List of Korean inventions and discoveries explained

This is a list of Korean inventions and discoveries; Koreans have made contributions to science and technology from ancient to modern times. In the contemporary era, South Korea plays an active role in the ongoing Digital Revolution, with one of the largest electronics industries and most innovative economies in the world.[1] [2] The Koreans have made contributions across a number of scientific and technological domains. In particular, the country has played a role in the modern Digital Revolution through its large electronics industry with a number of modern revolutionary and widespread technologies in fields such as electronics and robotics introduced by Korean engineers, entrepreneurs, inventors, and scientists.

Agriculture

The first standardized rain gauge, called the cheugugi, was invented during the reign of Sejong the Great in the Joseon dynasty of Korea.[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] The cheugugi was used throughout the country for official purposes. In the 15th century, Korea was the only country to use a quantitative measuring device for the purpose of meteorological observation.

The first description of a heated greenhouse is from the Sanga Yorok, a treatise on husbandry compiled by a royal physician of the Joseon dynasty of Korea during the 1450s, in its chapter on cultivating vegetables during winter. The treatise contains detailed instructions on constructing a greenhouse that is capable of cultivating vegetables, forcing flowers, and ripening fruit within an artificially heated environment, by utilizing ondol, the traditional Korean underfloor heating system, to maintain heat and humidity; cob walls to insulate heat; and semi-transparent oiled hanji windows to permit light penetration for plant growth and provide protection from the outside environment. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty confirm that greenhouse-like structures incorporating ondol were constructed to provide heat for mandarin orange trees during the winter of 1438.[8]

The homi, which dates back to the Bronze Age, is one of the most representative agricultural tools of Korea.[9] Its signature tapered blade was developed during the Later Silla period.[10] In recent times, the homi (known by names such as the "Ho-Mi EZ Digger" and "Korean hand plow")[11] [12] [13] has gained popularity in the West.[14]

The first unambiguously domesticated, cultigen-sized soybean was discovered in Korea at the Mumun-period Daundong site.[15] [16]

Aquaculture

Limestone net sinkers discovered in Korea dating to 27,000 BC are the earliest evidence of fishing by nets and also the oldest fishing implements found to date in the world.[17]

In 2016, the National Institute of Fisheries Science of South Korea succeeded in farming Alaska pollock for the first time in the world, allowing the fish to lay eggs a year and 8 months after birth, as opposed to 3 years in the wild.[18] [19] Alaska pollock is considered the "national fish" of Korea and is prepared in a number of dishes, including myeongnan-jeot, which was introduced and popularized in Japan as "mentaiko" in the 20th century.[20]

The earliest cultivation of gim, an edible seaweed, was started by Kim Yeo-ik in the middle of the 17th century.[21] [22]

The earliest depictions of whaling have been discovered in Korea at the Neolithic Bangudae site, which may date back to 6000 BC.[23] Bangudae is the earliest evidence for whaling.[24]

Mathematics

Chisanbop is an abacus-like calculation system using fingers that was invented in Korea in the 1940s and brought to the West in the 1970s.[25]

The hexagonal tortoise problem was invented by Choi Seok-jeong during the Joseon period.[26]

The first literature on the Latin square dates back to the monograph Gusuryak by the Joseon mathematician Choi Seok-jeong (1646–1715),[27] predating Leonhard Euler by at least 67 years.[28] [29]

The Korean mathematician Rimhak Ree discovered and constructed the Ree group in the mathematical field of group theory.

Technology

Electronics

The world's first 360-degree color hologram was developed by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute in 2015.[30]

The first pen that performs 3D printing on the nanoscale was developed by Seongpil Hwang of Korea University in 2014.[31] [32]

Samsung released the world's first 5G smartphone, the Galaxy S10 5G, in 2019.[33]

The world's first curved display smartphone, the Samsung Galaxy Round, was released by Samsung on 10 October 2013.[34]

First demonstrated by Samsung in 1997.[35] Samsung released the first commercial DDR SDRAM chip in June 1998.[36] [37] [38]

Samsung developed the first eye tracking mouse that doesn't require users to wear special equipment, called the EyeCan, in 2012.[39] [40]

In 2012, researchers at KAIST demonstrated the first fully functional all-flexible electronic battery system.[41] In 2013, scientists led by Professor Lee Sang-young of Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology developed the world's first bendable lithium ion batteries.[42]

In 1967, Dawon Kahng and Simon Min Sze invented the floating-gate MOSFET, which provides the foundation for many forms of semiconductor memory devices.[43]

GDDR was initially known as DDR SGRAM (double data-rate synchronous graphics RAM). It was commercially introduced by Samsung Electronics in 1998.[37]

High Bandwidth Memory is a high-performance RAM interface for 3D-stacked DRAM developed by SK Hynix and AMD to be used in conjunction with high-performance graphics accelerators and network devices.

Samsung released the world's first LTE mobile phone, the SCH-r900, in 2010,[44] and the world's first LTE smartphone, the Samsung Galaxy Indulge, in 2011.[45]

In 1959, Dawon Kahng and Mohamed Atalla at Bell Labs invented the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET), a semiconductor that is the basic element in most of today's electronic equipment.[46] [47] It is the basic building block of the Digital Revolution,[48] and the most widely manufactured device in history.[49]

The first mobile phone to support MP3 playback, the SPH-M2100, was released by Samsung in 1999.[50] [51]

The world's first commercially available MP3 player, the MPMan, was launched by SaeHan Information Systems in 1997.[52] [53]

Researchers at KAIST developed an electric transportation system in which online electric vehicles (OLEV) get power wirelessly through the application of shaped magnetic field in resonance, a new technology introduced by KAIST that enables electric vehicles to transfer electricity wirelessly from the road surface.[54] [55] The world's first OLEV buses began operation at the city of Gumi in March 2014.[56]

Apple's "Retina" display was invented by LG and bought by Apple.[57]

The world's first solid rollable keyboard was introduced by LG in 2015.[58] [59]

The first commercial synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) was the Samsung KM48SL2000 memory chip.[60] It was introduced by Samsung Electronics in 1992,[61] and mass-produced in 1993.[60]

The first commercially available tablet computer, the GRiDPad, was manufactured by Samsung in 1989 after it absorbed GRiD Systems Corporation in 1988.[62] The GRiDPad was modified from the Samsung PenMaster, which was never commercially released.[63]

The LG Prada is the world's first completely touchscreen mobile phone,[64] [65] and also the first mobile phone with a capacitive touchscreen.[66] [67]

Transparent resistive random access memory (TRRAM) is the world's first transparent computer chip, invented by scientists at KAIST.[68] [69]

The world's first TV phone, the SCH-M220, was developed by Samsung in 1999.[70] [71]

The world's first UFS memory cards were developed by Samsung.[72] [73]

The world's first watch phone, the SPH-WP10, was released by Samsung in 1999.[74] [75]

Researchers led by Byung Jin Cho at KAIST developed a glass fabric-based thermoelectric (TE) generator that is extremely light and flexible and produces electricity from the heat of the human body.[76] [77] [78]

Appliances

In 2000, LG Electronics introduced the world's first digital refrigerator called the Internet Digital DIOS.[79]

In 2015, LG Electronics unveiled the world's first washing machine that allows for two separate loads to be washed simultaneously using the "TWIN Wash System".[80] [81]

The kimchi refrigerator is designed to meet the storage requirements of kimchi. The first commercial kimchi refrigerator was created by Winia Mando in 1995.[82]

In 2011, LG introduced a closet, called the Styler, that steam cleans clothing that's hung inside without the use of water or detergents; it is used in hotels, airports, casinos, and homes in Korea.[83]

Invented by Romi Haan in 2001, the steam mop is a type of electric mop that uses hot steam to disinfect floors.[84] [85]

In 2012, Dongbu Daewoo Electronics introduced the world’s first wall-mounted drum type washing machine called the "Mini".[86]

Information technology

In April 2019 Korea released the world's first 5G network, becoming the first country in the world to adopt 5G.[87]

The caller ringback tone (CRBT) service, which allows subscribers to choose a piece of music or an audio clip that callers will hear in place of the standard 'ringing' tone when dialing the subscriber's number, was first offered in South Korea in 2002 by SK Telecom. It was developed in 2001 by the Korean firm Witcom.[88] [89]

Beginning in 1995, Seoul was the first city in the world to use contactless smart cards, for electronic ticketing.[90] [91]

The digital multimedia broadcasting technology was developed in South Korea. It is a digital transmission system for sending multimedia to mobile devices.[92] [93]

In 2005, the Korean Ministry of Justice and a consortium of financial institutions announced the service of an electronic promissory note service, after years of development, allowing entities to make promissory notes (notes payable) in business transactions digitally instead of on paper, for the first time in the world.[94] [95] [96]

By developing digital multimedia broadcasting (DMB), Korea became the first nation in the world to officially introduce mobile television service in May 2005.

In 2011, Homeplus launched the world's first virtual store at Seolleung Station, enabling consumers to purchase items with their smartphones by scanning QR codes using the Homeplus app, then having the products delivered.[97]

Developed in 2005 by Samsung Electronics, WiBro, an abbreviation of wireless broadband, is the first commercial mobile WiMax system in the world. In April 2007, KT began full commercial WiBro services in the Seoul metropolitan area and its vicinity for the first time in the world.[98]

Robotics

Introduced in 2005, Albert HUBO is the world’s first walking humanoid robot with an android head. It was a collaboration between Hanson Robotics and KAIST.[99] [100]

Scientists at the Chonnam National University in South Korea developed the world's first cancer-fighting nanobot, a microscopic robot called a "bacteriobot", that is injected into the bloodstream and seeks out and destroys cancer cells while leaving healthy cells alone.[101] [102]

Hongsoo Choi's research team at the Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology developed the world's first ciliary microrobots, that can move and function like single cells.[103] [104] [105]

Developed by a team at the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology and introduced in May 2003, EveR-1 is the world's second android.[106]

Developed by KAIST and introduced in 2004, HUBO is the world's second walking humanoid robot,[107] and the first to move with a natural gait.[108]

Developed by a team at Korea Institute of Science and Technology and introduced in March 2005, MAHRU (originally known as NBH-1) is the first network-based humanoid robot in the world.[109] [110]

South Korea's Method-2 is the world's first manned bipedal robot.[111] [112]

Robot-assisted transaxillary thyroid surgery (RATS), also called robotic thyroidectomy (RT), is a minimally invasive surgical technique developed in Korea that can remove all or part of the thyroid without scarring the neck.[113]

In 2011, the world's first robot prison guard was introduced. Developed by Lee Baik-chul, a professor at Kyonggi University, the robot prison guard uses 3D cameras to detect abnormal human behavior patterns.[114] [115] [116]

Entertainment technology

Developed by South Korean conglomerate CJ Group in 2009, 4DX is the world's first 4D cinema technology, allowing a motion picture presentation to be augmented with environmental effects.[117] [118]

The world's first commercial cinema LED screen was developed by Samsung Electronics and installed in the Super S auditorium at the Lotte World Tower in Seoul. The screen is 10.3 meters wide and runs at 4K resolution, with brightness "ten times greater than that offered by standard projector technologies," according to Samsung.[119] [120] In 2018, Samsung debuted the world’s first 3D cinema LED screen.[121]

Developed by South Korean conglomerate CJ Group in 2012, ScreenX is the world’s first multi-projection system. It extends the images onto the theater walls to provide a 270-degree viewing environment.[122]

Internet

In 1988, an archaic type of cybercafé called the "Electronic Café" was opened in front of Hongik University in Seoul, South Korea by Ahn Sangsu and Keum Nuri. It had two 16-bit computers connected to an online service provider through a telephone line. The first modern Internet café in Korea was opened in 1994.[123] Korean Internet cafés, called PC bangs, are also LAN gaming centers,[124] and boomed during the late 1990s thanks to the growth of the Internet and gaming cultures.[125]

was released by Nexon on 5 April 1996,[126] making it one of the earliest graphical MMORPGs in the world.[127] [128]

Naver, the leading search portal in South Korea, pioneered a real-time community-driven question-and-answer platform called Knowledge Search in 2002.[129] [130] In 2005, Yahoo! launched Yahoo! Answers, which was modeled, in part, on Naver's Knowledge Search.[131]

The first known instance of a loot box system is believed to be an item called "Gachapon ticket" which was introduced in the Japanese version of MapleStory, a side-scrolling MMORPG, in June 2004. Such tickets were sold at the price of 100 Japanese yen per ticket. Like real-life gachapon machines, players attained randomly chosen game items when they used the ticket on "Gachapon", an in-game booth that was distributed across the game world.[132]

North Korea's Kwangmyong is generally considered the first national intranet, launched in 2000.

