List of Jewish American politicians explained

This is a list of notable Jewish American politicians, arranged chronologically. For other Jewish Americans, see Lists of Jewish Americans.

Federal government

Members of Congress

See main article: List of Jewish members of the United States Congress.

Cabinet officials

	Position	Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	President(s)
	Secretary of Commerce and Labor		^[1]				Theodore Roosevelt (1901–1909)
	Secretary of the Treasury				^[2]		Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1945)
						Harry S. Truman (1945–1953)
	Acting Secretary of Commerce						Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961)
	Secretary of Labor						John F. Kennedy (1961–1963)
	Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
	Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare						Lyndon B. Johnson (1963–1969)
	Secretary of State				^[3]		Richard Nixon (1969–1974)
						Gerald Ford (1974–1977)
	Attorney General
	Secretary of Defense						Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
	Secretary of the Treasury
	Secretary of Transportation
	Secretary of Commerce
	Secretary of Labor						Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
	Secretary of the Treasury
	Secretary of Agriculture
	Secretary of Commerce
	Secretary of Defense		^[4]
	Secretary of the Treasury
	Secretary of Homeland Security		^[5]				George W. Bush (2001–2009)
	Attorney General		^[6]
	Acting Secretary of the Treasury		^[7]				Barack Obama (2009–2017)
	Acting Secretary of Labor
	Acting Secretary of the Treasury		^[8]
	Secretary of the Treasury		^[9]
	Acting Secretary of Commerce		^[10]
	Secretary of Commerce		^[11]
	Acting Secretary of the Treasury						Donald Trump (2017–2021)
	Secretary of the Treasury
	Secretary of Veteran Affairs		^[12]
	Acting Attorney General		^[13]
	Secretary of State		^[14]		Incumbent		Joe Biden (2021–present)
	Secretary of the Treasury				Incumbent
	Secretary of Homeland Security				Incumbent
	Attorney General				Incumbent

Cabinet-level officials

	Position	Portrait	Name	Took office	Left office	President(s)
	United States Ambassador to the United Nations						Lyndon B. Johnson (1964–1969)
	United States Trade Representative		^[15]				Jimmy Carter (1977–1981)
	White House Chief of Staff		^[16]				Ronald Reagan (1981–1989)
	United States Trade Representative						Bill Clinton (1993–2001)
	Director of Central Intelligence		^[17]
	United States Trade Representative		^[18]
	Director of the Office of Management and Budget
	Director of the Office of Management and Budget		^[19]				George W. Bush (2001–2009)
White House Chief of Staff
	White House Chief of Staff						Barack Obama (2009–2017)
	Director of the Office of Management and Budget		^[20]
	Acting Director of the Office of Management and Budget		^[21]
	Director of the Office of Management and Budget
White House Chief of Staff
	Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers		^[22]
	Acting Director of the Office of Management and Budget
	United States Trade Representative		^[23]
	Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers		^[24]
	White House Chief of Staff		^[25] ^[26]				Joe Biden (2021–present)
	Director of National Intelligence		^[27]		Incumbent
	Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy
	White House Chief of Staff				Incumbent
	Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers				Incumbent

State government

Governors

	State	Portrait	Name	Party	Assumed office	Left office	Notes
	Georgia		^[28]	Democratic-Republican			Emanuel may not have been an openly practicing Jew. As an adult he became a Presbyterian, but modern historians accept he was Jewish.^[29]
	Wisconsin		^[30]	Republican
	Washington		^[31] ^[32]	Republican
	California		^[33]	Democratic			California's first and only Jewish governor
	Idaho			Democratic			Idaho's first and only Jewish governor
	Utah			Democratic			Utah's first and only Jewish governor
	New Mexico			Democratic			New Mexico's first Jewish governor
	Oregon			Independent			Oregon's first Jewish governor
	New York			Democratic			New York's first Jewish governor
	Florida		^[34]	Democratic
	Illinois			Democratic			Illinois' first Jewish governor
	Wisconsin		^[35]	Republican
	Alaska			Democratic			Alaska's first and only Jewish governor
	Connecticut			Democratic			Connecticut's first and only Jewish governor
	Illinois			Democratic
	Rhode Island			Democratic			Rhode Island's first Jewish governor
	Maryland			Democratic			Maryland's first and only Jewish governor *Blair Lee III served as Acting Governor from June 4, 1977, to January 15, 1979
	Pennsylvania			Democratic			Pennsylvania's first Jewish governor
	Vermont			Democratic
	Oregon			Democratic
	Rhode Island			Democratic
	Hawaii		^[36]	Republican			Hawaii's first Jewish governor
	Pennsylvania		^[37]	Democratic
	New York		^[38]	Democratic
	Delaware			Democratic
	Vermont		^[39]	Democratic
	Missouri		^[40]	Republican
	Colorado		^[41]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Illinois		^[42]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Hawaii			Democratic		Incumbent
	Pennsylvania			Democratic		Incumbent

