List of Latin-script trigraphs explained

A number of trigraphs are found in the Latin script.

A

(aai) is used for pronounced as //aːi̯// in Dutch and various Cantonese romanisations.

(abh) is used for pronounced as //əu̯// (pronounced as //oː// in Ulster) in Irish.

(adh) is used for pronounced as //əi̯// (pronounced as //eː// in Ulster) in Irish, when stressed or for pronounced as //ə// (pronounced as //uː// in Mayo and Ulster), when unstressed word-finally.

(aei) is used for pronounced as //eː// in Irish.

(agh) is used for pronounced as //əi̯// (pronounced as //eː// in Ulster) in Irish.

(aim) is used for pronounced as //ɛ̃// (pronounced as //ɛm// before a vowel) in French.

(ain) is used for pronounced as //ɛ̃// (pronounced as //ɛn// before a vowel) in French. It also represents pronounced as //ɛ̃// in Tibetan Pinyin, where it is alternatively written .

(air) is used for pronounced as //ɛː// in RP, as in chair.

(aío) is used for pronounced as //iː// in Irish, between broad consonants.

(amh) is used for pronounced as //əu̯// in Irish.

(aoi) is used for pronounced as //iː// in Irish, between a broad and a slender consonant.

(aon) is used for pronounced as //ɑ̃// (pronounced as //ɑn// before a vowel) in French.

(aou) is used for pronounced as //u// in French.

(aoû) is used in a few words in French for pronounced as //u//.

(aqh) is used for the strident vowel pronounced as //a᷽// in Taa (If IPA does not display properly, it is an (a) with a double tilde (≈) underneath.)

B–C

(bhf) is used for pronounced as //w// and pronounced as //vʲ// in Irish. It is used for the eclipsis of (f).

(cʼh) is used for pronounced as //x// (a voiceless velar fricative) in Breton. It should not be confused with ch, which represents pronounced as //ʃ// (a voiceless postalveolar fricative).

(ccs) is used for pronounced as /[tʃː]/ in Hungarian for germinated (cs). It is collated as rather than as . It is only used within roots; when two are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence .

(chd) is used for pronounced as //dʒ// in Eskayan romanised orthography.

(chh) is used for pronounced as //tʃʰ// in Quechua and romanizations of Indic languages

(chj) is used in for pronounced as //c// Corsican. (chw) is used for pronounced as //w// in southern dialects of Welsh

(cci) is used for pronounced as //tʃː// before (a), (o), (u) in Italian.

D

(dch) is used for the prevoiced aspirated affricate pronounced as //d͡tʃʰ// in Juǀʼhoan.

(ddh) is used for the dental affricate pronounced as //tθ// in Chipewyan.

(ddz) is a long Hungarian (dz), pronounced as /[dːz]/. It is collated as (dz) rather than as (d). It is not used within roots, where (dz) may be either long or short; but when an assimilated suffix is added to the stem, it may form the trigraph rather than the regular sequence *(dzdz). Examples are Hungarian: eddze, lopóddzon.

(djx) is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate pronounced as //d͡tʃᵡ// in Juǀʼhoan.

(dlh) is used for pronounced as //tˡʰ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet of Hmong.

(drz) is used for pronounced as //dʒ// in English transcriptions of the Polish digraph .

(dsh) is used for the foreign sound pronounced as //dʒ// in German. A common variant is the tetragraph . It is used in Juǀʼhoan for the prevoiced aspirated affricate pronounced as //d͡tsʰ//.

(dsj) is used for foreign loan words with pronounced as //dʒ// Norwegian. Sometimes the digraph dj is used.

(dtc) is used for the voiced palatal click pronounced as //ᶢǂ// in Naro.

(dzh) is used for pronounced as //dʒ// in English transcriptions of the Russian digraph . In the practical orthography of Taa, where it represents the prevoiced affricate pronounced as //dtsʰ//.

(dzi) is used for pronounced as //dʑ// when it precedes a vowel and pronounced as //dʑi// otherwise in Polish, and is considered a variant of the digraph dź appearing in other situations.

(dzs) is used for the voiced palato-alveolar affricate pronounced as //dʒ// in Hungarian

(dzx) is used for the prevoiced uvularized affricate pronounced as //d͡tsᵡ// in Juǀʼhoan.