The first eSports league in the field of online gaming started in Korea in 1997. In December 1997, PC bang chains opened the first national online gaming league, known as the "Korea Pro Gamers League". The term "eSports" was coined by Park Ji-won of the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in February 2000 when he inaugurated the Korea e-Sports Association.[133] OGN was the first online game specialty channel in the world, and opened the world's first eSports dedicated stadium.[134]

South Korea's Cyworld is the world's first mass social networking service.[135] [136] It was also the first in the world to have individual home pages and automated systems for contacting friends and relatives, leading to the creation of other popular sites such as Facebook and Myspace.[137]

The free-to-play business model in online games was created by Nexon in Korea.[138] [139] The first game to use it was Nexon's QuizQuiz, released in October 1999, and made by Lee Seungchan, who would go on to create MapleStory.[140]

In 2003, Daum launched the "Webtoon" digital platform, creating a new form of manhwa (comics) that utilizes major characteristics of digital technologies.[141] [142] According to the Korea Creative Content Agency, "Webtoons are not simply scanned versions of print comics. It’s a whole new, different genre tailored for the Internet age."[143]

Mukbang, also called "eating broadcast" or "social eating", is a type of online broadcast in which the host eats while interacting with online viewers.[144] The mukbang Internet culture began on AfreecaTV in 2009.[145]

Launched in 2000, OhmyNews is the world's first online newspaper to publish reports by readers, or "citizen journalists", allowing civil participation in opposition of the conservative press. OhmyNews influenced the outcome of the 2002 South Korean presidential election, and is considered one of the country's most influential media outlets.[146] [147] [148]

Developed by Naver for its LINE instant messaging app in Japan, stickers are large detailed emoticons featuring popular characters and themes.[149] The original default characters and stickers, known as the LINE Friends, were created by Kang Byeongmok, also known as "Mogi", in 2011.[150] [151]

Coinone, a Korean digital currency exchange company, opened a brick-and-mortar branch called Coinone Blocks that it claims is the world's first brick-and-mortar cryptocurrency trading floor.[152]

Founded in October 2004, Pandora TV is the first video sharing website in the world to attach advertisement to user-submitted video clips and to provide unlimited storage space for users to upload.[153] [154]

The earliest live streaming platform known outside of Korea was Livestream, launched in 2007.[155] However, AfreecaTV was launched in 2005 making it the first live streaming platform in the world.[156]

Science

Social science

It is believed that the world's first double-entry bookkeeping system, called the sagae chibubeop, was developed in Goryeo and used by merchants in the capital of Kaesong, a center of trade and industry, at least two centuries earlier than in Italy.[157] [158] [159] [160]

In order to provide equality and fairness in taxation for the common people, Sejong the Great issued a royal decree to administer a nationwide public opinion poll regarding a new tax system called Gongbeop in 1430. Over the course of 5 months, the poll surveyed 172,806 people, of which approximately 57% responded with approval for the proposed reform.[161] [162]

The world's first society for the disabled, called the myeongtongsi, was created by the Joseon government during the early Joseon period. The government-organized myeongtongsi regularly held events for the blind to participate in rituals and ceremonies and receive treatment for illnesses, donations of food and other items, and training for certain jobs.[163] [164]

In 1426, Sejong the Great enacted a law that granted government nobi women 100 days of maternity leave after childbirth, which, in 1430, was lengthened by one month before childbirth. In 1434, Sejong also granted the husbands 30 days of paternity leave.[165]

Silhak, also known as "Practical Learning", is a Korean school of thought developed by the seonbi that is dedicated to an empirical approach to statecraft based on pragmatism, instead of a blind and uncritical adherence to Confucianism.[166] Silhak scholars, such as Jeong Yak-yong, emphasized human equality and advocated economic, educational, and social reform.[167]

Juche, translated as "self-reliance" or "self-determination", is the state ideology of North Korea. Implemented in 1956, Juche follows the four principles of "autonomy in ideology, independence in politics, self-sufficiency in economy, and self-reliance in defense".[168]

Ilminism, translated as One-People Principle, is Fascism and Nationalism ideology of South Korea.

The blue ocean strategy was developed by W. Chan Kim and Renée Mauborgne, who argue that companies can succeed not by battling competitors, but rather by creating ″blue oceans″ of uncontested market space.

U-City (ubiquitous city) is defined as a "next generation urban space" that includes an integrated set of ubiquitous services: a convergent form of both physical and online spaces. Songdo in South Korea is the first U-City in the world.[169] [170]

Physical science

In 1991, Mannque Rho and Gerald E. Brown introduced Brown-Rho scaling, which predicts how hadronic masses scale in a dense medium.[171]

In 1965, Moo-Young Han and Yoichiro Nambu first introduced a new hidden symmetry among quarks, which is the origin of what is now called the color SU(3) symmetry.

In 1979, Ihm Jisoon first introduced a new field in condensed matter physics, called computational materials physics.[172] [173]

Young-Tae Chang pioneered the diversity oriented fluorescence library approach (DOFLA) using a fluorescent library, allowing clear imaging of pancreatic cells.[174] [175]

POSCO and Siemens VAI developed a new iron-making technology called FINEX in which molten iron is produced directly using iron ore fines and non-coking coal rather than traditional blast furnace methods through sintering and reduction with coke.

Giga steel is a type of steel developed by POSCO that can withstand over 100 kilograms per square millimeter, and is said to be "as light as aluminum but almost three times stronger," according to the company CEO.[176] [177]

In 2005, Philip Kim and Andre Geim's groups independently demonstrated peculiar and outstanding properties of graphene, leading to an explosion of interest in graphene.[178] In his Nobel lecture in 2010, Andre Geim said, "I owe Philip a great deal for this, and many people heard me saying – before and after the Nobel Prize – that I would be honoured to share it with him."[179] In 2009, Hong Byung-hee pioneered the synthesis of large-scale graphene by chemical vapor deposition, which triggered chemical researches toward the practical applications of graphene.[180] [181]

In 1979, Kyongae Chang and Sjur Refsdal pointed out that a single star (a 'microlens') in a lens galaxy can cause flux variations on time scales of a year, leading to the Chang-Refsdal lens.[182] [183]

Researchers at KAIST developed the HT-1, a next-generation holographic microscope for 3D live cell imaging without the need for staining or labeling. The HT-1 is the first system to achieve high-resolution tomographic microscopy with full optical/electronic control, and do so without having a mechanical rotation system.[184] [185] [186]

In 1939, vinylon, the second man-made fiber to be invented, after nylon, was developed by Ichiro Sakurada, Ri Sung-gi, and Hiroshi Kawakami at Kyoto University in Japan. However, the fiber was largely ignored until Ri Sung-gi defected to North Korea in 1950 and led its production. Vinylon is the national fiber of North Korea, and is used for the majority of textiles, outstripping fibers such as cotton or nylon.[187] [188]

Zang-Hee Cho and James Roberston were the first to propose a ring system that has become the prototype of the current shape of PET.[189] Zang-Hee Cho also developed the first PET-MRI fusion molecular imaging device for neuro-molecular imaging.[190]

The invisible axion was first originally proposed by the theoretical physicist Kim Jihn Eui.[191]

In 1977, Benjamin W. Lee and Steven Weinberg introduced the Lee-Weinberg bound, about the cosmological lower bound on heavy neutrino masses.

In 2004, Eunseong Kim and Moses H. W. Chan discovered the first evidence of a superfluidlike state in solid helium.

Seung Kwon Seol's team at the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute used a new 3D printing technique to demonstrate for the first time 3D printed nanostructures composed entirely of graphene.[192]

Researchers at Seoul National University developed a "smart prosthetic skin" that can sense pressure, heat, and moisture.[193] [194]

Life science

In 1935, the Korean-Japanese plant scientist Woo Jang-choon proposed the Triangle of U, named after himself,[195] which describes the evolution and relationships between members of the plant genus Brassica.[196]

Hantaan, the prototype hantavirus, was first isolated by Ho Wang Lee and Karl M. Johnson in 1978,[197] and the first hantavirus vaccine to protect against hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome was developed in Korea in 1990.[198] [199]

The world's first cloned dog, Snuppy the Afghan hound, was cloned at Seoul National University and born in 2005. Snuppy was also used in the first successful breeding between cloned canines.

Chil-Yong Kang and his team at Western University developed the first genetically modified, whole-killed HIV vaccine to be approved for testing in humans, called the SAV001-H.[200]

Cheon Jinwoo of Yonsei University demonstrated, for the first time, the nanoscale size-dependent MRI contrast effect, opening a new gateway to "nanomedicine", and also introduced the world’s most advanced nano-MRI technology, MEIO (magnetism-engineered iron oxide).[201]

Park Seung-jung pioneered a new method using a stent as an alternative treatment for left main coronary artery stenosis, an abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve in the heart.[202] [203]

Koon Ho Rha and Seung Choul Yang at Yonsei University invented video-assisted minilaparotomy surgery (VAMS), a hybridized form of laparoscopic and open surgeries.[204] [205]

Sang-Ho Lee of Wooridul Spine Hospital pioneered percutaneous endoscopic cervical discectomy, which is the first laser-assisted endoscopic technique for herniated disc surgery.[206] [207]

Architecture

See main article: Korean architecture.

One of the earliest systems of underfloor heating, dating back 2,500 years, was invented and widely used by Koreans. The Korean ondol heating system was thought to be the oldest of its kind until the recent archaeological discovery of a similar heating system in the Alaskan Aleutian Islands. However, the archaeologist who discovered it agrees with Korean researchers that the two systems developed independently, based on the distance of 5,000 kilometers and the absence of ondol in the areas between them.[214] [215] [216] Some Korean researchers have explained this phenomenon by hypothesizing that a whale-hunting people from the Korean Peninsula migrated by sea to Alaska during prehistoric times.[217] [218] [219] Inspired by the Korean ondol hydronic radiant floor heating system, the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright developed and introduced the first "radiant heating system" using hot water pipes.[220] [221]

The ancient Silla kingdom created an early refrigeration system called seokbinggo, which were subterranean chambers used to store ice and food.[222] [223]

Koreans developed a unique and distinct fortress tradition.[224] Korean fortresses were based on a stone culture and built with stones on natural mountainous terrain; therefore, they are conceptually completely different compared to Chinese fortresses, which were based on an earth culture and built with bricks and stamped earth on flat land.[225] [226] Korean fortresses were invented by Goguryeo and spread to Baekje and Silla,[227] and then inherited and further developed by Goryeo and then Joseon. Goguryeo fortress ruins have been found in about 170 sites to date, including in China;[228] one of the most notable among them is Ansi Fortress, which successfully defended against Tang Taizong during the Goguryeo–Tang War.[229] [230] Korea, beginning with Goguryeo,[231] [232] has been called "a country of fortresses";[233] [234] almost 2,400 mountain fortress sites have been found in Korea. Korean-style fortresses can also be found in Japan, which were constructed and supervised by immigrants of Baekje origin.

Koreans created a unique and distinct pagoda tradition using stone.[235] [236] [237] Pagodas were created in India using earth, then in China using wood, which spread to the Three Kingdoms of Korea, and then Japan; however, the pagoda tradition of East Asia diverged, with China creating pagodas using bricks, Korea creating pagodas using stone, and Japan continuing to use wood.[238] [239] [240] [241] [242] Korean stone pagodas were first created in Baekje during the early 7th century and then inherited by Later Silla; 90% of the pagodas in Later Silla were made of stone. The stone pagoda tradition was propagated by the great abundance of high quality granite in Korea,[243] which also led to other granite creations such as the Seokguram and Cheomseongdae. Goryeo, a devoutly Buddhist state, also inherited the stone pagoda tradition.[244]

Astronomy

The earliest known constellation patterns in Korea can be found on dolmens dating back to 3000 BC.[245] The Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido is a planisphere inscribed on black marble that was completed in 1395 during the reign of King Taejo; according to its inscription, it is based on a star chart from ancient Goguryeo that was lost during wartime. It is known as the world’s second oldest star chart engraved in stone, after the Chinese Suzhou Star Chart of 1247. However, the Cheonsang Yeolcha Bunyajido's stellar positions indicate an epoch dating back to the first century AD, thus making it the oldest actual representation of the stars in the world.[246]

The Cheomseongdae is the oldest surviving astronomical observatory in Asia,[247] [248] [249] and possibly the world.[250] [251] [252] It was constructed in Seorabeol, the capital of Silla, during the reign of Queen Seondeok in the 7th century. Modeled on Baekje's Jeomseongdae, which now exists only in historical records, the Cheomseongdae influenced the construction of a Japanese observatory in 675, and Duke Zhou's observatory in China in 723.[253]

Writing

Hangul is the world's first featural writing system, wherein the shapes of the letters are not arbitrary, but encode phonological features of the phonemes they represent.[254] The Korean alphabet is unique among the world's writing systems, in that it combines aspects of featural, phonemic, and syllabic representation.[255] Hangul, originally named Hunminjeongeum, was personally created by Sejong the Great[256] [257] to promote literacy among the common people.[258]

Predating the creation of Hangul by hundreds of years, Koreans created various phonetic writing systems that were used in conjunction with Hanja, including idu, hyangchal, gugyeol, and gakpil.[259] [260] [261] [262] Some of them may have influenced the development of kana in Japan.[263] [264]

Printing

Movable metal type was invented in Korea in the early thirteenth century,[265] [266] [267] [268] [269] predating Gutenberg's invention in Europe by two centuries[270] and advancing the movable type technology developed in the Song dynasty of China. The first book to be printed with movable metal type is the Prescribed Ritual Texts of the Past and Present in 1234 during the Goryeo period.[271] The earliest surviving book to be printed with movable metal type is the Jikji, dated to 1377.[272] The first lead type in the world is the Byeongjinja created in 1436.[273] Metal types were called juja (cast characters), and the Joseon government operated the jujaso bureau, a continuation of Goryeo's seojeogwon, to print books and documents to be distributed to the central and local administrations, village schools, scholars, and officials.[274]

The Jobo, which is discussed in the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty, is possibly the oldest newspaper in the world. Published in 1577, the Jobo was a privately run commercial newspaper, printed daily, that covered a range of topics, including weather, constellations, and current affairs. In 2017, a Korean monk claimed to have discovered an extant copy of the Jobo.[275] [276]

