List of Jewish diaspora languages explained

This is a list of languages and groups of languages that developed within Jewish diaspora communities through contact with surrounding languages.^[1]

Afro-Asiatic languages

Cushitic languages

• Kayla^[2]
• Qwara^[3]

Semitic languages

Arabic languages

• Judeo-Arabic

• Judeo-Algerian Arabic

• Judeo-Andalusi Arabic (extinct)

• Judeo-Egyptian Arabic

• • Jewish Baghdadi Arabic

• Judeo-Levantine Arabic (extinct)

• • Judeo-Syrian Arabic

• • Modern Judeo-Palestinian Arabic^[4]

• Judeo-Moroccan Arabic

• Judeo-Tunisian Arabic

• • Judeo-Yemeni Arabic Karaite Egyptian Arabic, based on old Egyptian Arabic^[5]

Aramaic languages

• Judeo-Aramaic^[6]

• Hulaulá (Persian Kurdistani Jewish Neo-Aramaic)^[7]

• Jewish Palestinian Aramaic (extinct)

• Galilean dialect (extinct)

• Lishana Deni (Zakho Jewish Neo-Aramaic)

• Lishan Didan (Persian Azerbaijani Jewish Neo-Aramaic)

• Lishanid Noshan (Arbil Jewish Neo-Aramaic)

Other Afro-Asiatic languages

• Judeo-Berber (a group of different Jewish Berber languages and their dialects)

Austronesian languages

• Judeo-Malay (extinct)

Dravidian languages

(both written in local alphabets)

Indo-European languages

Germanic languages

• Jewish English Languages
• Lachoudisch (extinct)
• Lotegorisch (extinct)^[8]
• Yiddish
  • Eastern Yiddish
  • Western Yiddish

Indo-Aryan languages

• Judeo-Gujarati^[9]
• Judeo-Hindustani^{[10] [11]}
• Judeo-Marathi
• Judeo-Urdu

Iranian languages

• Judeo-Bukharic (Bukhari, Bukhori, Judeo-Tajik)^[12] (with some city koinés, e.g., Judeo-Tajik koiné of Samarkand)
• Judeo-Golpaygani (possibly extinct)
• Judeo-Hamedani (possibly extinct)
• Judeo-Kashani
• Judeo-Persian (Dzhidi, Jidi)
• Judeo-Shirazi^[13]
• Judeo-Tat (Juhuri)^[14]

• Judeo-Latin (extinct or evolved into Judeo-Romance languages)

• Judeo-Aragonese (extinct, but have some impact on Judeo-Spanish citylect of Skopje)

• Judeo-Navarro-Aragonese with a significant Jewish koiné of Tudela (extinct)

• Judeo-Asturleonese (extinct, but still have some lexical traces in Judeo-Spanish)

• Judeo-French (Zarphatic): a group of Jewish northern oïl languages and their dialects (extinct)

• Judeo-Portuguese (almost extinct, still preserved in small communities of Portugal, Northern Africa and the Netherlands) and Judeo-Galician (extinct)

• Judeo-Provençal (extinct)

• Judeo-Sicilian^[15] (including the zone of so-called Meridionali Estremi (Far Southern) dialects of Sicily, Calabria and Apulia, including Judeo-Salentino of Corfu) (extinct or almost extinct)

• Judeo-Gascon
• Judeo-Provencal
  • Judeo-Niçard

• Haketia

• Tetuani

• Judeo-Ferrarese† (Giudeo-Ferrarese) in Ferrara^[16]
• Judeo-Modenese† (Giudeo-Modenese) in Modena
• Judeo-Pitigliano/ Judeo-Pitgilianese† (Giudeo-Pitigliano/ Giudeo-Pitgiliananese) in Tuscany
• Judeo-Salentinian† (Giudeo-Salentino) In Salentino
• Judeo-Resan† (Giudeo-Resab) in the region of Reggio Emilia of Emilia-Romagna
• Judeo-Torinese† (Giudeo-Torinese) in Turin^[17]
• Judeo-Italian of Lugo Di Romanga† (Giudeo-italiano di Lugo Di Romanga) in Lugo Di Romanga
• Judeo-Italian of Moncalvo† (Giudeo-italiano di Moncalvo) in Moncalvo
• Judeo-Italian of Casale Monferrato† (Giudeo-italiano di Casale Monferrato) in Casale Monferrato
• Judeo-Italian of Finale Emilia† (Giudeo-italiano di Finale Emilia) in Finale Emilia
• Judeo-Roman (Giudeo-Romanesco) in Rome
• Bagitto/Judeo-Livornese† (Bagitto/Giudeo-Livornese) in Livorno
• Judeo-Florentine† (Giudeo-Fiorentino) in Florence
• Judeo-Venetian† (Giudeo-Veneziano) in Venice
• Judeo-Triestine† (Giudeo-Triestino) in Trieste
• Judeo-Veronese† (Giudeo-Veronese) in Verona
• Judeo-Reggiano† (Giudeo-Reggiano) in Reggio Emilia
• Judeo-Piedmontese† (Giudeo-Piemontese) in the region of Piedmont
• Judeo-Mantuan† (Giudeo-Mantovano) in Mantua