(dzv) is used for the whistled sibilant affricate pronounced as //dz͎// in Shona.

E

(eai) is used for pronounced as //a// in Irish, between slender consonants. It is also used in French for pronounced as //e// after (g).

(eái) is used for pronounced as //aː// in Irish, between slender consonants.

(eau) is used for pronounced as //o// in French and is a word itself meaning "water".

(eaw) is used for pronounced as //ɐʏ// in Lancashire dialect.

(ein) is used for pronounced as //ɛ̃// (pronounced as //ɛn// before a vowel) in French.

(eoi) is used for pronounced as //oː// in Irish, between slender consonants.

(eqh) is used for the strident vowel pronounced as //e᷽// in the practical orthography of Taa (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an (e) with a double tilde (≈) underneath).

(eeu) is used for pronounced as //iːu// in Afrikaans.

G

(geü) is used for pronounced as //ʒy// in French words such as French: vergeüre.

(ggi) is used for pronounced as //dʒː// before (a), (o), (u) in Italian.

(ggj) is used for pronounced as //ʝː// in the Nynorsk Norwegian standard; e.g., Norwegian: leggja "lay".

(ggw) is used for ejective pronounced as //kʷʼ// in Hadza.

(ggy) is used for pronounced as /[ɟː]/ in Hungarian as a geminated (gy). It is collated as (gy) rather than as (g). It is only used within roots; when two (gy) are brought together in a compound

(ghj) is used for pronounced as //ɟ// in Corsican.

(ghw) is used for a labialized velar/uvular pronounced as //ʁʷ// in Chipewyan. In Canadian Tlingit it represents pronounced as //qʷ//, which is written (gw) in Alaska.

(gli) is used for pronounced as //ʎː// before a vowel other than (i) in Italian.

(gln) is used for pronounced as //ŋn// in Talossan.

(gni) is used for pronounced as //ɲ// in a few French words such as French: châtaignier pronounced as //ʃɑtɛɲe//.

(guë) and (güe) are used for pronounced as //ɡy// at the ends of words that end in the feminine suffix -e in French. E.g. French: aiguë "sharp" and French: ambiguë "ambiguous". In the French spelling reform of 1990, it was recommended that traditional (guë) be changed to (güe).

(gqh) is used for the prevoiced affricate pronounced as //ɢqʰ// in the practical orthography of Taa.

(gǃh) (gǀh) (gǁh) (gǂh) are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced aspirated clicks, pronounced as //ᶢᵏǃʰ, ᶢᵏǀʰ, ᶢᵏǁʰ, ᶢᵏǂʰ//.

(gǃk) (gǀk) (gǁk) (gǂk) are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate ejective-contour clicks, pronounced as //ᶢᵏǃ͡χʼ, ᶢᵏǀ͡χʼ, ᶢᵏǁ͡χʼ, ᶢᵏǂ͡χʼ//.

(gǃx) (gǀx) (gǁx) (gǂx) are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four prevoiced affricate pulmonic-contour clicks, pronounced as //ᶢᵏǃ͡χ, ᶢᵏǀ͡χ, ᶢᵏǁ͡χ, ᶢᵏǂ͡χ//.

H–I

(hhw) is used for a labialized velar/uvular pronounced as //χʷ// in Chipewyan.

(hml) is used for pronounced as //m̥ˡ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(hny) is used for pronounced as //ɲ̥// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(hky) is used for the aspirated voiceless post-alveolar affricate pronounced as //t͡ʃʰ// in some romanizations of Burmese ချ or ခြ.

(idh) is used for an unstressed word-final pronounced as //əj// in Irish, which is realised as pronounced as //iː//, pronounced as //ə// and pronounced as //əɟ// depending on dialect.

represents pronounced as //iː// in Afrikaans.

(igh) is used for an unstressed word-final pronounced as //əj// in Irish, which is realised as pronounced as //iː//, pronounced as //ə// and pronounced as //əɟ// depending on dialect. In English it may be used for pronounced as //aɪ//, e.g. light pronounced as //laɪt//.