Horology

In 1433, the scientist Jang Yeong-sil invented an automatic time-annunciating clepsydra called the Striking Palace Clepsydra under an order from Sejong the Great; the uniqueness of the clock was its capability to announce dual-times automatically with both visual and audible signals.[277] Jang developed a signal conversion technique that made it possible to measure analog time and announce digital time simultaneously as well as to separate the water mechanisms from the ball-operated striking mechanisms.[278] The conversion device was called pangmok, and was placed above the inflow vessel that measured the time, the first device of its kind in the world.[279] Thus, the Striking Palace Clepsydra is the first hydro-mechanically engineered dual-time clock in the history of horology.[280] [281]

The world's first Braille smartwatch, called the Dot, was developed by a Korean startup company. The Dot features a tactile button display and uses Bluetooth to connect to electronic devices.[282]

Military

Traditional

Iron plate armor was used by Silla and Gaya beginning in the early 4th century.[283] According to the Gyeongju National Museum, "The armor excavated from historic sites in Gujeongdong is plate armor, consisting of a number of long iron plates vertically linked with one another, a feature that is unique to armor found on the Korean Peninsula."[284]

The "se-chongtong" was a handheld firearm that was developed in 1432 for use against the Jurchens. It measured 13.8cm, weighed 135g, and was held by a handle that worked like pliers that allowed spent barrels to be replaced with loaded ones.[285] [286] According to the Silok, it was convenient enough to be fired in succession by horsemen carrying multiple barrels, and during times of emergency, even women and children could use it easily.[287]

The hwacha is a mobile multiple rocket launcher that uses gunpowder to fire up to 200 singijeon rockets at one time. The hwacha was invented in 1409, but saw its greatest use during the Imjin War, most famously in the Battle of Haengju. Hwachas were used against both land and sea targets.[288]

The Koreans were innovators in the development of naval artillery,[289] [290] and produced the most advanced naval cannons in East Asia.[291] In 1380, 100 Goryeo ships armed with gunpowder weapons destroyed 500 Wokou ships at the Battle of Jinpo.[292]

The turtle ship, also known as the geobukseon, was the first armored warship in the world.[293] [294] [295] Turtle ships were built during the Joseon dynasty beginning in the early 15th century up until the 19th century, but are most often associated with Admiral Yi Sun-sin, who used them in battle against the Japanese in the Imjin War (1592–1598).

The myeonje baegab was a soft bulletproof vest invented in 1867 in the Joseon dynasty.[296] [297]

The cheonbochong, or the "thousand paces gun", was a type of jochong matchlock musket invented in Joseon during the reign of King Sukjong (1674–1720). Compared to other jochongs of the time that had a range of 120m, the cheonbochong was recorded to have a range of 1200m.[298]

The pigyok chinchollae, also called the Flying Thunderbolt,[299] was a time bomb with an adjustable fuse mechanism that was invented by Yi Jangson and first used in the Imjin War at the Battle of Gyeongju in 1592. It was projected into enemy camps and formations using the wangu mortar, and also used at sea.[300] [301]

Perhaps the earliest predecessor to the modern machine gun are the chongtong (gun barrel) hwachas of the 15th century. The first of these were created in 1409, in which dozens of stacked rows of bronze gun barrels fired iron bolts.[302] The Moonjong hwacha in 1451 carried 50 gun barrels which each fired sequentially 4 bolts each.[303] The "box" of gun barrels was modular and could be installed and removed on the firing carriage. The gun-barrel type (as opposed to the rocket type) of hwacha predates the weapons considered the earliest forms of machine guns outside of Korea, the Chinese 'Po-Tzu Lien-Chu-P'ao' or 'string-of-100-bullets cannon' developed in the first quarter of the 17th century.[304] The later jujachongtong hwacha developed in 1490 fired 15 iron bullets per barrel, and hundreds of the weapons were produced and deployed throughout the nation.[305] [306]

Modern

In 2006, Samsung Techwin released the Samsung SGR-A1, a sentry guard robot designed to replace human counterparts at the Korean Demilitarized Zone. It is the first of its kind to have surveillance, tracking, firing, and voice-recognition systems built into a single unit.[307]

In 2010, DoDaam Systems introduced the Super aEgis II, one of a new breed of automated weapon that can identify, track, and destroy a moving target at a distance of 4 km.[308]

Daewoo's K11 is the first gun of its kind to be operational in the field, making the Republic of Korea Army the first in the world to use an airburst assault rifle as standard issue.[309] [310]

Traditional medicine

The traditional Korean sauna, called the hanjeungmak, is a domed structure constructed of stone that was first mentioned in the Sejong Sillok of the Annals of the Joseon Dynasty in the 15th century.[311] [312] Supported by Sejong the Great, the hanjeungmak was touted for its health benefits and used to treat illnesses. In the early 15th century, Buddhist monks maintained hanjeungmak clinics, called hanjeungso, to treat sick poor people; these clinics maintained separate facilities for men and women due to high demand.[313] Korean sauna culture and kiln saunas are still popular today, and Korean saunas are ubiquitous.[314]

Koryo hand acupuncture[315] is a modern system of acupuncture, created by Yu Tae-u in the 1970s,[316] in which the hand represents the entire body and is needled or stimulated during treatment.[317] Hand acupuncture is popular among the general population as a form of self-medication in Korea, and has adherents in Japan and North America; it is also popular among overseas Koreans.[318] Korean hand acupuncture is different from American hand reflexology, another form of alternative medicine.[319]

The primo vascular system, also known as the Bong-Han system, is a new circulatory system discovered by Kim Bong-Han, a professor at the Pyongyang Medical University, in 1961. It is differentiated from the arteriovenous and lympathic systems by its unique anatomical and immunohistochemical signature. Originally named the "Substance of Kyungrak", Professor Kim proposed that the system represents the meridians and collaterals of acupuncture. The primo vascular system was scientifically confirmed in 2002.[320]

Ceramics

See main article: Korean pottery and porcelain.

During the Joseon period, Koreans applied the sanggam tradition to create buncheong ceramics.[321] [322] In contrast to the refined elegance of Goryeo celadon, buncheong is designed to be natural, unassuming, and practical.[323] However, the buncheong tradition was gradually replaced by Joseon white porcelain, its aristocratic counterpart, and disappeared in Korea by the end of the 16th century. Buncheong became known and prized in Japan as Mishima.[324] [325] [326]

Korean celadon reached its pinnacle with the invention of the sanggam inlay technique in the early 12th century during the Goryeo period.[327] [328] [329]

The Japanese Karatsu style of ceramics originated in Korea.[330] [331]

Jinsa "underglaze red", a technique using copper oxide pigment to create copper-red designs, was developed in Korea during the 12th century, and later inspired the "underglaze red" ceramics of the Yuan dynasty.[332] [333] [334] [335]

Music

See main article: Traditional music of Korea.

See also: Traditional Korean musical instruments.

Jeongganbo is a unique traditional musical notation system created during the time of Sejong the Great that was the first East Asian system to represent rhythm, pitch, and time.[336] [337]

First depicted in Goguryeo murals,[338] the janggu is the most representative drum in traditional Korean music.[339]

The most representative traditional instrument of Korea, the gayageum was created in Gaya during the 6th century, and based on the Chinese guzheng.[340]

Originating in the 17th century during the Joseon period, pansori, also known as "Korean folk opera", is a traditional genre of narrative song performed by a sorikkun singer and a gosu drummer.[341] Pansori was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2008.[342]

North Korea has developed many modernized instruments based on traditional instruments. The sohaegeum, junghaegeum, daehaegeum, and jeohaegeum are four-stringed fiddles of varying sizes, based on the traditional haegeum. The eoeungeum is a pear-shaped lute with 5 strings that is similar to the hyangbipa. The cheolhyeongeum and ongnyugeum are modernized zithers, and the jangsaenap is a modernized taepyeongso.[343]

K-pop, or South Korean popular music, began in 1992 with the debut of Seo Taiji and Boys, a band that challenged musical and societal norms in South Korea with music influenced by American genres.[344] Today, K-pop leads the Korean Wave with idol groups such as BTS.

Painting

See main article: Korean painting.

Chaekgeori, translated as "books and things", is a genre of still-life painting from the Joseon period of Korea that features books as the dominant subject.[345] The chaekgeori tradition flourished from the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 20th century and was enjoyed by all members of the population, from the king to the commoners, revealing the infatuation with books and learning in Korean culture.[346]

Munjado, also known as "flower writing", is a genre of Korean folk art that enjoyed popularity in the 18th and 19th centuries, in which large Chinese characters associated with Confucian philosophy are painted as a representation of their meaning, with depictions of related stories and themes painted into the characters themselves.[347] [348]

Traditional games

Yut is an ancient Korean board game that is still played to this day, especially on Seollal.[349]

Juryeonggu is a 14-sided die invented in the Later Silla period that was used in drinking games.[350]

Tujeon is a traditional card game, originally based on Madiao, that is played with long rectangular numbered cards. It gradually became linked to gambling.[351] [352]

Seunggyeongdo is a traditional board game attributed to Ha Ryun that simulates climbing the Joseon government career ladder and reaching the top by the end.[353] [354]

Seongbuldo is a traditional board game dating back to the Goryeo period that simulates the path to becoming a Buddha.[355] It is still played by Buddhists in Korea.[356]

Martial arts

See main article: Korean martial arts.

It is believed that taekkyeon originated from subak (手搏), based on the encyclopedia Manmulbo published in 1798.[357] Taekkyeon almost disappeared during the 20th century but made a resurgence in modern times, and was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity of UNESCO in 2011.[358] [359]

The earliest evidence of ssireum, or "Korean wrestling", dates back to the Goguryeo period. Originally used in military applications, ssireum became a popular pastime of the people, including many Korean kings, during the Goryeo and Joseon periods. In the 20th century, ssireum became a nationally televised sport in South Korea.[360]

Gukgung, also known as gungsul, is traditional Korean archery that makes use of the gakgung, the traditional Korean composite bow made of horn.[361]

Sports

Inspired by the Southeast Asian sport sepak takraw,[362] jokgu is a modern sport invented in 1960 by members of the Republic of Korea Air Force's 11th Fighter Wing that combines aspects of football and volleyball.[363]

Jangchigi, originally called dobogyeokdo, is a traditional hockey-like sport that dates back to the Three Kingdoms period. It is related to masanggyeokgu, a traditional polo-like sport that also dates back to the Three Kingdoms period.[364]

Created in 1955, taekwondo has become the national sport of South Korea and an official Olympic sport since the 2000 Summer Olympics. Taekwondo is based on taekkyeon and Shotokan karate.[365]

Products

The Korean exfoliating mitt[366] is a mass-produced bath product used to scrub and peel the outermost layer of skin; it was invented in Busan by Kim Won-jo(CEO of Hanil Textile) in 1967. Since then, the Italy towel has become a household item in Korean homes and a staple item in Korean saunas. The Korean exfoliating mitt was named the Italy towel because the viscose fabric used to make it was imported from Italy at the time.[367] [368]

Gable tops were invented by Dr. Shin Seok-kyun in 1953 allowing for milk cartons to be sealed tight after opening for later use. Dr. Shin Seok-kyun, so-called Edison of Korea, unfortunately he couldn’t file his patent given the turbulent context in the middle of Korean War. Eventually, this gable top carton made its way into the U.S. by U.S. army and was set as the international standard.These days, gable top cartons are used all around the world.[369]

The dol bed, or stone bed, is a manufactured bed that has the same heating effect as ondol and is purported to have health benefits.[370] The dol bed industry is estimated to be worth 100 billion South Korean won, comprising 30 to 40 percent of the entire bed industry in South Korea; dol beds are most popular with middle-aged people in their 40s and 50s.[371] [372]

Special cosmetic contact lenses popular in Asia that make the eye's iris appear larger in different shades. This product was invented in South Korea.[373]

Sheet masks are face-shaped sheet fabrics soaked in nutrition-packed solution called serum, used as skincare and beauty product originated in Korea.

