315
Sardar	Khafif III bin Chanesar II Soomro	1315–1333
Sardar	Dodo IV bin Chanesar II Soomro	1333–1336
Sardar	Umar II bin Dodo IV Soomro	1336–??
Sardar	Bhungar IV bin Dodo IV Soomro	??–??
Sardar	Hamir bin Dodo IV Soomro	??–1351
the last three Sardars (signified by green rows) ruled only the Lower Sindh while the Upper Sindh was ruled by Sammas

^[44]

Samma dynasty (1336–1524 AD)

The Samma dynasty which was a Muslim dynasty of Sindh who succeeded Soomras took the title Jam, the equivalent of Sultan. The main sources of information on the Samma dynasty are Nizammud-din, Abu-'l-Fazl, Firishta and Mir Ma'sum, all lacking in detail, and with conflicting information. A plausible reconstruction of the chronology^[45] is given in the History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed:^[46]

Jam	Titular name	Reign		Descent
		From	Until
Juno	Jam Junan Ibn Bambhina	1336	1340	Founder of Dynasty
Unar	Jam Feroz Shah Unar	1340	1352	Brother of Junan
Banhabina	Jam Babinoh Sadr al-Din	1352	1367	Son of 'Junan
Tamachi	Jam Khair al-Din Tamachi	1367	1379	Son of 'Unar
Salahuddin	Jam Salah-ad-Din	1379	1389	Son of Jam Tamachi
Nizamuddin	Jam Nizam al-Din I	1389	1391	Son of Jam Salahuddin
Ali Sher	Jam Ali Sher	1391	1398	Son of Jam Tamachi
Karn	Karan	1398	1398
Fath Khan	Jam Fateh Khan bin Sikandar	1398	1415	Nephew of Karan
Tughlaq	Jam Tughlaq bin Sikandar	1415	1442	Brother of Fath Khan
Mubarak		1442	1442	(usurper)
Sikandar		1442	1444	Son of Jam Tughlaq
Raidhan		1444	1453
Sanjar	Jam Sanjar Sadr al-Din	1453	1461
Nizamuddin II	Jam Nizam al-Din II	1461	1508
	Jam Nasir al-Din Firuz Shah	1508	1524	Son of Jam Nizamuddin II

Arghun dynasty (1520–1554 AD)

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Shah	Shuja Beg Arghun	1520–1524 AD
Shah	Husayn Beg Arghun	1524–1554 AD

Tarkhan dynasty (1554–1593 AD)

Title	Personal Name	Reign
After civil war in Sindh between the King Shah Husayn Arghun and his nobles under Mirza Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan the Tarkhan dynasty was victorious and began to rule over Sindh.
Mirza	Muhammad 'Isa Tarkhan	1554–1567 AD
Mirza	Muhammad Baqi Tarkhan	1567–1585 AD
Mirza	Jani Beg Tarkhan	1585–1593 AD

Thatta Subah (Mughal Empire) (1593–1737 AD)