(ign) is used for pronounced as //ɲ// in a few French words such as oignon pronounced as //ɔɲɔ̃// "onion" and encoignure "corner". It was eliminated in the French spelling reform of 1990, but continues to be used.

(ije) is used for pronounced as //je// or pronounced as //jeː// in the ijekavian reflex of Serbo-Croatian.

(ilh) is used for pronounced as //ʎ// in Breton.

(ill) is used for pronounced as //j// in French, as in épouiller pronounced as //epuje//.

(iqh) is used for the strident vowel pronounced as //i᷽// in the practical orthography of Taa. (If IPA does not display properly, it is an (i) with a double tilde (≈) underneath.)

(iúi) is used for pronounced as //uː// in Irish, between slender consonants.

J–L

(khu) is used for pronounced as //kʷʼ// in Ossete.

(khw) is used for pronounced as //qʷʰ// in Canadian Tlingit, which is written (kw) in Alaska.

(kkj) is used for pronounced as //çː// in the Nynorsk Norwegian standard, e.g. in Norwegian: ikkje "not".

(kng) is used for pronounced as //ᵏŋ// in Arrernte.

(k'u) is used for pronounced as //kʷʰ// in Purépecha.

(kwh) is a common convention for pronounced as //kʷʰ//.

(lhw) is used for pronounced as //l̪ʷ// in Arrernte.

(lli) is used for pronounced as //j// after pronounced as //i// in a few French words, such as French: coquillier.

(lly) is used for pronounced as /[jː ~ ʎː]/ in Hungarian as a geminated (ly). It is collated as (ly) rather than as (l). It is only used within roots; when two (ly) are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence (lyly).

(lyw) is used for pronounced as //ʎʷ// in Arrernte.

N

(nch) is used for pronounced as //ɲɟʱ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(ndl) is used for pronounced as //ndˡ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In Xhosa is represents pronounced as //ndɮ//.

(ndz) is used for pronounced as //ndz// in Xhosa.

(ngʼ) is used for pronounced as //ŋ// in Swahili. Technically, it may be considered a digraph rather than a trigraph, as (ʼ) is not a letter of the Swahili alphabet.

(ngb) is used for pronounced as //ⁿɡ͡b//, a prenasalised (gb) pronounced as //ɡ͡b//, in some African orthographies.

(ngc) is used for pronounced as //ŋǀʱ// in Xhosa.

(ngg) is used for pronounced as //ŋɡ// in several languages such as Filipino and Malay that use (ng) for pronounced as //ŋ//.

(ngh) is used for pronounced as //ŋ//, before (e), (i), and (y), in Vietnamese. In Welsh, it represents a voiceless velar nasal (a (c) under the nasal mutation). In Xhosa, (ngh) represents a murmured velar nasal.

(ng'h) is used for voiceless pronounced as //ŋ̊// in Gogo.

(ngk) is used for a back velar stop, pronounced as //ⁿɡ̠ ~ ⁿḵ//, in Yanyuwa

(ngm) is used for doubly articulated consonant pronounced as //ŋ͡m// in Yélî Dnye of Papua New Guinea.

(ngq) is used for pronounced as //ŋǃʱ// in Xhosa.

(ngv) is used for pronounced as //ŋʷ// in Bouyei and Standard Zhuang.

(ngw) is used pronounced as //ŋʷ// or pronounced as //ŋɡʷ// in the orthographies of several languages.

(ngx) is used for pronounced as //ŋǁʱ// in Xhosa.

(nhw) is used for pronounced as //n̪ʷ// in Arrernte.

(nkc) is info for pronounced as //ŋ.ǀ// in Xhosa.

(nkh) is used in for pronounced as //ŋɡʱ// the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(nkp) is used for pronounced as //ⁿk͡p//, a prenasalized pronounced as //k͡p//, in some African orthographies.

(nkq) is used for the alveolar click pronounced as //ŋ.ǃ// in Xhosa.

(nkx) is used for the prenasalized lateral click pronounced as //ŋ.ǁ// in Xhosa.

(nng) is used in Inuktitut and Greenlandic to write a long (geminate) velar nasal, pronounced as //ŋː//.