Miscellaneous

Thundersticks, known as makdae pungseon in Korea, are inflatable plastic promotional noisemakers that are most often used at sporting events, political rallies, and concerts. Makdae pungseon were created by BalloonStix Korea and first used in 1994 at an LG Twins baseball game.[374] [375] [376]

The jige, also known as the A-frame carrier, is a traditional Korean wooden device for carrying heavy loads, that is adapted to Korea's rough mountainous terrain. The jige was adopted by United Nations troops during the Korean War.[377] [378]

The apartment-type factory (아파트형 공장) is legally defined as having 3 or more floors and accommodating 6 or more factories in the same building.[379] The apartment-type factory was formed in order to solve industrial structure changes and offshoring of plants due to the rise of land value. The first apartment type-factory, Incheon Juan Apartment type factory were generated in 1989.[380] [381] In 2010, the term "apartment-style factory" was changed to "knowledge industrial center"(지식산업센터).[382] Unlike traditional smokestack factories, the semi-industrial district knowledge industrial center makes efficient use of land and blends ICT, knowledge, and manufacturing industries into one building, creating a co-support system for medium sized businesses.[383] Modern knowledge industrial centers have door-to-door interior hallways for vehicles and drive-in systems in multiple floors for truck loading, as well as special attention to quality employee experience through beautification and communal recreation.[384] [385] This type of factory has also been spread outside of Korea, such as Vietnam.[386]

The world's first ice-breaking LNG tanker was developed by DSME in 2016, and such ships have been instrumental to transporting natural gas from the arctic regions, where the environment made it very difficult in the past.[387] [388]