Lieutenant governors

	State	Portrait	Name	Party	Assumed office	Left office
	Louisiana		^[43]	Democratic
	New York			Democratic
	Illinois			Democratic
	Vermont			Democratic
	Missouri		^[44]	Democratic
	Rhode Island		^[45]	Democratic
	Missouri			Democratic
	Maryland			Democratic
	Pennsylvania		^[46]	Republican
	Ohio		^[47]	Democratic
	Delaware		^[48]	Democratic
	New York		^[49]	Democratic
	Louisiana		^[50]	Republican
	Hawaii		^[51]	Democratic
	Connecticut		^[52]	Democratic
	Kentucky		^[53]	Democratic
	Florida		^[54]	Republican
	Vermont		^[55]	Vermont Progressive Party
	Hawaii		^[56]	Democratic
	Vermont			Vermont Progressive Party		Incumbent

State Attorneys General

	State	Portrait	Name	Party	Assumed office	Left office
	New York		^[57]	Democratic
	Maryland		^[58]	Democratic
	Maryland			Democratic
	New York		^[59]	Democratic
	New York		^[60]	Republican
	Ohio			Republican
	New Jersey		^[61]	Democratic
	New York			Republican
	Delaware		^[62]	Independent
	Massachusetts		^[63]	Republican
	New York			Republican
	New York			Republican
	California			Democratic
	New Hampshire			Republican
	Rhode Island			Republican
	Florida			Democratic
	Vermont			Democratic
	Rhode Island			Democratic
	New York			Democratic
	Maryland			Democratic
	Connecticut			Democratic
	Connecticut			Democratic
	Ohio			Democratic
	New York		^[64]	Democratic
	Rhode Island			Republican
	New Jersey		^[65]	Republican
	New York			Democratic
	New Jersey		^[66]	Independent
	New Jersey		^[67]	Democratic
	Maryland		^[68]	Democratic
	Louisiana		^[69]	Democratic
				Republican
	New York		^[70]	Democratic
	Arizona		^[71]	Republican
	Georgia		^[72]	Republican
	Oregon		^[73]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Delaware			Democratic
	Maryland		^[74]	Democratic
	North Carolina		^[75]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Pennsylvania		^[76]	Democratic
	Michigan		^[77]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Colorado		^[78]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Washington D.C.			Democratic		Incumbent

State Secretaries of State

	State	Portrait	Name	Party	Assumed office	Left office
	New York			Republican
	New York			Democratic
	New York		^[79]	Republican
	Connecticut			Republican
	Florida			Democratic
	Florida			Democratic
	Vermont			Democratic
	Louisiana			Republican
	Missouri		^[80]	Democratic
	Colorado		^[81]	Democratic		Incumbent

State Treasurers

	State	Portrait	Name	Party	Assumed office	Left office
	New Jersey			Democratic
	New Jersey			Democratic
	Maine			Democratic
	Rhode Island			Republican
	Delaware			Democratic
	Kentucky			Democratic
	Massachusetts		^[82]	Democratic
	Ohio		^[83]	Republican
	Nevada		^[84]	Republican
	Rhode Island		^[85]	Democratic
	Massachusetts		^[86]	Democratic		Incumbent

Other State Cabinet Positions

Municipal government

Mayors of major cities

Current mayors of major cities

	City	State	Portrait	Name	Party	Assumed office	Left office
	Austin	Texas		^[88]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Burlington	Vermont		^[89]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Chattanooga	Tennessee		^[90]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Jersey City	New Jersey		^[91]	Democratic		Incumbent
	Las Vegas	Nevada		^[92]	Independent		Incumbent
	Oakland	California			Democratic		Incumbent
	Sacramento	California		^[93]	Democratic		Incumbent
	San Antonio	Texas		^[94]	Independent		Incumbent
	St. Petersburg	Florida			Democratic		Incumbent
	Minneapolis	Minnesota		^[95]	Democratic		Incumbent