(nny) is a long Hungarian (ny), pronounced as /[ɲː]/. It is collated as (ny) rather than as (n). It is only used within roots; when two (ny) are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence (nyny).

(nph) is used for pronounced as //mbʱ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(npl) is used for pronounced as //mbˡ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(nqh) is used for pronounced as //ɴɢʱ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(nrh) is used for pronounced as //ɳɖʱ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(ntc) is used for the click pronounced as //ᵑǂ// in Naro.

(nth) is used for pronounced as //ndʱ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In the transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages such as Yanyuwa it represents a dental stop, pronounced as //n̪t̪ ~ n̪d̪//.

(ntj) is used for pronounced as //nt͡ʃ// in Cypriot Arabic.

(ntl) is used for pronounced as //ntɬʼ// in Xhosa.

(nts) is used for pronounced as //ɳɖʐ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong. In Malagasy it represents pronounced as //ⁿts//.

(ntx) is used for pronounced as //ndz// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(nyh) is used for pronounced as //n̤ʲ// in Xhosa. In Gogo it's voiceless pronounced as //ɲ̊//.

(nyk) is used for a pre-velar stop, pronounced as //ⁿɡ̟ ~ ⁿk̟// in Yanyuwa.

(nyw) is used for pronounced as //ɲʷ// in Arrernte.

(nzv) is used for the prenasalized whistled sibilant pronounced as //ndz͎// in Shona.

(nǃh) is used for the alveolar murmured nasal click pronounced as //ᵑǃʱ// in Juǀʼhoan

(nǀh) is used for the dental murmured nasal click pronounced as //ᵑǀʱ// in Juǀʼhoan.

(nǁh) is used for the lateral murmured nasal click pronounced as //ᵑǁʱ// in Juǀʼhoan.

(nǂh) is used for the palatal murmured nasal click pronounced as //ᵑǂʱ// in Juǀʼhoan.

M

(mpt) is used for the pronounced as //w̃t// sound in Portuguese.

O

(obh) is used for pronounced as //əu̯// (pronounced as //oː// in Ulster) in Irish.

(odh) is used for pronounced as //əu̯// (pronounced as //oː// in Ulster) in Irish.

is used for pronounced as //uː// in Afrikaans.

is used for pronounced as //uiː// in Dutch and Afrikaans.

(oen) is that represents a Walloon nasal vowel.

(oeu) is used for pronounced as //ø// and pronounced as //øː// in the Classical Milanese orthography for the Milanese dialect of Lombard.

(ogh) is used for pronounced as //əu̯// (pronounced as //oː// in Ulster) in Irish.

(oin) is used for pronounced as //wɛ̃// (pronounced as //wɛn// before a vowel) in French. In Tibetan Pinyin, it represents pronounced as //ø̃// and is alternately ön.

(oío) is used for pronounced as //iː// in Irish, between broad consonants.

(omh) is used for pronounced as //oː// in Irish.

(ooi) is used for pronounced as //oːi̯// in Dutch and Afrikaans.

(oqh) is used for the strident vowel pronounced as //o᷽// in the practical orthography of Taa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an (o) with a double tilde (≈) underneath.)

P–R

(plh) is used for pronounced as //pˡʰ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(pmw) is used for pronounced as //ᵖmʷ// in Arrernte.

(pqb) is used for pronounced as //ᵖqᵇ// in Soninke.

(p'h) is used in Kuanua, in "water".

(pss) is used for pronounced as //psˤ// in Silesian.

(que) is used for final pronounced as //k// in some English words of French origin, such as macaque, oblique, opaque, and torque.

(quh) is used for pronounced as //k// in several English names of Scots origin, such as Sanquhar, Farquhar, and Urquhart or pronounced as //h//, as in Colquhoun.

(qxʼ) is used for the affricate pronounced as //qχʼ// in the practical orthography of Taa.

(rds) is used for the sje sound pronounced as //ɧ// in Swedish in the word Swedish: gärdsgård pronounced as //'jæɧgo:ɖ// "roundpole fence".

(rlw) is used for pronounced as //ɭʷ// in Arrernte.

(rnd) is used for a retroflex stop pronounced as //ɳʈ ~ ɳɖ// in Yanyuwa.