South Korea pioneered the coronavirus drive-through testing system in the city of Goyang in 2020, during the middle of the COVID-19 Pandemic.[389]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Song . Su-hyun . S. Korea's electronics industry No. 3 by production . . . 11 November 2019 . 26 January 2018.
  2. News: These Are the World's Most Innovative Countries . Bloomberg.com . 11 November 2019 . 21 January 2019.
  3. Book: Earth Science' 2005 Ed.. Rex Bookstore, Inc.. 9789712339387. 23 September 2016. en.
  4. Book: Chun. Youngsin. Jeon. Sang-woon. Chugugi, Supyo, and Punggi: Meteorological instruments of the 15th century in Korea. Meteorological Research Institute, Seoul, The Republic of Korea. 24 March 2017. 28 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190828075519/http://www.meteohistory.org/2005historyofmeteorology2/02chun_jeon.pdf. dead.
  5. Web site: Bellis. Mary. Rain Gauge. ThoughtCo. 24 March 2017.
  6. Web site: 측우기. 네이버 지식백과 (Naver Encyclopedia of Knowledge). Naver Corporation. 24 March 2017. ko.
  7. Book: Selin. Helaine. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. 9789401714167. 505. 9 September 2016. en. 11 November 2013.
  8. Yoon. Sang Jun. Woudstra. Jan. Advanced Horticultural Techniques in Korea: The Earliest Documented Greenhouses. Garden History. 1 January 2007. 35. 1. 68–84. 10.2307/25472355. 25472355. free.
  9. Web site: 호미. e뮤지엄. NAVER Corporation. 22 March 2018. ko.
  10. Web site: 호미. 한국의 농기구. NAVER Corporation. 22 March 2018. ko.
  11. Book: Martin. Tovah. The Garden in Every Sense and Season: Gardening to Awaken Your Five Senses. 2018. Timber Press. 9781604698596. 133. 22 March 2018. en.
  12. Book: Cutler. Karan Davis. Essential Tools: Equipment and Supplies for Home Gardeners. 2002. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. 9781889538501. 98. 2 April 2018. en.
  13. Book: Robbins. Michael W.. Whole Green Catalog: 1000 Best Things for You and the Earth. 2009. Rodale. 9781594868870. 131. registration. 22 March 2018. en.
  14. Web site: 강진규. 미국 도시농부들의 잇템으로 뜬 호 미, 그 전엔 조선낫도 있었다. Naver News. Korea Economic Daily (한국경제). 22 March 2018. ko.
  15. Lee. Gyoung-Ah. Crawford. Gary W.. Liu. Li. Sasaki. Yuka. Chen. Xuexiang. Archaeological Soybean (Glycine max) in East Asia: Does Size Matter?. PLOS ONE. 4 November 2011. 6. 11. e26720. 10.1371/journal.pone.0026720. 1932-6203. 22073186. 3208558. 2011PLoSO...626720L. free.
  16. Book: Stark. Miriam T.. Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. 9781405153034. 81. 18 April 2017. en. 15 April 2008.
  17. Web site: Cast from the past: World's oldest fishing net sinkers found in South Korea . Phys.org . 15 August 2018.
  18. Web site: South Korea claims to be the first to farm pollock . Undercurrent News . 15 August 2018.
  19. News: 국민생선 명태가 돌아온다…세계최초 '완전양식' 성공 . 15 August 2018 . . 11 October 2016 . ko-KR.
  20. Web site: Mentaiko and the Japanese People . Japan Center for Asian Historical Records . National Archives of Japan . 15 August 2018.
  21. News: 유지향 . 김 양식, 우리나라가 세계 최초 . 15 August 2018 . KBS 뉴스 . ko.
  22. Web site: 광양에서 만나는 특별한 그곳 (3)우리나라 최초의 김양식을 하였던 광양! 그 기록을 간직하고 있는 김 시식지(始殖址)를 찾아서 . National Library of Korea 디지털컬렉션 . . 15 August 2018 . ko . 30 July 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190730174537/http://nlcollection.nl.go.kr/front/detail/detail.do?rec_key=CO0000234139&category_id=CA0000000018&chkApp= . dead .
  23. Book: Roman. Joe. Whale. Reaktion Books. 9781861895059. 24. 25 March 2017. en. May 2006.
  24. Mannino. Marcello A.. Talamo. Sahra. Tagliacozzo. Antonio. Fiore. Ivana. Nehlich. Olaf. Piperno. Marcello. Tusa. Sebastiano. Collina. Carmine. Salvo. Rosaria Di. Schimmenti. Vittoria. Richards. Michael P.. Climate-driven environmental changes around 8,200 years ago favoured increases in cetacean strandings and Mediterranean hunter-gatherers exploited them. Scientific Reports. 5. 16288. 10.1038/srep16288. 26573384. 4648091. 17 November 2015. 2015NatSR...516288M.
  25. Book: Hancock. Jonathan. Chapman. Jon. Number Training Your Brain: Teach Yourself. Hodder & Stoughton. 9781444136494. 28 March 2017. en. 27 May 2011.
  26. Book: Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. 689. 28 March 2017. en. 2002. 9781558608788.
  27. Book: Colbourn. Charles J.. Dinitz. Jeffrey H.. Handbook of Combinatorial Designs, Second Edition. CRC Press. 9781420010541. 12. 28 March 2017. en. 2 November 2006.
  28. Math&Presso. 15 August 2014. 3. International Congress of Mathematicians.
  29. Book: Kim. Sung Sook. Orthogonal Latin Squares of Choi Seok-Jeong. 2012. History and Pedagogy of Mathematics. 28 March 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170405173423/http://hpm2012.onpcs.com/Proceeding/Poster/P2.pdf. 5 April 2017.
  30. Web site: Korean scientists have developed a legitimate 3D hologram you can view from any angle. Digital Trends. 5 April 2017. 7 December 2015.
  31. Web site: 3D nanoprinting pen. Chemistry World. 6 April 2017.
  32. Web site: Scientists Develop HYPER 3D Printing Pen That Works in Nanoscale. 3DPrint.com. 5 December 2014 . 6 April 2017.
  33. Web site: Sivanandan . Anvinraj . Samsung Galaxy S10 5G Phone Is Official: Everything You Need To Know . International Business Times . 22 July 2019 . 21 February 2019.
  34. Web site: Samsung Debuts World's First Curved Display Smartphone. Scientific American. 4 April 2017.
  35. Web site: Samsung 30 nm Green PC3-12800 Low Profile 1.35 V DDR3 Review . TechPowerUp . 25 June 2019 . 8 March 2012.
  36. News: Samsung Electronics Develops First 128Mb SDRAM with DDR/SDR Manufacturing Option . 23 June 2019 . . . 10 February 1999.
  37. News: Samsung Electronics Comes Out with Super-Fast 16M DDR SGRAMs . 23 June 2019 . . . 17 September 1998.
  38. News: Samsung Demonstrates World's First DDR 3 Memory Prototype . 23 June 2019 . . 17 February 2005 .
  39. Web site: Samsung Electronics Introduces EYECAN+, Next-Generation Mouse for People with Disabilities. Samsung Newsroom. 4 April 2017.
  40. Web site: Samsung's 'eye mouse' enables users to control their computer with a glance. CNET. 4 April 2017.
  41. Web site: Bendable battery and LED make up the first functional all-flexible electronic system. Phys.org. 5 April 2017.
  42. Web site: World's First Flexible Li-Ion Battery Unveiled by Researchers. Laptop Mag. 16 January 2013. 5 April 2017.
  43. Kahng. D.. Sze. S. M.. A Floating Gate and Its Application to Memory Devices. Bell System Technical Journal. 1288–1295. 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1967.tb01738.x. 8 July 1967. 46. 6. 1967ITED...14Q.629K.
  44. Web site: Samsung Craft, the world's first 4G LTE phone, now available at MetroPCS. Unwired View. 5 April 2017. 21 September 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20130610121436/http://www.unwiredview.com/2010/09/21/samsung-craft-the-worlds-first-4g-lte-phone-now-available-at-metropcs/. 10 June 2013. dead.
  45. Web site: MetroPCS debuts first 4G LTE Android phone, Samsung Galaxy Indulge. Android and Me. 5 April 2017. 9 February 2011.
  46. Web site: 1960: Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated. Computer History Museum. 1 April 2017.
  47. Web site: Daniels. Lee A.. Dr. Dawon Kahng, 61, Inventor in Field of Solid-State Electronics. The New York Times. 1 April 2017. 28 May 1992.
  48. Book: Wong . Kit Po . Electrical Engineering – Volume II . 2009 . . 9781905839780 . 7.
  49. Web site: 13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History . 2 April 2018 . Computer History Museum.
  50. Web site: Dreyer. Pete. 10 things Samsung brought to smartphones first.... Vodafone Social. 4 April 2017. 17 February 2016. 4 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170404135240/https://blog.vodafone.co.uk/2016/02/17/masters-of-the-galaxy-10-things-samsung-brought-to-smartphones-first/. dead.
  51. Web site: SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS UNVEILS SPH-M2100 PHONE . Telecompaper . 4 April 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130728080403/http://www.telecompaper.com/news/samsung-electronics-unveils-sphm2100-phone--182214 . 28 July 2013 . dead .
  52. Book: Verganti. Roberto. Design-driven Innovation: Changing the Rules of Competition by Radically Innovating what Things Mean. Harvard Business Press. 9781422124826. 75. 4 April 2017. en. 2009.
  53. Web site: Smith. Tony. Ten years old: the world's first MP3 player. The Register. 4 April 2017.
  54. Web site: Korean electric vehicle solution. New Atlas. 20 August 2009. 5 April 2017.
  55. Web site: Wireless Online Electric Vehicle, OLEV, runs inner city roads. Phys.org. 5 April 2017.
  56. Web site: 무선충전 전기버스 구미시내 '씽씽'. The Hankyoreh. 5 April 2017. ko. 25 March 2014.
  57. Web site: LG Looks to Leave Apple Behind With 5-Inch Retina Display. DailyTech. 5 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175316/http://www.dailytech.com/LG+Looks+to+Leave+Apple+Behind+With+5Inch+Retina+Display/article24788.htm. 24 March 2017. dead.
  58. Web site: LG Rolly is the world's first solid rollable keyboard for smartphones and tablets. Phone Arena. 26 August 2015 . 5 April 2017.
  59. Web site: LG's new Rolly wireless keyboard turns into a pocket stick. The Verge. 5 April 2017. 27 August 2015.
  60. Electronic Design . . 1993 . 41 . 15–21 . Hayden Publishing Company . The first commercial synchronous DRAM, the Samsung 16-Mbit KM48SL2000, employs a single-bank architecture that lets system designers easily transition from asynchronous to synchronous systems..
  61. Web site: KM48SL2000-7 Datasheet . . 19 June 2019 . August 1992.
  62. Web site: History of tablet computers . Newsday . 18 August 2018 . 4 November 2013.
  63. Web site: DigiBarn Systems: GRiDpad Pen Computer . The DigiBarn Computer Museum . 18 August 2018.
  64. Web site: World's First Completely Touch Screen Mobile Phone . 3G . https://web.archive.org/web/20120618214937/http://www.3g.co.uk/PR/Jan2007/4165.htm . 18 June 2012 . dead .
  65. Web site: LG and PRADA Develop the World's First Touch Screen Mobile Phone. Technology Marketing Corporation. 5 April 2017.
  66. Web site: Vintage Mobiles. GSM History: History of GSM, Mobile Networks, Vintage Mobiles. 5 April 2017. 18 November 2014.
  67. Web site: Erickson. Christine. The Touching History of Touchscreen Tech. Mashable. 9 November 2012. 5 April 2017.
  68. Web site: The Clear Future of Electronics: Transparent Memory Device. Laboratory Equipment. 5 April 2017. 10 December 2008.
  69. Web site: NEW ELECTRONIC INVENTIONS. Inventor-Strategies.com. 5 April 2017.
  70. Web site: SAMSUNG Electronics Develops World's First TV Phone. SAMSUNG. 4 April 2017.
  71. Web site: Williams. Martyn. Samsung builds TV function into cell phones. CNN. 4 April 2017. 2 December 1999.
  72. Web site: Samsung unveils world's first UFS memory cards – the successor to microSD. The Verge. 7 July 2016. 5 April 2017.
  73. Web site: Shilov. Anton. Samsung Rolls Out Its First UFS Cards: SSD Performance in Card Form-Factor. AnandTech. 5 April 2017.
  74. Web site: Pothitos. Adam. Introducing the Smartwatch History. Mobile Industry Review. 2 April 2018. 4 October 2016.
  75. Web site: SAMSUNG Electronics Develops Watch Phone. Samsung US Newsroom. 4 April 2017. 31 March 1999.
  76. Web site: Wearable Device Is Powered By Its Owners' Body Heat – PSFK. PSFK. 5 April 2017. 14 April 2014.
  77. Web site: Thermoelectric generator on glass fabric for wearable electronic devices. KAIST. 5 April 2017.
  78. Kim. Sun Jin. We. Ju Hyung. Cho. Byung Jin. A wearable thermoelectric generator fabricated on a glass fabric. Energy & Environmental Science. 22 May 2014. 7. 6. 10.1039/C4EE00242C. 1754-5706. 1959. 98453263.
  79. Web site: LG Electronics Introduces Digital Refrigerator. appliance DESIGN. 29 March 2017.
  80. Web site: LG Twin Wash System Allows Two Separate Loads to Be Washed Simultaneously. Tuvie. 15 January 2015. 29 March 2017.
  81. Web site: WITH TWIN WASH, LG TURNS HEADS WITH BOLD NEW WASHER DESIGN. LG Newsroom. 29 March 2017. 6 January 2015.
  82. Web site: Ja-young. Yoon. Kimchi refrigerator maintains taste of fermented food. The Korea Times. 21 November 2011. 5 July 2016.
  83. Web site: Hot and steamy: LG will bring its Styler steam closet to the US and China. CNET. 5 April 2017.
  84. Web site: Salmon. Andrew. Korea's Rebel With a Steam Mop. Forbes. 29 March 2017. 5 January 2012.
  85. Web site: The woman who liberated South Korea's housewives. BBC News. 29 March 2017. 22 May 2015.
  86. Web site: Hwang. Ui Kun. Lee. Ju Dong. Wall-mounted drum type washing machine. Google Patents. 26 September 2016. 2016.
  87. Web site: South Korea to seize on world's first full 5G network. Nikkei Asian Review. 24 April 2019.
  88. Book: Montgomery. Lucy. China's Creative Industries: Copyright, Social Network Markets and the Business of Culture in a Digital Age. Edward Elgar Publishing. 9781849804707. 71. 31 March 2017. en. January 2010.
  89. Book: Gopinath. Sumanth. The Ringtone Dialectic: Economy and Cultural Form. MIT Press. 9780262019156. 17–18. 31 March 2017. en. 19 July 2013.
  90. Book: Chirico. Ugo. Smart Card Programming. Lulu.com. 9781291610505. 77. 31 March 2017. en. 21 May 2014.
  91. Web site: 4th Asian Transport Revenue Collection Forum. Asia Pacific Smart Card Association. 31 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20180723093727/http://www.apsca.org/events/info.php?event=121. 23 July 2018. dead.
  92. Book: Iwacz. Grzegorz. Jajszczyk. Andrzej. Zajaczkowski. Michal. Multimedia Broadcasting and Multicasting in Mobile Networks. John Wiley & Sons. 9780470714164. 78. 31 March 2017. en. 15 September 2008.
  93. Book: Oh. Myung. Larson. James. Digital Development in Korea: Building an Information Society. Taylor & Francis. 9781136813139. 101. 31 March 2017. en. 14 March 2011.
  94. Web site: 세계 최초, 전자어음 시대 본격 출발. 26 September 2005.
  95. Web site: 세계최초 '전자어음' 5월부터 본격 유통. 28 January 2005. m.lawtimes.co.kr.
  96. Web site: 세계 최초 '전자어음' 발행. 28 September 2005.
  97. Web site: A virtual store with no products. Korea JoongAng Daily. 25 August 2011 . 31 March 2017.
  98. Book: Lee. Byeong Gi. Choi. Sunghyun. Broadband Wireless Access and Local Networks: Mobile WiMax and WiFi. Artech House. 9781596932944. 315. 31 March 2017. en. 2008.
  99. Book: Oh. J. h. Hanson. D.. Kim. W. s. Han. Y.. Kim. J. y. Park. I. w. 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems . Design of Android type Humanoid Robot Albert HUBO . 15 January 2007. 1428–1433. 10.1109/IROS.2006.281935. 978-1-4244-0258-8. 11523357.
  100. Web site: Albert Einstein HUBO. Hanson Robotics. 31 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170401054942/http://www.hansonrobotics.com/robot/albert-einstein-hubo/. 1 April 2017. dead.
  101. Park. Sung Jun. Park. Seung-Hwan. Cho. Sunghoon. Kim. Deok-Mi. Lee. Yeonkyung. Ko. Seong Young. Hong. Yeongjin. Choy. Hyon E.. Min. Jung-Joon. Park. Jong-Oh. Park. Sukho. New paradigm for tumor theranostic methodology using bacteria-based microrobot. Scientific Reports. 2 December 2013. 3. 3394. 10.1038/srep03394. 2045-2322. 24292152. 3844944. 2013NatSR...3E3394P.
  102. Web site: Scientists unveil world's first cancer-fighting nanobot. CNET. 3 April 2017.
  103. Web site: World's first ciliary microrobots could change the way we take medicine. New Atlas. 17 September 2016. 2 April 2017.
  104. Web site: World's first ciliary stroke motion microrobots. ScienceDaily. 2 April 2017.
  105. Kim. Sangwon. Lee. Seungmin. Lee. Jeonghun. Nelson. Bradley J.. Zhang. Li. Choi. Hongsoo. Fabrication and Manipulation of Ciliary Microrobots with Non-reciprocal Magnetic Actuation. Scientific Reports. 6. 30713. 10.1038/srep30713. 27470077. 4965827. 29 July 2016. 2016NatSR...630713K.
  106. Web site: Korea Unveils World's Second Android. The Chosun Ilbo. 31 March 2017.
  107. Web site: 아장아장 걷던 휴보, 내년엔 성큼성큼 걷게 됩니다. Hankook Ilbo. 14 November 2014. 31 March 2017. ko.
  108. Web site: S. Korean scientists want android to walk. Phys.org. Science X network. 31 March 2017.
  109. Web site: Major Achievements. KIST Korea Institute of Science and Technology. 31 March 2017. 5 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170405173006/http://eng.kist.re.kr/kist_eng/?sub_num=423&state=view&idx=89. dead.
  110. Book: Kraiss. K.-F.. Advanced Man-Machine Interaction: Fundamentals and Implementation. Springer Science & Business Media. 9783540306184. 319. 31 March 2017. en. 23 February 2006.
  111. Web site: South Korea's 'Method-2': The World's First Supersized Manned Bipedal Robot on Its First Action (Video). Science World Report. 24 March 2017. 10 January 2017.
  112. Web site: South Korea Has A 13-Foot Robot To Make All Your Manned Mech Dreams Come True. Tech Times. 24 March 2017. 29 December 2016.
  113. Web site: Robotic Thyroidectomy. EndocrineWeb. 3 April 2017.
  114. Web site: World's first robot prison guard on trial in South Korea. The Verge. 31 March 2017. 16 April 2012.
  115. Web site: Robo-guard the South Korean correction service robot says 'stay out of trouble' (video). Engadget. 31 March 2017.
  116. Carbone. Nick. South Korea Rolls Out Robotic Prison Guards. Time. 27 November 2011. 31 March 2017.
  117. Web site: About 4DX. Cinema City. 31 March 2017.
  118. Web site: ScreenX Comes to First U.S. Theatre with Feature Film – the Himalayas – to Start the New Year. DCinemaToday. 31 March 2017.
  119. Web site: Noh. Jean. World's first cinema with projector-less LED screen opens in Korea. Screen Daily. Media Business Insight. 3 April 2018.
  120. Web site: Dent. Steve. Samsung made a giant 34-foot LED TV for movie theaters. Engadget. 3 April 2018.
  121. Web site: Samsung Debuts World's First 3D Cinema LED Screen Theater in Switzerland. Samsung Global Newsroom. 3 April 2018.
  122. Web site: 270-degree ScreenX technology shows ultra-wide movies on three walls. The Verge. 31 March 2017. 18 October 2013.
  123. Web site: [창간특집] 창간 17주년에 돌이켜본 PC방의 역사]. 아이러브PC방. 17 June 2016. 30 March 2017. ko.
  124. Web site: 'PC Bang' Emerges as New Way of Promotion. The Korea Times. 30 March 2017. 23 July 2007.
  125. Book: Hjorth. Larissa. Games and Gaming: An Introduction to New Media. Berg. 9781847888396. 121. 30 March 2017. en. January 2011.
  126. Web site: The Kingdom of the Winds. Nexon Computer Museum. 30 March 2017.
  127. Book: Lastowka. F. Gregory. Virtual Justice. Yale University Press. 978-0300163162. registration. 41. 30 March 2017. en. 26 October 2010.
  128. Book: Hjorth. Larissa. Khoo. Olivia. Routledge Handbook of New Media in Asia. Routledge. 9781317684985. 421. 30 March 2017. en. 6 November 2015.
  129. Book: Noveck. Beth Simone. Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful. Brookings Institution Press. 978-0815703464. 117. registration. 30 March 2017. en. August 2009.
  130. Book: Clay. Bruce. Esparza. Susan. Search Engine Optimization All-in-One For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. 9780470495407. 619. en. 8 April 2009.
  131. Book: Farmer. Randy. Glass. Bryce. Building Web Reputation Systems. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". 9781449388690. 243. 30 March 2017. en. 4 March 2010.
  132. Web site: Game Law and Policy Institute, "Probable items, where to regulate?" . Gyuman . Kim . 30 April 2016 . 15 June 2018 . Inven Global . ko .
  133. Book: Jin. Dal Yong. Korea's Online Gaming Empire. MIT Press. 9780262288965. 66–67. 30 March 2017. en. October 2010.
  134. Book: Jin. Dal Yong. Korea's Online Gaming Empire. MIT Press. 9780262288965. 72–73. 30 March 2017. en. October 2010.
  135. Book: Zaphiris. Panayiotis. Ang. Chee Siang. Social Computing and Virtual Communities. CRC Press. 9781420090437. 271. 31 March 2017. en. 23 December 2009.
  136. Book: consultant). Ian Brown (Internet. Marsden. Christopher T.. Regulating Code: Good Governance and Better Regulation in the Information Age. MIT Press. 9780262018821. 118. 31 March 2017. en. 2013.
  137. Book: Roy. Loriene. Jensen. Kelly. Meyers. Alex Hershey. Service Learning: Linking Library Education and Practice. American Library Association. 9780838909812. 70. 31 March 2017. en. 2009.
  138. Book: Kong. Lily. O'Connor. Justin. Creative Economies, Creative Cities: Asian-European Perspectives. Springer Science & Business Media. 9781402099496. 38. 5 April 2017. en. 19 May 2009.
  139. Book: Wolf. Mark J. P.. Iwatani. Toru. Video Games Around the World. MIT Press. 9780262328494. 512. 5 April 2017. en. 22 May 2015.
  140. Web site: 세계 최초 넥슨의 부분유료화 이야기. 게임플. 16 December 2015 . 5 April 2017. ko.
  141. Web site: Daum Webtoon goes global. The Korea Herald. 26 April 2017. 17 December 2014.
  142. Jin. Dal Yong. Digital convergence of Korea's webtoons: transmedia storytelling. Communication Research and Practice. 3 July 2015. 1. 3. 193–209. 10.1080/22041451.2015.1079150. 110480211. 2204-1451.
  143. Web site: South Korean 'webtoon' craze makes global waves. Japan Times. 26 April 2017. 2 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170602134651/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2015/11/25/entertainment-news/south-korean-webtoon-craze-makes-global-waves. dead.
  144. Web site: This Korean Food Phenomenon Is Changing the Internet. Eater. 26 April 2017. 19 April 2017.
  145. Web site: 우리나라 최초의 '먹방'을 아세요?. Hankook Ilbo. 13 May 2015. 26 April 2017. ko.
  146. Book: Lamberti. Andrienne P.. Richards. Anne R.. Complex Worlds: Digital Culture, Rhetoric and Professional Communication. Routledge. 9781351845373. 28 April 2017. en. 2 March 2017.
  147. Book: Allan. Stuart. Thorsen. Einar. Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives. Peter Lang. 9781433102950. 143. 28 April 2017. en. 2009.
  148. Book: Thorsen. Einar. Online Reporting of Elections. Routledge. 9781317850014. 4. 28 April 2017. en. 29 October 2014.
  149. Web site: Russell. Jon. Stickers: From Japanese Craze to Global Messaging Phenomenon. The Next Web. 28 April 2017. 12 July 2013.
  150. Web site: 스마트 폰 속 이모티콘, 세상 밖으로. 시사매거진 바이트. 28 April 2017. 18 October 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171018184005/http://www.i-bait.com/read.php?num=5545&cataId=NLC017004. dead.
  151. Web site: '라인(LINE)'은 일본製일까 한국製일까. 프레스맨. 5 July 2016. 28 April 2017. ko.
  152. Web site: First physical cryptocurrency exchange opens. Korea JoongAng Daily. 11 September 2017 . JoongAng Ilbo. 3 April 2018.
  153. "Privacy Policy." Pandora TV. Retrieved 17 September 2011. "Seoul-Gangnam Building 5th Floor #727-16, Yeoksam-Dong, Gangnam-Gu Seoul, Korea 135-921"
  154. "Report Personal Rights Violation." Pandora TV. Retrieved 17 September 2011. "Copyright Infringement Report Center Pandora TV Inc.5F. Seoul Gangnam Bldg, #727-16 Yeoksam-dong Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-921, South Korea"
  155. Web site: The History and Rise of Live Video Streaming. 19 June 2016. 17 December 2018. 18 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181218103516/https://fmgsuite.com/market-in-motion/live-video-streaming-history/. dead.
  156. [AfreecaTV#cite note-3]