Other Indo-European languages

• Judeo-Czech (Knaanic)^{[18] [19]} (extinct)
• Judeo-Greek (Romaniyot, Yevanic)

• Judeo-Sicilian Greek (extinct)
• Judeo-Koiné Greek (extinct)

Kartvelian languages

• Judeo-Georgian^[20]
• Judeo-Mingrelian (first of all — so called Zugdidi–Samurzakano dialect of Mingrelian,^[21] e.g. Bandza and Senaki Jews in Western Georgia, but the tendency is to switch to Judeo-Georgian or to standard Georgian) (almost extinct)

Turkic languages

• Judeo-Azerbaijani (dialect of previously Aramaic-speaking Jews of Miyandoab)
• Judeo-Crimean Tatar (Krymchak)^[22] (almost extinct)
• Judeo-Turkish^[23] (Influenced the Krymchak and some of Karaim languages, or even was the origin of some of them)
• Karaim (almost extinct, most likely a group of separate Turkic languages with Kypchak and Oghuz traces With Hebrew words)

Creole languages

• Judaeo-Papiamento^[24]

See also

• Jewish languages

Notes and References

1. Book: Handbook of Jewish Languages . Rubin . Aaron D. . Kahn . Lily . 30 October 2015 . . 9789004297357 . en.
2. [David Appleyard|Appleyard, David]
3. A Comparative Dictionary of the Agaw Languages by David Appleyard (review) . 2013 . New series . Hudson . Grover . Northeast African Studies . 13 . 2 . 10.1353/nas.2013.0021 . 143577497.
4. Web site: Judeo-Arabic . 2024-01-25 . Jewish Languages . en.
5. Khan . Geoffrey . 1997 . The Arabic Dialect of the Karaite Jews of Hit . Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik . 34 . 53–102 . 0170-026X . 43525685.
6. Book: Khan, Geoffrey . A Grammar of Neo-Aramaic: The Dialect of the Jews of Arbel . 8 June 1999 . . 9789004305045 . en.
7. Book: Weninger, Stefan . The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook . . 23 December 2011 . 9783110251586 . 709 . weninger.
8. Web site: Language Contact Manchester . 2022-11-12 . languagecontact.humanities.manchester.ac.uk.
9. Web site: Asian and African studies blog: Judeo-Persian . blogs.bl.uk.
10. Web site: A Unique Hebrew Glossary from India . Gorgias Press LLC.
11. Web site: Liturgical miscellany; Or 14014 : 1800–1899 era . . 30 October 2019.
12. Book: Spolsky, Bernard . The Languages of the Jews: A Sociolinguistic History . . 27 March 2014 . 9781139917148 . 241.
13. Book: Borjian, Habib . Judeo-Iranian Languages . Lily . Kahn . Aaron D. . Rubin . A Handbook of Jewish Languages . Leiden and Boston . . 2015 . 234–295 .
14. Habib Borjian and Daniel Kaufman, “Juhuri: from the Caucasus to New York City”, Special Issue: Middle Eastern Languages in Diasporic USA communities, in International Journal of Sociology of Language, issue edited by Maryam Borjian and Charles Häberl, issue 237, 2016, pp. 51–74.https://www.academia.edu/19729244/Juhuri_from_the_Caucasus_to_New_York_City.
15. Book: Languages in Jewish Communities, Past and Present . Hary . Benjamin . Benor . Sarah Bunin . 5 November 2018 . . . 9781501504631.
16. Web site: Judeo-Italian . 2024-01-19 . Jewish Languages . en.
17. Ryzhik . Michael . 2016-08-16 . Grammatica storica delle parlate giudeo-italiane, written by M. Aprile. 2012 . Journal of Jewish Languages . 4 . 2 . 261–266 . 10.1163/22134638-12340074 . 2213-4387.
18. Book: International Encyclopedia of Linguistics . . 1 January 2003 . 9780195139778 . en . 83.
19. Knaanic in the Medieval and Modern Scholarly Imagination . Katz . Dovid . October 2012 . Knaanic Language: Structure and Historical Background . 1 August 2015 . Ondřej . Bláha . Robert . Dittman . Lenka . Uličná . 164, 173.
20. Judeo-Georgian Language as an Identity Marker of Georgian Jews (The Jews Living in Georgia) . 10.1163/22134638-07011146. 2019 . Lomtadze . Tamari . Enoch . Reuven . Journal of Jewish Languages . 7 . 1–26 . 166295234 .
21. Book: THE GEORGIAN JEWS (from antiquity to 1921) . D. Baazov Museum of History of Jews of Georgia . Russian, Georgian, English, German . 55.
22. Web site: YIVO Krymchaks . www.yivoencyclopedia.org . 1 August 2015.
23. Book: Handbook of Jewish Languages: Revised and Updated Edition . 1 September 2017 . . 9789004359543 . en.
24. Web site: Jacobs, Neil G.. Jewish Papiamentu. Jewish Language Project. 2023-05-29.