Title	Personal Name	Reign	Serving Monarch	Notes
Subahdar	Rao Patar Das Khattari	1593–1594	Akbar	Removed due to unpopularity among locals.
Subahdar	Mirza Jani Beg Tarkhan	1594–1601	Akbar
Subahdar	Mirza Ghazi Beg Tarkhan	1601–1612	Akbar Jahangir
Subahdar	Muzaffer Khan Mir Abd al-Razzaq Mamuri	1612–1614	Jahangir
Subahdar	Mirza Rustam Safavi	1614–1615	Jahangir
Subahdar	Taj Khan Tash Beg Qurchi	1614–1615	Jahangir
Subahdar	Hamsher Khan Arsalan Beg Uzbek	1615–1617	Jahangir
Subahdar	Khan-i-Dauran Shah Beg Khan Arghun	1617–1617	Jahangir
Subahdar	Muzaffer Khan Mir Abd al-Razzaq Mamuri	1617–1618	Jahangir
Subahdar	Khan-i-Dauran Shah Beg Arghun	1618–1619	Jahangir
Subahdar	Mustafa Khan Sayyid Bayazid Bukhari	1619–1623	Jahangir	Scion of the Uch's Bukhari clan, he first served as the Faujdar of Bukkur. He was granted 2,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry as well. Also written as Syed Bazayd Bukhari.
Subahdar	Salaf-ud-Din Muhammad Shahryar	1623–1626	Jahangir
Subahdar	Abu Saeed	1626–1627	Jahangir
Subahdar	Muhammad Isa Khan Tarkhan II	1627–1628	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Sher Khwaja Baqi Khan	1628–1628	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Mir Hussain al-Din Murtaza Khan Anju	1628–1629	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Amir Khan Mir Abul Baqi	1629–1631	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Yusuf Muhammad Khan Tashqandi	1631–1635	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Khawas Khan Daulat Khan Mayi	1635–1640	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Khwaja Tamar Ghayrat Khan	1640–1641	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Shad Khan	1641–1643	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Amir Khan Mir Abul Baqi	1643–1647	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Mughal Khan	1647–1649	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Muhi al-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb	1649–1653	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Sardar Khan Shahjahani	1653–1653	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Zafar Khan Khwaja Ahsanullah	1653–1655	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Mirza Sipihr Shikoh	1655–1658	Shah Jahan
Subahdar	Qabad Khan Mir Akhur	1658–1660	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Yadgar Beg Lashkar Khan	1660–1662	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Izzat Khan Sayyid Abd al-Razzak Gilani	1662–1664	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Ghazanfar Khan	1664–1666	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Izzat Khan Sayyid Abd al-Razzak Gilani	1666–1669	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Abu Nusrat Khan	1669–1671	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Saadat Khan	1671–1673	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Izzat Khan Sayyid Abd al-Razzak Gilani	1673–1679	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Khana Zaad Khan	1679–1683	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Sardar Khan	1683–1687	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Murid Khan	1687–1689	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Zabardast Khan	1689–1689	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Abu Nusrat Khan	1689–1691	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Hifzullah Khan	1691–1701	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Saeed Khan	1701–1702	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Mir Amin al-Din Khan Husayn	1702–1703	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Yusuf Khan Tirmizi	1703–1704	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Ahmad Yar Khan	1704–1707	Aurangzeb
Subahdar	Saeed Atr Khan Bahadur	1707–1709	Azam Shah Bahadur Shah I
Subahdar	Mahin Khan	1709–1711	Bahadur Shah I
Subahdar	Shakir Khan	1711–1712	Bahadur Shah I
Subahdar	Mahin Khan	1712–1712	Jahandar Shah
Subahdar	Khwaja Muhammad Khalil Khan	1712–1713	Jahandar Shah
Subahdar	Saeed Atr Khan Bahadur	1713–1714	Farrukhsiyar
Subahdar	Yaqub Kashmiri	1714–1714	Farrukhsiyar
Subahdar	Mir Muhammad Shujaat Khan Shafi	1714–1715	Farrukhsiyar
Subahdar	Mir Lutf Ali Khan	1715–1719	Farrukhsiyar
Subahdar	Azam Khan	1719–1719	Rafi ud-Darajat
Subahdar	Mahabat Khan	1719–1722	Shah Jahan II Muhammad Shah
Subahdar	Sultan Mahmud Khan	1722–1724	Muhammad Shah
Subahdar	Saifullah Khan	1724–1730	Muhammad Shah
Subahdar	Sadiq Ali Khan	1730–1730	Muhammad Shah
Subahdar	Dilerdil Khan	1730–1732	Muhammad Shah
Subahdar	Himmet Dilerdil Khan	1732–1736	Muhammad Shah
Subahdar	Sadiq Ali Khan	1736–1737	Muhammad Shah	Deposed by Mian Noor Kalhoro who became the Nawab of Sindh.