Former mayors of major cities

• Jerry Abramson (D-Louisville, KY: 1986–1999; 2003–2011)^[53]
• Moses Alexander (D-Boise, ID: 1897–1899; 1901–1903)^[28]
• Abe Aronovitz (R-Miami, FL: 1953–1955)^[96]
• Harry Bacharach (R-Atlantic City, NJ: 1912; 1916–1920; 1930–1935)^[97]
• Walt Bachrach (R-Cincinnati, OH: 1960–1967^[98]
• Abraham Beame (D-New York, NY: 1974–1977)
• Martin Behrman (D-New Orleans, LA: 1904–1920; 1925–1926)^[99]
• Richard Berkley (R-Kansas City, MO: 1979–1991)^[100]
• Ethan Berkowitz (D-Anchorage, AK: 2015–2020)^[101]
• Bruce Blakeman (R-First Presiding Officer of Nassau County, NY)
• Michael Bloomberg (D-New York, NY: 2002–2013)^[102]
• David Cicilline (D-Providence, RI: 2003–2011)^[103]
• Josh Cohen (D-Annapolis, MD: 2009–2013)^[104]
• Larry Cohen (D-Saint Paul, MN: 1972–1976)^[105]
• Norm Coleman (R-Saint Paul, MN: 1997–2002)
• Leopold David (Anchorage, AK: 1920–1923), first mayor of Anchorage^[106]
• Rahm Emanuel (D-Chicago, IL: 2011–2019)^[107]
• Mutt Evans (D-Durham, NC: 1951–1963)^[108]
• Dianne Feinstein (D-San Francisco, CA: 1978–1988)^[109]
• Bob Filner (D-San Diego, CA: 2012–2013)^[110]
• Samuel Folz (D-Kalamazoo, MI: 1903)^[111]
• Lois Frankel (D-West Palm Beach, FL: 2003–2011)^[103]
• Sandra Freedman (D-Tampa, FL: 1986–1995)^[112]
• Jeffrey Friedman (D-Austin, TX: 1975–1977)^[113]
• Eva Galambos (R-Sandy Springs, GA: 2005–2014)^[114]
• Eric Garcetti (D-Los Angeles, CA; 2013–2022)^[115]
• Bailey Gatzert (I-Seattle, WA: 1875–1876)^[116]
• Susan Golding (R-San Diego, CA: 1992–2000)^[117]
• Neil Goldschmidt (D-Portland, OR: 1973–1979)^[1]
• Stephen Goldsmith (R-Indianapolis, IN: 1992–2000)^[118]
• Phil Gordon (D-Phoenix, AZ: 2004–2012)^[119]
• Bill Gradison (R-Cincinnati, OH: 1971)^[120]
• Robert Harris (D-Ann Arbor, MI: 1969–1973)^[121]
• Adlene Harrison (D-Dallas, TX: 1976)^[122]
• Max Heller (D-Greenville, SC: 1971–1979) ^[123]
• Julius Houseman (D-Grand Rapids, MI: 1872–1873; 1874–1875)^[124]
• Vera Katz (D-Portland, OR: 1993–2005)^[125]
• Ed Koch (D-New York, NY: 1978–1989)^[126]
• Joseph Lazarow (R-Atlantic City, NJ: 1976–1982)^[127]
• Oscar Leeser (D-El Paso, TX: 2013-2017, 2021-Present)^[128]
• Henry Loeb (D-Memphis, TN: 1960–1963; 1968–1971),^[129] later converted to Episcopalianism
• Zachariah J. Loussac (D-Anchorage, AK: 1948–1951)^[130]
• Sophie Masloff (D-Pittsburgh, PA: 1988–1994)^[131]
• Sam Massell (D-Atlanta, GA: 1970–1974)^[132]
• Laura Miller (D-Dallas, TX: 2002–2007)^[133]
• Arthur Naftalin (D-Minneapolis, MN: 1961–1969)^[105]
• Meyera Oberndorf (D-Virginia Beach, VA: 1988–2009)^[134]
• Jonathan Rothschild (D-Tucson, AZ: 2011–2019)^[135]
• Kel Seliger (R-Amarillo, TX: 1993–2001)^[136]
• Florence Shapiro (R-Plano, TX: 1990–1992)^[137]
• Joseph Simon (R-Portland, OR: 1909–1911)^[138]
• Paul Soglin (D-Madison, WI: 1973–1979; 1989–1997; 2011–2019)^[139]
• Jerry Springer (D-Cincinnati, OH: 1977–1978)^[140]
• Annette Strauss (D-Dallas, TX: 1987–1991)^[141]
• Adolph Sutro (R-San Francisco, CA: 1895–1897)^[142]
• Susan Weiner (R-Savannah, GA: 1992–1996)^[143]
• Edward Zorinsky (R-Omaha, NE: 1973–1976)^[144]