  157. Web site: Miller. Owen. The Myŏnjujŏn Documents: Accounting Methods and Merchants' Organisations in Nineteenth Century Korea. Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies. Sungkyunkwan University. 2 April 2018. 2 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225553/http://sjeas.skku.edu/backissue/issue_article_view.jsp?RNUM=3&SEQ=25&SORDER=6. dead.
  158. Book: Previts. Gary John. Wolnizer. Peter. A Global History of Accounting, Financial Reporting and Public Policy: Asia and Oceania. 2011. Emerald Group Publishing. 9780857248138. 205. 2 April 2018. en.
  159. Book: Ronald. Ma. Financial Reporting in the Pacific Asia Region. 1997. World Scientific. 9789814497626. 239. 2 April 2018. en.
  160. Web site: 사개치부법(四介治簿法). Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Academy of Korean Studies. 3 April 2018. ko.
  161. Web site: 오기수. 세종대왕의 조세사상과 공법 연구 : 조세법 측면에서. NAVER Academic. NAVER Corporation. 2 April 2018. ko.
  162. Web site: 한국 전통과학의 전성기, 세종 시대. YTN사이언스. YTN. 2 April 2018. ko-KR.
  163. Book: 정창권. 역사 속 장애인은 어떻게 살았을까: 사료와 함께 읽는 장애인사. 2011. 글항아리. 9788967352974. 2 April 2018. ko.
  164. Book: EBS 역사채널ⓔ. 역사 e 2: 세상을 깨우는 시대의 기록. 2013. 북하우스. 9788956057019. 2 April 2018. ko.
  165. Book: Yi . Pae-yong . Women in Korean History 한국 역사 속의 여성들 . 2008 . Ewha Womans University Press . 9788973007721 . 267 . 18 August 2018 . en.
  166. Web site: Silhak Korean political philosophy. Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 September 2017.
  167. Book: Yi. Sang-tʻaek. Religion and Social Formation in Korea: Minjung and Millenarianism. 1996. Walter de Gruyter. 9783110147971. 47. 17 September 2017. en.
  168. Web site: North Korea – Cultural life history – geography. Encyclopædia Britannica. 17 September 2017.
  169. Book: Jang. Myungjun. Suh. Soon-Tak . Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2010 . U-City: New Trends of Urban Planning in Korea Based on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Geotechnology and Geoinformation . 1 January 2010. 6016. 262–270. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 10.1007/978-3-642-12156-2_20. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 978-3-642-12155-5. https://archive.org/details/computationalsci0000tani/page/262.
  170. Book: Guston. David H.. Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society. SAGE Publications. 9781452266176. 158. 3 April 2017. en. 14 July 2010.
  171. Book: Brown. Gerald E.. Holt. Jeremy William. Kuo. Thomas Tzu Szu. The Nucleon-nucleon Interaction and the Nuclear Many-body Problem: Selected Papers of Gerald E. Brown and T.T.S. Kuo. World Scientific. 9789814289283. 552. 1 April 2017. en. 2010.
  172. Web site: Asia's Scientific Trailblazers: Ihm Jisoon. Asian Scientist Magazine. 1 April 2017. 19 July 2016.
  173. Web site: 70-year-old professor is to fire up his academic imagination. The Dong-a Ilbo. 1 April 2017.
  174. Kang . Nam-Young . Ha . Hyung-Ho . Yun . Seong-Wook . Yu . Young Hyun . Chang . Young-Tae . Diversity-driven chemical probe development for biomolecules: beyond hypothesis-driven approach . Chemical Society Reviews . 40 . 7 . 3613–26 . 2011 . 21526237 . 10.1039/c0cs00172d .
  175. Web site: Clear imaging of pancreatic cells through the development of a novel fluorescent probe. Phys.org. 2 April 2017.
  176. Web site: Moon. Ji-woong. Posco completes construction of giga steel factory. Pulse by Maeil Business News Korea. 3 April 2018. ko.
  177. Web site: Jhoo. Dong-chan. POSCO 'Giga Steel' leads carmakers' lightening trends. The Korea Times. 3 April 2018. 27 March 2017.
  178. Book: Yi. Gyu-Chul. Semiconductor Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Devices: Processing, Characterization and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. 9783642224805. 169. 2 April 2017. en. 13 January 2012.
  179. Book: Brink. Lars. Nobel Lectures in Physics (2006–2010). World Scientific. 9789814612708. 332. 2 April 2017. en. 2 June 2014.
  180. Web site: Graphene Commercialisation & Applications 2013: Global Industry & Academia Collaboration Summit. https://web.archive.org/web/20130526010820/http://www.graphene-applications-summit.com/4/speakers/124/byung-hee-hong/ . dead . 26 May 2013.
  181. Web site: Patel. Prachi. Bigger, Stretchier Graphene. MIT Technology Review. 2 April 2017.
  182. Chang. K.. Refsdal. S.. Flux variations of QSO 0957 + 561 A, B and image splitting by stars near the light path. Nature. 282. 5739. 561–564. 1979. 10.1038/282561a0. 1979Natur.282..561C . 4325497.
  183. Book: Schneider. P.. Ehlers. J.. Falco. E. E.. Gravitational Lenses. Springer Science & Business Media. 9783662037584. 9. 2 April 2017. en. 29 June 2013.
  184. Web site: Ltd. SPIE Europe. TomoCube holotomography offers label-free imaging of cells. optics.org. 1 April 2017.
  185. Web site: Holographic Microscope Allows Stain-Free 3D Imaging of Live Cells. Asian Scientist Magazine. 1 April 2017. 4 April 2016.
  186. Web site: Next-generation holographic microscope for 3D live cell imaging. ScienceDaily. 1 April 2017.
  187. Book: Hoare. James E.. Historical Dictionary of Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Scarecrow Press. 9780810879874. 394. 1 April 2017. en. 13 July 2012.
  188. Book: Gilbert. Marianne. Brydson's Plastics Materials. William Andrew. 9780323370226. 435. 1 April 2017. en. 27 September 2016.
  189. Book: Mikla. Victor I.. Mikla. Victor V.. Medical Imaging Technology. Elsevier. 9780124170360. 54. 1 April 2017. en. 23 August 2013.
  190. Book: Cho. Zang-Hee. 7.0 Tesla MRI Brain Atlas: In-vivo Atlas with Cryomacrotome Correlation. Springer. 9783642543982. 1 April 2017. en. 16 December 2014.
  191. Book: Zee. A.. Unity of Forces in the Universe: (In 2 Volumes). World Scientific. 9789814518888. 509. 1 April 2017. en. January 1982.
  192. Web site: 3D printed nanostructures made entirely of graphene. Nanowerk. 2 April 2017.
  193. Web site: Smart prosthetic skin can sense pressure, heat and moisture – MedCity News. MedCity News. 11 December 2014 . 3 April 2017.
  194. Kim. Jaemin. Lee. Mincheol. Shim. Hyung Joon. Ghaffari. Roozbeh. Cho. Hye Rim. Son. Donghee. Jung. Yei Hwan. Soh. Min. Choi. Changsoon. Jung. Sungmook. Chu. Kon. Jeon. Daejong. Lee. Soon-Tae. Kim. Ji Hoon. Choi. Seung Hong. Hyeon. Taeghwan. Kim. Dae-Hyeong. Stretchable silicon nanoribbon electronics for skin prosthesis. Nature Communications. 9 December 2014. 5. 10.1038/ncomms6747. 25490072. 2041-1723. 5747. 2014NatCo...5.5747K. free.
  195. Book: Edwards. Dave. Batley. Jacqueline. Parkin. Isobel. Kole. Chittaranjan. Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Oilseed Brassicas. CRC Press. 9781439883358. 2. 1 April 2017. en. 13 September 2011.
  196. Book: Lim. T. K.. Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 5, Fruits. Springer Science & Business Media. 9789400756533. 113. 1 April 2017. en. 2 February 2013.
  197. Lee. HW. Lee. PW. Johnson. KM. Isolation of the etiologic agent of Korean Hemorrhagic fever. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 137. 3. 298–308. 1978. 24670. 10.1093/infdis/137.3.298.
  198. Lee . HW . Ahn . CN . Song . JW . Back . LJ . Seo . TJ . Park . SC . 1990 . Field trial of an inactivated vaccine against hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans . Arch Virol . 1 . 35–47 .
  199. Book: Plotkin. Stanley A.. Orenstein. Walter A.. Offit. Paul A.. Vaccines. Elsevier Health Sciences. 978-1455700905. 1013. 2 April 2017. en. October 2012.
  200. Web site: New HIV Vaccine Proves Successful in Phase 1 Human Trial. Medical Daily. 2 April 2017. 4 September 2013.
  201. Web site: Professor Cheon Jinwoo Named one of "the World's Most influential Scientific Minds" of 2014" – "Nanoscientist who Invents New Tools for Future Medicine. Yonsei-IBS Institute. 3 April 2017. ko. 5 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170405223327/http://yibs.yonsei.ac.kr/comm/gal.asp?bidx=5&bgbn=R. dead.
  202. Web site: Challenging the Textbook of Cardiology. Siemens Healthineers. 3 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170405223350/https://www.healthcare.siemens.com/news-and-events/mso-advances-in-interventional-cardiology. 5 April 2017. dead.
  203. Web site: Innovator of alternative heart surgery. The Korea Times. 3 April 2017. 29 November 2015.
  204. Web site: AUA2016 Annual Meeting. AUA2016. American Urological Association. 3 April 2017. 5 April 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172930/http://www.aua2016.org/program/speaker.cfm?speakerID=733. dead.
  205. Rha. Koon Ho. Kim. Yu Seun. Kim. Soon Il. Byun. Young Joon. Hong. Sung Joon. Park. Kiil. Yang. Seung Choul. Video assisted minilaparotomy surgery (VAMS)--live donor nephrectomy: 239 cases. Yonsei Medical Journal. 31 December 2004. 45. 6. 1149–1154. 10.3349/ymj.2004.45.6.1149. 0513-5796. 15627311. free.
  206. Web site: Sang-Ho Lee, MD, PhD – President. SpineUniverse. 3 April 2017.
  207. Web site: Wood. Megan. Dr. Sang-Ho Lee awarded Parviz Kambin award for endoscopic spine surgery at NASS meeting: 5 highlights. Becker's Spine Review. 20 October 2015 . 3 April 2017.
  208. Book: Doherty. Annette M.. Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. Academic Press. 9780080458175. 458. 2 April 2017. en. 19 December 2005.
  209. Alksne. Lefa. Balofloxacin Choongwae. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs. 1 February 2003. 4. 2. 224–229. 1472-4472. 12669387.
  210. Web site: Dong-A ST develops antibiotic to fight superbacteria. Korea.net. Korean Culture and Information Service. 2 April 2017.
  211. Kim. Sung-Ho. Jung. Eunsoo. Yoon. Min Kyung. Kwon. O. Hwan. Hwang. Dal-Mi. Kim. Dong-Wook. Kim. Junghyun. Lee. Sun-Mee. Yim. Hyeon Joo. Pharmacological profiles of gemigliptin (LC15-0444), a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, in vitro and in vivo. European Journal of Pharmacology. 5 October 2016. 788. 54–64. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.016. 1879-0712. 27298192.
  212. Chi. Yong Ha. Lee. Howard. Paik. Soo Heui. Lee. Joo Han. Yoo. Byoung Wook. Kim. Ji Han. Tan. Hyun Kwang. Kim. Sang Lin. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of fimasartan following single and repeated oral administration in the fasted and fed states in healthy subjects. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs. 1 October 2011. 11. 5. 335–346. 10.2165/11593840-000000000-00000. 1179-187X. 21910510. 207300735.
  213. Book: Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. Elsevier. 978-0124171510. 523. 2 April 2017. en. 13 September 2013.
  214. Web site: Ancient 'Ondol' Heating Systems Discovered in Alaska. The Chosun Ilbo. 24 March 2017.
  215. Lim. Jae-Han. Jo. Jae-Hun. Kim. Yong-Yee. Yeo. Myoung-Souk. Kim. Kwang-Woo. Application of the control methods for radiant floor cooling system in residential buildings. Building and Environment. 1 January 2006. 41. 1. 60–73. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.01.019.
  216. 温突—朝鲜族民居的独特采暖方式. Journal of Shenyang Architecture and Civil Engineering University. 16. 3. 159–162. 2000.
  217. Web site: 코리안이 美 신대륙 최초 발견. Naver News. NAVER Corporation. 2 April 2018. ko.
  218. Web site: 한반도에서 알래스카까지 고래의길을 가다. 다큐 공감. KBS. 2 April 2018. ko.
  219. Web site: <인터뷰> '코리안신대륙발견모임' 김성규 회장. Naver News. NAVER Corporation. 2 April 2018. ko.
  220. Book: Hoppen. Donald W.. The Seven Ages of Frank Lloyd Wright: The Creative Process. Courier Corporation. 978-0-486-29420-9. 76. January 1998.
  221. Book: Pfeiffer. Bruce Brooks. Wright. Frank Lloyd. Treasures of Taliesin: Seventy-seven Unbuilt Designs. Pomegranate. 978-0-7649-1041-8. 33. 1999.
  222. Book: Walker. Hugh Dyson. East Asia: A New History. 178. en.
  223. Web site: 경주 석빙고. 네이버 지식백과 (Naver Encyclopedia of Knowledge). Naver Corporation. 24 March 2017. ko.
  224. Web site: Korea's fortresses reflect the past and Koreans' respect for the environment. . Korean Culture and Information Service. 20 September 2016.
  225. Book: Chʻa. Yong-gŏl. Hakhoe. Hanʼguk Sŏnggwak. Mountain Fortresses in Central Inland Korea: Deokju Sanseong Mountain Fortress. Korea Fortress Academy. 36. 20 September 2016. en. 2007. 9788996173243.
  226. Web site: Ancient Mountain Fortresses in Central Korea. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations. 20 September 2016.
  227. Book: Chʻa. Yong-gŏl. Hakhoe. Hanʼguk Sŏnggwak. Mountain Fortresses in Central Inland Korea: Deokju Sanseong Mountain Fortress. Korea Fortress Academy. 33. 20 September 2016. en. 2007. 9788996173243.
  228. Book: Su-il. Jeong. The Silk Road Encyclopedia. Seoul Selection. 9781624120763. 20 September 2016. en. 18 July 2016.
  229. Book: Kim. Li-na. Koguryo tomb murals. ICOMOS-Korea. 100. 20 September 2016. en. 2004.
  230. Book: Kim. Jinwung. A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict. Indiana University Press. 978-0253000248. 50. 20 September 2016. en. 2012.
  231. Web site: '산성의 나라' 고구려. 민족21. 20 September 2016.
  232. Web site: 사진을 통해 본 고구려 성곽. 동북아역사넷. 20 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160923021322/http://contents.nahf.or.kr/item/item.do?levelId=cr.d_0001_0030_0020. 23 September 2016. dead.
  233. Book: Cultural Heritage Administration (South Korea). World Heritage in Korea. 길잡이미디어. 9788981241773. 65. 20 September 2016. en. 19 November 2011.
  234. Book: The Korea Foundation. Koreana - Winter 2014 (English): Korean Culture & Arts. 23 February 2015. 20 September 2016. 한국국제교류재단. en. 9791156041115.
  235. Book: The Korean Overseas Information Service Seoul, Republic of Korea (ROK). HELLO from Korea. 길잡이미디어. 9788973753741. 52. 6 October 2016. en. 26 October 2005.
  236. Book: Yu. Chai-Shin. The New History of Korean Civilization. iUniverse. 9781462055616. xii. 6 October 2016. en. 9 January 2012.
  237. Web site: pagoda architecture. Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 October 2016.
  238. Book: Yu. Hong-jun. Smiles of the Baby Buddha: Appreciating the Cultural Heritage of Ky?ngju. 창비 Changbi Publishers. 9788936470562. 26–28. 6 October 2016. en. January 1999.
  239. Book: Sinha. P. C.. Encyclopaedia of South East and Far East Asia. Anmol Publications. 9788126126460. 2368. 6 October 2016. en. Going from China to Korea and from Korea to Japan, the pagoda evolved in varying styles and materials: brick pagodas were more numerous in China, stone pagodas fairly soon predominated in Korea, and wooden pagodas were most popular in Japan.. 2006.
  240. Korea Journal. 1 January 1977. 17. 6 October 2016. Korean National Commission for UNESCO..
  241. Book: Koehler. Robert. Religion in Korea: Harmony and Coexistence. Seoul Selection. 9781624120459. 6 October 2016. en. 31 August 2015.
  242. Book: Korea (South) Munhwa Kongbobu. The Ancient Arts of Korea. 1970. Ministry of Culture and Information. 73. 6 October 2016. en. Unlike the Chinese brick pagodas, the Silla people used granite stones in building the base of brick pagodas, probably due to the fact that the Silla people were more skilled in the technique of cutting stones, and quality granite is abundant in the Korean peninsula..
  243. Book: Sinha. P. C.. Encyclopaedia of South East and Far East Asia. Anmol Publications. 9788126126460. 2368. 6 October 2016. en. 2006.
  244. Book: Jinyoung. Lim. Lyong. Ryoo Seong. K-architecture: Tradition Meets Modernity. 길잡이미디어. 9788973755820. 35–36. 6 October 2016. en. 16 April 2014.
  245. Book: Yang. Hong-Jin. Astronomical signs of Korean tombs. Korean Astronomy and Space Science Institute. Daejeon, Korea. 16 August 2017. bot: unknown. https://web.archive.org/web/20160924011040/http://optik2.mtk.nao.ac.jp/~somamt/gendai3/004-014HJYang.pdf. 24 September 2016.
  246. Book: Park. Changbom. Astronomy: Traditional Korean Science. Ewha Womans University Press. 9788973007790. 115. 24 March 2017. en. January 2008.
  247. Book: Storey. Glenn. Urbanism in the Preindustrial World: Cross-Cultural Approaches. University of Alabama Press. 9780817352462. 201. 16 November 2016. en. 30 April 2006.
  248. Book: Dicati. Renato. Stamping Through Astronomy. Springer Science & Business Media. 9788847028296. 30. 16 November 2016. en. 18 June 2013.
  249. Book: Bernardi. Gabriella. The Unforgotten Sisters: Female Astronomers and Scientists before Caroline Herschel. Springer. 9783319261270. 40. 16 November 2016. en. 14 March 2016.
  250. Book: Kelley. David H.. Milone. Eugene F.. Exploring Ancient Skies: A Survey of Ancient and Cultural Astronomy. Springer Science & Business is +=i op Media. 9781441976246. 79. 16 November 2016. en. 16 February 2011.
  251. Book: Park. Changbom. Astronomy: Traditional Korean Science. Ewha Womans University Press. 9788973007790. 63. 16 November 2016. en. January 2008.
  252. Book: Selin. Helaine. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. 9789401714167. 503. 16 November 2016. en. 11 November 2013.
  253. Book: Park. Changbom. Astronomy: Traditional Korean Science. Ewha Womans University Press. 9788973007790. 65. 24 March 2017. en. January 2008.
  254. Book: Sampson. Geoffrey. Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction. Stanford University Press. 9780804717564. registration. 25 March 2017. en. 1985.
  255. Book: Kim-Renaud. Young-Key. The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure. University of Hawaii Press. 9780824817237. 25 March 2017. en. 1997.
  256. Book: Kim-Renaud. Young-Key. The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure. 1997. University of Hawaii Press. 9780824817237. 15. 16 May 2018. en.
  257. Web site: 알고 싶은 한글. National Institute of Korean Language. National Institute of Korean Language. 4 December 2017.
  258. Book: Koerner. E. F. K.. Asher. R. E.. Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists. Elsevier. 9781483297545. 54. 13 October 2016. en. 28 June 2014.
  259. Book: Hannas. Wm C.. Asia's Orthographic Dilemma. University of Hawaii Press. 9780824818920. 57. 20 September 2016. en. 1997.
  260. Book: Chen. Jiangping. Multilingual Access and Services for Digital Collections. ABC-CLIO. 9781440839559. 66. 20 September 2016. en. 18 January 2016.
  261. Invest Korea Journal. 1 January 2005. 23. 20 September 2016. Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency. They later devised three different systems for writing Korean with Chinese characters: Hyangchal, Gukyeol and Idu. These systems were similar to those developed later in Japan and were probably used as models by the Japanese..
  262. News: Korea Now. 1 July 2000. 29. 20 September 2016. The Korea Herald.
  263. Book: Fischer. Steven Roger. History of Writing. Reaktion Books. 9781861895882. 20 September 2016. en. 4 April 2004.
  264. News: Katakana system may be Korean, professor says. Japan Times. 20 September 2016. 4 April 2002.
  265. Web site: Korean Classics . Asian Collections: An Illustrated Guide . Library of Congress . 8 February 2019.
  266. Web site: Gutenberg Bible. British Library. The British Library Board. 19 August 2016. 25 October 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161025033159/http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item100565.html. dead.
  267. Web site: Movable type – Oxford Reference. Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. 19 August 2016.
  268. Book: Ebrey. Patricia Buckley. Walthall. Anne. East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Cengage Learning. 978-1285528670. 19 August 2016. en. January 2013.
  269. Book: Selin. Helaine. Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. 9789401714167. 504. 9 September 2016. en. 11 November 2013.
  270. Web site: Korea, 1000–1400 A.D. Chronology Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 19 August 2016.
  271. Book: Xia. Jingfeng. Scholarly Communication in China, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. Elsevier. 9781780632131. 95. 25 March 2017. en. 31 March 2008.
  272. Book: Twyman. Michael. The British Library Guide to Printing: History and Techniques. University of Toronto Press. 9780802081797. 21. 25 March 2017. 1999.
  273. Web site: 세계 최초의 납활자라 '병진자'. 스마트과학관. National Science Museum. 25 March 2017. ko.
  274. Book: Korean Culture and Information Service (South Korea). Guide to Korean Culture: Korea's cultural heritage. 길잡이미디어. 9788973755714. 25 March 2017. en. 20 June 2014.
  275. Web site: Korean monk claims to have found world's oldest newspaper. Korea JoongAng Daily. 18 April 2017 . 1 May 2017.
  276. Web site: 세계 최초의 신문…1577년 조선시대 '조보' 실물 발견. Naver News. 1 May 2017. ko.
  277. Book: Koetsier. Teun. ceccarelli. marco. Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM2012. Springer Science & Business Media. 9789400741324. 90. 27 March 2017. en. 5 April 2012.
  278. Book: Koetsier. Teun. ceccarelli. marco. Explorations in the History of Machines and Mechanisms: Proceedings of HMM2012. Springer Science & Business Media. 9789400741324. 95. 27 March 2017. en. 5 April 2012.
  279. Book: Fifty Wonders of Korea – Vol. 2. KSCPP. 27 March 2017. 27 March 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170327171319/http://www.kscpp.net/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=lILBCCXDCSk%3d&tabid=144&mid=528. dead.
  280. Book: Ceccarelli. Marco. Distinguished Figures in Mechanism and Machine Science: Their Contributions and Legacies. Springer. 9789401789479. 111. 27 March 2017. en. 21 May 2014.
  281. Book: Pisano. Raffaele. A Bridge between Conceptual Frameworks: Sciences, Society and Technology Studies. Springer. 9789401796453. 364. 27 March 2017. en. 30 June 2015.
  282. Web site: Specktor. Brandon. The World's First Braille Smartwatch Is Here—and It's Amazing. Reader's Digest. Trusted Media Brands. 3 April 2018. 9 March 2017.
  283. Web site: 판갑(板甲) . . . 16 August 2018 . ko.
  284. Web site: Iron Armor – unknown . Google Arts & Culture . Google Cultural Institute . 16 August 2018 .
  285. Web site: 세총통.
  286. Web site: 【ENG SUB】세계최초 권총형 총통 '세총통' feat. 화력대왕 '세종' Se-Chongtong, the Smallest of Korean Hand Cannons. www.youtube.com.
  287. Web site: 영상한국사 I 109 조선의 화포 세총통과 4군 6진 개척. www.youtube.com.
  288. Book: Grant. R. G.. Battle at Sea: 3,000 Years of Naval Warfare. Penguin. 9780756657017. 110. 27 March 2017. en. 3 January 2011.
  289. Book: Kraska . James . Contemporary Maritime Piracy: International Law, Strategy, and Diplomacy at Sea . 2011 . ABC-CLIO . 9780313387241 . 18 . 22 August 2018 . en.
  290. Book: Turnbull . Stephen . Pirate of the Far East: 811-1639 . 2012 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 9781780963709 . 22 August 2018 . en.
  291. Book: Turnbull . Stephen . Fighting Ships of the Far East (2): Japan and Korea AD 612–1639 . 2012 . Bloomsbury Publishing . 9781782000129 . 22 August 2018 . en.
  292. Web site: 김대중 . 왜구 격퇴의 선봉장, 화약 병기 . 우리역사넷 . . 22 August 2018 . ko.
  293. Book: Polmar. Norman. Cavas. Christopher P.. Navy's Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Admirable Admirals, Sleek Submarines, and Oceanic Oddities. Potomac Books, Inc.. 9781597976558. 27 March 2017. en. 31 January 2009.
  294. Book: Tucker. Spencer C.. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]