Kalhora dynasty (1737–1783 AD)

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Nawab	Mian Noor Muhammad Khan Kalhoro	1737–1755 AD
Nawab	Mian Muradyad Muhammad Khan Kalhoro	1755–1757 AD
Nawab	Mian Ghulam Muhammad Shah Kalhoro	1757–1772 AD
Nawab	Mian Sarfaraz Muhammad Khan Kalhoro	1772–1775 AD
Nawab	Mian Abdul Nabi Muhammad Khan Kalhoro	1775–1783 AD

Talpur dynasty (1783–1843 AD)

Shahdadani Talpurs of Hyderabad

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Mir	Fateh Ali Khan Talpur	1783–1801
Mir	Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur	1801–1811
Mir	Karam Ali Khan Talpur	1811–1828
Mir	Murad Ali Khan Talpur	1828–1833
Mir	Noor Muhammad Khan Talpur	1833–1840
Mir	Naseer Muhammad Khan Talpur	1840–1843

Sohrabani Talpurs of Khairpur

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Mir	Sohrab Ali Khan Talpur	1783–1811
Mir	Rustam Ali Khan Talpur	1811–1842
Mir	Ali Murad Khan Talpur	1842–1894
Mir	Faiz Muhammad Khan Talpur	1894 – 5 March 1909
Mir	Imam Bakhsh Khan Talpur	5 March 1909 – 8 February 1921
Mir	Ali Nawaz Khan Talpur	8 February 1921 – 25 December 1935
Mir	Faiz Muhammad Khan Talpur II	25 December 1935 – 19 July 1947
Mir	George Ali Murad Khan Talpur II	19 July 1947 – 10 November 1954

Title	Personal Name	Reign
Mir	Tharo Ali Khan Talpur	1783 – 1806
Mir	Ali Murad Khan Talpur	1806 – 1829
Mir	Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur	1829 – 1843

See also

• Battle of Fatehpur (1519)
• History of Sindh

External links

• Islamic culture – Page 429, by Islamic Culture Board
• A History of India Under the Two First Sovereigns of the House of Taimur, by William Erskine
• The Ṭabaqāt-i-Akbarī of K̲h̲wājah Nizāmuddīn Ahmad: a history of India, by Niẓām al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Muqīm, Brajendranath De, Baini Prashad
• Bibliotheca Indica – Page 778, by Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)
• Searchlights on Baloches and Balochistan, by Mir Khuda Bakhsh Marri
• The Delhi Sultanate, by Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Asoke Kumar Majumdar,