Other

• Daniel Ankeles, Member of the Maine House of Representatives^[145]
• Lazarus Joseph (1891–1966), NY State Senator and New York City Comptroller

Presidential and vice presidential candidates

• Tonie Nathan was the vice presidential nominee of the Libertarian Party in 1972. She received one electoral vote for vice president (from a faithless elector that had pledged his vote for Republicans Richard Nixon and Spiro Agnew), thus becoming the first Jew to receive an electoral vote for either president or vice president.^[146]
• Arlen Specter ran for the Republican nomination in 1996, but dropped out before the Iowa caucuses. He later became a Democrat.
• Joe Lieberman was the Democratic nominee for vice president in 2000, receiving 266 electoral votes for vice president. Four years later, he ran for the Democratic presidential nomination for the 2004 election.^{[147] [148] [149]} He became an Independent in 2006.
• Jill Stein was the Green Party nominee in 2012. She lost with 0.36% of the vote, or 470,000 votes. She ran in the 2016 Presidential Election, but lost with just over one percent.
• Bernie Sanders ran for president in 2016 as a Democrat. He became the first Jewish candidate to win a Democratic party primary with a victory in New Hampshire. He lost the nomination to Hillary Clinton.^[150] He ran again in 2020. Sanders received one vote in the electoral college in 2016 from David Mulinix of Hawaii, thus making him the first Jew to receive a vote for president in the college. In addition to this, he received two invalidated votes from other voters in the electoral college.^[151]
• Michael Bloomberg ran in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.^[152]
• Marianne Williamson, raised in a Jewish family, ran in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries.^[153]

See also

• List of Jewish political milestones in the United States
• List of Jewish American jurists