    From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East]

    . ABC-CLIO. 9781851096725. 909. 27 March 2017. en. 23 December 2009.
  295. Book: Tucker. Spencer C.. Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts. ABC-CLIO. 9781610697866. 156. 27 March 2017. en. 22 September 2015.
  296. Web site: 면제갑옷. Cultural Heritage Administration. Cultural Heritage Administration. 27 March 2017. ko.
  297. Web site: 세계최초의 방탄조끼 조선군의 '면제배갑'. . 27 March 2017. ko. 21 February 2007.
  298. Web site: 천보총(千步銃). 문화콘텐츠닷컴. 한국콘텐츠진흥원. 27 March 2017. ko.
  299. Book: Hawley. Samuel Jay. The Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth-century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China. Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch. 9788995442425. 115. 27 March 2017. en. Finally, there was the recently developed pigyok chinchollae (flying-striking-earthquake-heaven-thunder), sometimes rendered as "the flying thunderbolt," a hollow iron ball packed with gunpowder and equipped with a fuse. This ingenious device was fired from a cannon over the walls of enemy fortifications and into the midst of the defenders clustered within, where, if all went well, it exploded.. 2005.
  300. Web site: 비격진천뢰(飛擊震天雷). 문화콘텐츠닷컴. 한국콘텐츠진흥원. 27 March 2017. ko.
  301. Web site: 비격진천뢰(飛擊震天雷). 문화재청 현충사 관리소. 27 March 2017.
  302. Web site: 화차. terms.naver.com.
  303. Web site: 세종의 화약무기. www.youtube.com.
  304. Book: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century. 9780486295930. Song. Yingxing. Sun. E-tu Zen. Sun. Shiou-Chuan. January 1997.
  305. Web site: 화차. terms.naver.com.
  306. Web site: 임진왜란의 숨은 병기, 승자총통 / YTN 사이언스. www.youtube.com.
  307. Web site: Pike. John. Samsung Techwin SGR-A1 Sentry Guard Robot. GlobalSecurity.org. 27 March 2017.
  308. Web site: Parkin. Simon. Killer robots: The soldiers that never sleep. BBC. 15 April 2017.
  309. Web site: Korea emerges as arms development powerhouse. The Korea Times. 13 April 2017. 16 June 2010.
  310. Book: Ramsey. Syed. Tools of War: History of Weapons in Modern Times. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. 9789386019837. 13 April 2017. en. 12 May 2016.
  311. Web site: 한영준. 조선보다 못한 '한증막 안전'. 세이프타임즈. 10 May 2016 . 25 March 2017. ko.
  312. Web site: Jjimjilbang: a microcosm of Korean leisure culture. The Korea Herald. 25 March 2017. 1 April 2010.
  313. Web site: 김용만. 온천. 네이버캐스트. 25 March 2017. ko.
  314. Web site: Sang-hun. Choe. Kiln Saunas Make a Comeback in South Korea. The New York Times. 22 September 2016. 26 August 2010.
  315. Book: Yu. T'ae-u. Koryo sooji chim. Eum Yang Mek Jin Pub. Co. ; San Mateo, CA : Distributed by the Koryo Hand Acupuncture Institute of America. 13 August 2016. en. 1988.
  316. Book: Selin. Helaine. Medicine Across Cultures: History and Practice of Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer Science & Business Media. 9780306480942. 152. 13 August 2016. en. 11 April 2006.
  317. Book: Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions. Elsevier Health Sciences. 9780323414197. 998. 13 August 2016. en. 28 April 2016.
  318. Book: Lee. Jonathan H. X.. Nadeau. Kathleen M.. Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife. ABC-CLIO. 9780313350665. 710. 13 August 2016. en. 2011.
  319. Book: Oleson. Terry. Auriculotherapy Manual: Chinese and Western Systems of Ear Acupuncture. Elsevier Health Sciences. 9780702035722. 33. 13 August 2016. en. 2014.
  320. Chikly. Bruno. Roberts. Paul. Quaghebeur. Jörgen. Primo Vascular System: A Unique Biological System Shifting a Medical Paradigm. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 1 January 2016. 116. 1. 12–21. 10.7556/jaoa.2016.002. 26745560. 0098-6151. free.
  321. Book: Koehler. Robert. Korean Ceramics: The Beauty of Natural Forms. Seoul Selection. 9781624120466. 29 March 2017. en. 7 September 2015.
  322. Web site: Lee. Author: Soyoung. Joseon Buncheong Ware: Between Celadon and Porcelain. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 29 March 2017.
  323. Book: Koehler. Robert. Korean Ceramics: The Beauty of Natural Forms. Seoul Selection. 9781624120466. 29 March 2017. en. 7 September 2015.
  324. Book: Levenson. Jay A.. (U.S.). National Gallery of Art. Circa 1492: Art in the Age of Exploration. Yale University Press. 0300051670. 422. 29 March 2017. en. 1991.
  325. Book: Hopper. Robin. Making Marks: Discovering the Ceramic Surface. Krause Publications Craft. 0873495047. 103. 29 March 2017. en. 29 October 2004.
  326. Book: Snodgrass. Mary Ellen. Encyclopedia of Kitchen History. Routledge. 9781135455729. 764. 29 March 2017. en. 29 December 2004.
  327. Book: Koehler. Robert. Korean Ceramics: The Beauty of Natural Forms. Seoul Selection. 9781624120466. 27 March 2017. en. 7 September 2015.
  328. Web site: Lee . Soyoung . Soyoung Lee . Goryeo Celadon . 27 March 2017 . The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  329. Book: Injae. Lee. Miller. Owen. Jinhoon. Park. Hyun-Hae. Yi. Korean History in Maps. Cambridge University Press. 9781107098466. 76. 27 March 2017. en. 15 December 2014.
  330. Book: Munsterberg. Hugo. The Ceramic Art of Japan: A Handbook for Collectors. Tuttle Publishing. 9781462913091. 29 March 2017. en. 10 October 2010.
  331. Web site: Karatsu ware. Encyclopædia Britannica. 29 March 2017.
  332. Book: Lee. Lena Kim. Korean Art. Philip Jaisohn Memorial Foundation. 15. 27 April 2017. en. Koryo potters also experimented with the use of copper for red designs under the glaze, since ground copper pigment fires red in the reducing kiln atmosphere. This technique was started in the twelfth century. Many scholars agree that Chinese Yuan wares with underglaze red design were inspired by the Koryo potters' use of copper red at the time when the Yuan and Koryo courts had very close political ties.. 1981.
  333. Web site: Collection online. British Museum. 27 April 2017.
  334. Book: Sullivan. Michael. The Arts of China. University of California Press. 9780520049185. 196. 27 April 2017. en. January 1984.
  335. Web site: 진사 이야기. The Yonsei Chunchu. 7 November 2011 . Yonsei University. 27 April 2017. ko.
  336. Book: Gnanadesikan. Amalia E.. The Writing Revolution: Cuneiform to the Internet. John Wiley & Sons. 9781444359855. 20 September 2016. en. 13 September 2011.
  337. Web site: Gukak. The Dong-a Ilbo. 20 September 2016.
  338. Book: Yi. Yong-sik. Shaman Ritual Music in Korea. Jimoondang International. 9781931897105. 25 March 2017. en. 2004.
  339. Web site: 장구와 장단. National Gugak Center. 26 April 2017.
  340. Book: Rossing. Thomas. The Science of String Instruments. Springer Science & Business Media. 9781441971104. 192. 25 March 2017. en. 15 December 2010.
  341. Web site: Gorlinski . Virginia . P'ansori Korean music . Encyclopædia Britannica . 14 August 2018 .
  342. Web site: Pansori epic chant . Intangible Cultural Heritage . UNESCO . 14 August 2018 .
  343. Web site: 북한의 '개량 민족악기'를 처음 만난다. NK조선. 25 March 2017. ko.
  344. Web site: Romano . Aja . How K-pop became a global phenomenon . Vox . 11 November 2019 . 16 February 2018.
  345. Web site: Hyun. Eleanor Soo-ah. Korean Chaekgeori Paintings. The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 30 November 2017.
  346. Web site: 책거리. Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture. National Folk Museum of Korea. 30 November 2017.
  347. Book: Korean Culture and Information Service. Korean Beauty. 2011. 길잡이미디어. 9788973751204. 272. 3 December 2017. en.
  348. Web site: 효제문자도. Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture. National Folk Museum of Korea. 3 December 2017.
  349. Book: Yi. I.-hwa. Korea's Pastimes and Customs: A Social History. Homa & Sekey Books. 9781931907385. 21–23. 3 April 2017. en. 2006.
  350. Book: Heritage. National Research Institute of Cultural. Sul, Korean Alcoholic Beverages. 길잡이미디어. 9788929901769. 98. 4 April 2017. en. 31 December 2013.
  351. Web site: Card Gambling. Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture. National Folk Museum of Korea. 4 April 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172908/http://folkency.nfm.go.kr/eng/subjectindex.jsp?tit_idx=256. 5 April 2017.
  352. Web site: 투전 [鬪錢]]. Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture. National Folk Museum of Korea. 4 April 2017. ko.
  353. Web site: Government Career Ladder Climbing Game. Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Culture. National Folk Museum of Korea. 4 April 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170405172807/http://folkency.nfm.go.kr/eng/subjectindex.jsp?tit_idx=250. 5 April 2017.
  354. Web site: 승경도놀이. 한국세시풍속사전. National Folk Museum of Korea. 4 April 2017. ko. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170404131313/http://folkency.nfm.go.kr/sesi/dicPrint.jsp?DIC_ID=250&xslUrl=dicPrint_Pop.jsp&printYN=Y. 4 April 2017.
  355. Web site: 성불도놀이. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture. Academy of Korean Studies. 4 April 2017.
  356. Web site: [커버스토리] 불교세시풍속/성불도 놀이]. 불교저널. 10 February 2010 . 4 April 2017. ko.
  357. Web site: 만물보 속의 택견. 문화콘텐츠닷컴. 한국콘텐츠진흥원. 29 March 2017. ko.
  358. Book: Joinau. Benjamin. Rouville. Elodie Dornand de. Sketches of Korea: An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture. Seoul Selection. 9781624120510. 29 March 2017. en. 5 November 2015.
  359. Web site: Taekkyeon, a traditional Korean martial art. Intangible Heritage. UNESCO. 29 March 2017.
  360. Book: Green. Thomas A.. Svinth. Joseph R.. Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation [2 volumes]