(rng) is used for pronounced as /[ɴŋ]/, a uvular nasal followed by velar nasal, in Inuktitut.

(rnw) is used for pronounced as //ɳʷ// in Arrernte.

(rrh) is used for pronounced as //r// in words of Greek derivation such as diarrhea.

(rrw) is used for pronounced as //rʷ// in Arrernte.

(rsk) is used for the sje sound pronounced as //ɧ// in Swedish as in the word Swedish: marskalk pronounced as //'maɧalk// "marshal".

(rtn) is used for pronounced as //ʈɳ// in Arrernte.

(rtw) is used for pronounced as //ʈʷ// in Arrernte.

S

(sch) is used for pronounced as /link/ in German and other languages influenced by it such as Low German and Romansh. It is used for the sje sound pronounced as //ɧ// in Swedish at the end of a French loanword; e.g., Swedish: marsch (fr. French: marche), or in Greek loanwords, such as Swedish: schema ("schedule") and Swedish: ischias. In Walloon, it represents a consonant that is variously pronounced as //h//, pronounced as //ʃ//, pronounced as //ç//, or pronounced as //sk//, depending on the dialect. In English, (sch) is usually used for pronounced as //sk//, but the word (from the Late Latin Latin: [[wikt:schedula#Latin|schedula]]) can be pronounced as //sk// or pronounced as //ʃ// depending on dialect. In Dutch, it may represent word-final pronounced as /[s]/, as in the common suffix -isch and in some (sur)names, like Bosch and Den Bosch. In the Rheinische Dokumenta, (sch) is used to denote the sounds pronounced as /[ʃ]/, pronounced as /[ɕ]/ and pronounced as /[ʂ]/, while (sch) with an arc below denotes pronounced as /[ʒ]/.

(sci) is used in Italian for pronounced as //ʃː// before (a), (o), (u).

(shʼ) is used in Bolivian Quechua for pronounced as //ʂ//.

(shr) is used in Gwich'in for pronounced as /[ʂ]/.

(skj) represents a fricative phoneme pronounced as //ʃ// in some Scandinavian languages. In Faroese (e.g. Faroese: at skjóta "to shoot") and in Norwegian (e.g. Norwegian: kanskje "maybe"), it is a usually the voiceless postalveolar fricative pronounced as /[ʃ]/. In Swedish (e.g. Swedish: skjorta "shirt") it is often realised as the sje sound pronounced as /[ɧ]/.

(ssi) is used for pronounced as //ʃ// in English such as in mission. It is used in a few French loanwords in Swedish for the sje sound pronounced as //ɧ//, e.g. Swedish: assiett "dessert plate".

(ssj) is used for the sje sound pronounced as //ɧ// in a few Swedish words between two short vowels, such as Swedish: hässja "hayrack".

(sth) is found in words of Greek origin. In French, it is pronounced pronounced as //s// before a consonant, as in French: isthme and French: asthme; in American English, it is pronounced pronounced as //s// in isthmus and pronounced as //z// in asthma.

(stj) is used for the sje sound pronounced as //ɧ// in 5 native Swedish words, it can also represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative pronounced as //ʃ// or the consonant cluster pronounced as //stʲ// in Norwegian depending on dialect.

(ssz) is a long Hungarian (sz), pronounced as /[sː]/. It is collated as (sz) rather than as (s). It is only used within roots; when two (sz) are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence (szsz).

(sze) is used for pronounced as //siː// in Cantonese romanization.

(s-c) and (s-cc) are used for the sequence pronounced as //stʃ// in Piedmontese.

(s-g) and (s-gg) are used for the sequence pronounced as //zdʒ// in Piedmontese.

T

(tcg) is used for the click pronounced as //ǂχ// in Naro.

(tch) is used for the aspirated click pronounced as //ǂʰ// in Naro, the aspirated affricate pronounced as //tʃʰ// in Sandawe, Hadza and Juǀʼhoan, and the affricate pronounced as //tʃ// in French and Portuguese. In modern Walloon it is pronounced as //tʃ//, which used to be written ch. In Swedish it is used for the affricate pronounced as //tʃ// in a small number of English loanwords, such as match and batch. In English it is a variant of the digraph (ch), used in situations similar to those that trigger the digraph (ck) for (k).