Notes and References

1. Book: Wink. André. Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest. 2. 1991. BRILL. 9004095098. 152–153. en.
2. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 345–7, 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 304–7, 310, 318; al-Baladhuri, pp. 216–25; al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 149; Crone, p. 135
3. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 356; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 318; al-Baladhuri, p. 225; Crone, p. 141. Habib either was dismissed or resigned, since he remained alive until 102/720; al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 134–7
4. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 322
5. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 322, 333; al-Baladhuri, p. 225
6. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 333; Crone, p. 146
7. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 379–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 333, 359; al-Baladhuri, pp. 226–7; Crone, pp. 98; 147
8. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 380; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 359; al-Baladhuri, p. 227-8; Crone, p. 148. Al-Ya'qubi and al-Baladhuri both give his nisbah as al-'Utbi. According to Khalifah ibn Khayyat, he was dismissed from office
9. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 380, 388–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359; al-Baladhuri; pp. 228–9; Crone, p. 147
10. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 389–90, 399–400; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 354, 359, 366; al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200
11. In al-Ya'qubi, pp. 399–400, 407, this individual is named as Yazid ibn Irar (although the editor, p. 389, notes variant readings, including Izzan) and is said to have replaced 'Amr ibn Muhammad as governor in the reign of al-Walid ibn Yazid; he remained as governor until Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi arrived in Sind and killed him. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 357, calls him Muhammad ibn Irar al-Kalbi and claims he became governor on an interim basis, after the death of al-Hakam ibn Awana; subsequently he was dismissed in 122/740 by the governor of Iraq, Yusuf ibn Umar al-Thaqafi, and replaced with Amr. All this is said to have taken place during the reign of Hisham. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 199–200, calls him "Muhammad ibn Ghazzan – or Izzan – al-Kalbi" and states that he was appointed to succeed Amr in 126/744 by the governor of Iraq, Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi, in the reign of Yazid ibn al-Walid; he does not specify Muhammad's fate.
12. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 407; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230
13. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 407, 429; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 413; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 195, 198, 203; Crone, p. 158
14. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 429, 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 413, 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 230; al-Tabari, v. 27: p. 203-04; v. 28: p. 75; Crone, p. 186
15. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 447-8; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Tabari, v. 28: pp. 75, 77–8; Crone, p. 186. According to both al-Ya'qubi and al-Tabari, 'Uyaynah's rebellion occurred in the year 142/759
16. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, p. 231, who however places 'Umar's governorship after Hisham ibn 'Amr's; al-Tabari, v. 28: p. 78; v. 27: pp. 51–55; Crone, p. 134
17. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 448–9; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; al-Baladhuri, pp. 230–1; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 51, 54–6, 68, 77, 79; Crone, pp. 167–8
18. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433; Crone, p. 168. Al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 180, 193, however, says that Bistam was governor after the death of Ma'bad ibn al-Khalil until the arrival of Rawh ibn Hatim to Sind, although he also claims (p. 172) that Rawh was appointed as governor immediately following Ma'bad's death. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 448, mentions Bistam as Hisham ibn Amr's deputy in al-Mansurah, but makes no mention of him as a full governor.
19. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 449; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 433, where however he is named as Sa'id ibn al-Khalil (which the editor notes is a possible error); al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 79, 80, 172. Ibn Khayyat says that he died in the reign of al-Mansur, while al-Tabari claims that he died in 159/776, in the reign of al-Mahdi.
20. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, pp. 433 (where he is named as Muhammad ibn Sa'id), 440 (where he is Muhammad ibn Ma'bad)
21. al-Ya'qubi, p. 479; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 195, 203, who however places Rawh's appointment in 160/777; Crone, p. 134
22. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 479–80; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: pp. 203, 216, 218; Crone, p. 185
23. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480
24. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari v. 29: p. 219, who all give different names for this individual; Crone, p. 168
25. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 480; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 441; al-Tabari, v. 29: p. 222; Crone, p. 192
26. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 446
27. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 192
28. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 194
29. Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463
30. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 493; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 109
31. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 493–4, where however he is named as Tayfur ibn 'Abdallah ibn Mansur al-Himyari; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; p. 195
32. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 137
33. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; Crone, p. 168
34. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 494; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463
35. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 494, 532; Khalifah ibn Khayyat, p. 463; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 30: p. 173; v. 32: p. 106; Crone, p. 135
36. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557–8; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 106, 175, 179, 189; Crone, p. 135
37. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 175
38. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231; al-Tabari, v. 32: pp. 179–80, 189
39. Al-Ya'qubi, p. 557; al-Baladhuri, p. 231
40. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 557, 585; al-Baladhuri, pp. 231–2. Al-Tabari, v. 32: p. 189, says that Imran was appointed as chief financial officer of Sind by Ghassan, and does not mention Imran's father Musa
41. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 585, 593, who says that 'Anbasah was appointed in the caliphate of al-Wathiq (842–847) and stayed in Sind for nine years; al-Baladhuri, p. 218, who claims that he was governor during the reign of al-Mu'tasim (833–842)
42. Al-Ya'qubi, pp. 593, 599; al-Baladhuri, p. 219
43. Web site: Chapter No. 1: History and Geography of al-Mansurah . 2014-01-27 . 2017-10-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171011204931/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/Chapters/3761H-1.pdf . dead .
44. Siddiqui . Dr. Habibullah . The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule. . Literary Conference on Soomra Period in Sindh.
45. Book: Majumdar . Ramesh Chandra . R. C. Majumdar . Pusalker . A. D. . Majumdar . A. K. . 1960 . . VI: The Delhi Sultanate . Bombay . Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan . 224.
46. History of Delhi Sultanate by M.H. Syed (p240), 2005, 9788126118304