    An Encyclopedia of History and Innovation]

    . ABC-CLIO. 9781598842449. 192–193. 29 March 2017. en. 11 June 2010.
  361. Web site: Korean Style Bow. Antique Alive. 29 March 2017.
  362. Web site: K세팍타크로! 아시아 본류에 도전하다. 데일리뉴스. 29 March 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170330005030/http://sisanewszine.co.kr/ezview/article_main.html?no=1102. 30 March 2017.
  363. Web site: 족구의 개요. 대한민국족구협회. 29 March 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161107202545/http://www.jokgu.or.kr/popJokgu.html. 7 November 2016.
  364. Web site: 장치기. 문화콘텐츠닷컴. 한국콘텐츠진흥원. 3 April 2017. ko.
  365. Web site: Olympic Sports : Taekwondo . Tokyo 2020 . The Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games . 14 August 2018 .
  366. Web site: Kim. Monica. Why I Can't Live Without My Korean Exfoliating Mitt. Vogue. 18 April 2016. 25 July 2016. 15 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161215235446/http://www.vogue.com/13427539/korean-exfoliating-wash-cloth-mitt-dermasuri. dead.
  367. Web site: 라이프 큐레이터 design.co.kr – 피플 & 컬처. Design.co.kr. 25 July 2016.
  368. Web site: [발명이야기] 한국인의 필수품 '이태리타월']. Hankooki.com. Hankook Media Network. 25 July 2016. 1 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191001012751/http://kids.hankooki.com/lpage/edu/201304/kd20130402152301131830.htm. dead.
  369. Web site: 2018-06-04. "MADE IN KOREA". 2021-04-18. The Yonsei Annals. ko.
  370. Web site: Lee. Nam Yong. Lee. Hyung Yong. Electrically heated stone bed with electromagnetic shielding layer. Google Patents. 22 September 2016. 1999.
  371. Web site: '스톤 매트리스'로 돌침대 시장 깨운다. 헤럴드경제 미주판 Heraldk.com. 22 September 2016.
  372. Web site: [Biz] 돌침대 시장]. MK News. 22 September 2016.
  373. Web site: What are circle lenses?. Kawaiilovebeauty.com. 13 November 2017.
  374. Web site: 막대풍선이란?. 벌룬스틱스 코리아 주식회사. 28 March 2017. 31 July 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190731233616/http://www.balloonstix.com/sub/sub02_01.php. dead.
  375. Web site: 전태수 사장이 밝히는 막대풍선의 역사. 동아닷컴. 28 March 2017. ko. 27 October 2008. 20 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180120124735/http://news.donga.com/3//20081027/8649242/1. dead.
  376. Book: Mercer. Bobby. ManVentions: From Cruise Control to Cordless Drills – Inventions Men Can't Live Without. Simon and Schuster. 9781440510748. 28 March 2017. en. 18 March 2011.
  377. Web site: 'A' Frame, or 'Chige', Korea, 1951 (c). Online Collection. National Army Museum. 3 April 2018.
  378. Web site: Jige (A-Frame Carrier). Koreana : a Quarterly on Korean Art & Culture. Korea Foundation. 3 April 2018. 12 August 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170812022408/http://koreana.kf.or.kr/view.asp?article_id=4749&lang=English. dead.
  379. Web site: 아파트형공장사업계획서. Terms.naver.com. 13 November 2017.
  380. Web site: RISS 통합검색 – 학위논문 상세보기. Riss.kr. 13 November 2017.
  381. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.06.044 . A new method for cost-effective demand response strategy for apartment-type factory buildings . Energy and Buildings . 151 . 275–82 . 2017 . Oh . Eunsung . Kwon . Youngmin . Son . Sung-Yong .
  382. Web site: [진화하는 아파트형 공장] 아파트형 공장의 역사]. Dt.co.kr. 13 November 2017.
  383. Web site: 네이버 학술정보. academic.naver.com. 13 November 2017.
  384. Web site: 특화설계로 진화하는 지식산업센터, 가좌 G타워 '주목'. News.mk.co.kr. 13 November 2017.
  385. Web site: 오피스빌딩의 새바람 지식산업센터 최종. 지식산업센터형국진본부장. 7 September 2017. 13 November 2017. YouTube.
  386. Web site: 유통과학연구회(유통,도매,폐쇄몰,오픈마켓,스토어팜,타오바오) : 네이버 카페. Cafe.naver.com. 13 November 2017.
  387. Web site: Inside the LNG Shipbuilding Boom. 27 November 2018.
  388. Web site: Korea builds world's first ever ice-breaking LNG carrier. www.youtube.com.
  389. Web site: Ivan Watson and Sophie Jeong. South Korea pioneers coronavirus drive-through testing station. 2021-08-31. CNN. 2 March 2020 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of Korean inventions and discoveries".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.