(tcx) is used for the uvularized affricate pronounced as //tʃᵡ// in Juǀʼhoan.

(thn) and (tnh) are used for pronounced as //ᵗ̪n̪// in Arrernte.

(ths) is used for pronounced as //tsʰ// in Xhosa. It is often replaced with the ambiguous trigraph (tsh).

(thw) is used for pronounced as //t̪ʷ// in Arrernte.

(tlh) is used for pronounced as //tɬʰ// in languages such as Tswana, and is pronounced as //tɬ// in the fictional Klingon language from Star Trek, where it is treated as a single letter.

(tnh) and (thn) are used for pronounced as //ᵗ̪n̪// in Arrernte.

(tnw) is used for pronounced as //ᵗnʷ// in Arrernte.

(tny) is used for pronounced as //ᶜɲ// in Arrernte.

(tsg) is used for pronounced as //tsχ// in Naro.

(tsh) is used in various languages, such as Juǀʼhoan, for the aspirated affricate pronounced as //tsʰ//. In the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong, it represents the sound pronounced as //tʂʰ//. In Xhosa, it may be used to write pronounced as //tsʰ//, pronounced as //tʃʼ//, or pronounced as //tʃʰ//, though it is sometimes limited to pronounced as //tʃʼ//, with pronounced as //tsʰ// and pronounced as //tʃʰ// distinguished as (ths) and (thsh).

(tsj) is used for pronounced as //tʃ// in Dutch and Norwegian.

(tsv) is used for the whistled sibilant affricate pronounced as //ts͎// in Shona.

(tsx) is used for the uvularized affricate pronounced as //tsᵡ// in Juǀʼhoan.

(tsy) is used for pronounced as //tʃ// or pronounced as //dʒ// in Seneca, can also be (j).

(tsz) is used for the syllables pronounced as //t͡si// and pronounced as //t͡sʰi// in Cantonese romanization.

(tth) is used for dental affricate pronounced as //tθʰ// in Chipewyan.

(ttl) is used for ejective pronounced as //tɬʼ// in Haida (Bringhurst orthography).

(tts) is used for ejective pronounced as //tsʼ// in Haida (Bringhurst orthography).

(tty) is used for pronounced as /[cː]/ in Hungarian as a geminated (ty). It is collated as (ty) rather than as (t). It is only used within roots; when two (ty) are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence (tyty).

(txh) is used for pronounced as //tsʰ// in the Romanized Popular Alphabet used to write Hmong.

(tyh) is used for pronounced as //tʲʰ// in Xhosa.

(tyw) is used for pronounced as //cʷ// in Arrernte.

(tze) is used for pronounced as //t͡si// in Cantonese names (such as Cheung Tze-keung) or in Chinese names (such as Yangtze).

U–Z

(uío) is used for pronounced as //iː// in Irish, between broad consonants.

(uqh) is used for the strident vowel pronounced as //u᷽// in the practical orthography of Taa. (If this symbol does not display properly, it is an (u) with a double tilde (≈) underneath.)

(urr) is used for pronounced as //χʷ// in Central Alaskan Yup'ik.

(xhw) is used for pronounced as //χʷ// in Canadian Tlingit, which is written (xw) in Alaska.

(zzs) is used for pronounced as /[ʒː]/ in Hungarian as a geminated (zs). It is collated as (zs) rather than as (z). It is only used within roots; when two (zs) are brought together in a compound word, they form the regular sequence (zszs).

Other

(ŋgb) (capital (Ŋgb)) is used for pronounced as /[ŋ͡mɡ͡b]/ in Kabiye, a pre-nasalized (gb).

(ǃʼh) (ǀʼh) (ǁʼh) (ǂʼh) are used in Juǀʼhoan for its four aspirated nasal clicks, pronounced as //ᵑ̊ǃʰ, ᵑ̊ǀʰ, ᵑ̊ǁʰ, ᵑ̊ǂʰ//.

(ǃkx) (ǀkh) (ǁkx) (ǂkx) are used in Khoekhoe for its four plain aspirated clicks, pronounced as //ǃʰ, ǀʰ, ǁʰ, ǂʰ//.