Notes and References

1. Book: Louis Sandy Maisel . Jews in American Politics . 2001 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-0-7425-0181-2 . 445–.
2. Web site: Prior Secretaries . . August 21, 2019.
3. Web site: Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry A. (Heinz Alfred) Kissinger (1923–) . U.S. Department of State – Office of the Historian.
4. News: Former Secretary of Defense Puts Up Mezuza After D.C. Rabbi Reaches Out. Nathan. Guttman. Forward. October 3, 2007. November 16, 2022.
5. Kitaeff, Jack Jews in Blue: The Jewish American Experience in Law Enforcement
6. Web site: Orthodox Jew tapped to replace Gonzalez . September 17, 2007 . JTA . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071111154107/http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/breaking/104180.html . November 11, 2007. .
7. http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/national/stuart_levey_man_trying_make_iran_sanctions_work The Jewish Week: "Stuart Levey: The Man Trying to Make Iran Sanctions Work" by Ron Kampeas
8. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/01/style/weddings-celebrations-nicole-elkon-neal-wolin.html New York Times: "WEDDINGS/CELEBRATIONS; Nicole Elkon, Neal Wolin"
9. Web site: Jack Lew's Life Shaped by Faith and Service . The Forward . 2017-01-22.
10. Web site: Kerry's entree to Jewish vote . Los Angeles Times . Johanna . Neuman . October 29, 2004.
11. Web site: Penny Pritzker, Jewish Hotel Heiress, Tapped for Commerce Job . November 7, 2017 . . May 2, 2013 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170310121946/http://forward.com/news/breaking-news/175841/penny-pritzker-jewish-hotel-heiress-tapped-for-com/ . March 10, 2017.
12. Web site: Meet the top Jewish officials in the Trump administration . JPost . 27 January 2017 . 15 February 2018 . Dolsten, Josefin.
13. Web site: Jews in the Trump Administration . . 14 December 2020.
14. Web site: Enough for a Minyan: A Jewish Who's Who of Biden's Cabinet-to-Be . . Jacob . Kornbluh . Jacob Kornbluh . January 18, 2021 . January 22, 2021.
15. Web site: NewsBank for Statesman | www.prod.statesman.com . Nl.newsbank.com . 2014-03-21.
16. Web site: Kenneth M. Duberstein . The University of Arizona . October 8, 2015 . January 23, 2012.
17. Web site: John Deutch — Central Intelligence Agency . www.cia.gov . 22 March 2018 . May 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170501090812/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/directors-and-deputy-directors-of-central-intelligence/deutch.html . dead .
18. http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/barshefsky-charlene Jewish Woman's Archive: "Charlene Barshefsky" by Robert D. Johnson
19. http://tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/110625/talking-to-ws-chief-of-staff Tablet Magazine: "Talking to W’s Chief of Staff – At the GOP convention, Josh Bolten reminisces about introducing President Bush to shmurah matzo" By Yair Rosenberg
20. Web site: Eden . Ami . Mazal tov: Peter Orszag and Bianna Golodryga . 6 November 2013 . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . December 29, 2009.
21. Web site: Meet the Four Jews Shaping the U.S. Economy . Guttman . Nathan . The Jewish Daily Forward . February 28, 2013 . September 3, 2017.
22. http://blogs.forward.com/forward-thinking/172080/meet-the-four-jews-shaping-the-us-economy/ The Jewish Daily Forward: "Meet the Four Jews Shaping the U.S. Economy" By Nathan Guttman
23. http://www.algemeiner.com/2013/05/01/obama-cites-us-israel-bond-in-jewish-american-heritage-month-declaration/ Jewish News Service Algemeiner: "Obama Cites US-Israel Bond in Jewish American Heritage Month Declaration"
24. Web site: Who is Jason Furman? . mcalvanyintelligenceadvisor.com . August 23, 2019 . August 23, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190823072826/https://mcalvanyintelligenceadvisor.com/who-jason-furman . dead .
25. Web site: Kornbluh . Jacob . Klain tapped as Biden's incoming White House chief of staff . November 12, 2020 . Jewish Insider . November 11, 2020.
26. Web site: By Omri Nahmias, November 12, 2020 The Jerusalem Post . November 13, 2020 . November 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201116163128/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/president-elect-joe-biden-to-name-ron-klain-as-chief-of-staff-648836 . live.
27. Web site: Jewz in the Newz: 3 Great Actresses on a Cruise; Jewish Woman Intelligence Chief, More Bourla . December 12, 2020 . December 17, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201217030900/https://www.americanisraelite.com/jews_in_the_newz/article_6f7992a6-3971-11eb-8229-c3e7f38adbb1.html . live . Bloom . Nate . 10 December 2020 . The American Israelite.
28. Book: Louis Sandy Maisel . Jews in American Politics . 2001 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-0-7425-0181-2 . 465–.
29. Web site: David Emanuel (ca. 1744–1808) . December 16, 2016.
30. Web site: 1913: A Jewish Civil War Hero Dies . July 17, 2014 . Haaretz.
31. Web site: Edward S. Salomon: Jewish Territorial Governor of Washington – JMAW – Jewish Museum of the American West . December 16, 2016.
32. Web site: GENERAL EDWARD S. SALOMON . December 16, 2016.
33. Web site: Governors of California – Washington Bartlett . California State . Library . December 16, 2016.
34. Web site: November 13, 1932 . Florida's Governor-elect of Jewish Parentage . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . July 7, 2021.
35. Web site: July 4, 1934 . Laud Milwaukee Jew for Effort in Settling 5-Day Utility Strike . Jewish Daily Bulletin . January 15, 2018.
36. Web site: Linda Lingle . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
37. Web site: Ex-governor Rendell ponders reconnecting to Jewish roots – j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California . admin . December 16, 2016 . February 11, 2011.
38. Web site: Eliot Spitzer . www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
39. Web site: SHUMLIN RETURNS: The VDB Sit-Down / Bio . Vermont Daily Briefing. 2007 . dead. http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080919055000/http://vermontdailybriefing.com/?p=588. September 19, 2008. mdy-all.
40. Web site: Who are America's Jewish senators and congressmen? . December 16, 2016.
41. Web site: Jared Polis elected first Jewish governor of Colorado . November 7, 2018.
42. Web site: J.B. Pritzker, Illinois' incoming Jewish governor, opens up about his family's immigrant past. January 9, 2019.
43. Book: Louis Sandy Maisel . Jews in American Politics . 2001 . Rowman & Littlefield . 978-0-7425-0181-2 . 467–.
44. Web site: Kenneth Rothman and Harriett Woods: only Missouri Jews to serve as Lt. Governor . December 16, 2016.
45. Book: George M. Goodwin . Ellen Smith . The Jews of Rhode Island . 2004 . UPNE . 978-1-58465-424-7.
46. Web site: To Jewish Republicans, It's Not About Social Issues – JTA . August 2, 2000 . August 20, 2019 . Lisa . Hostein.
47. Web site: What Is Lee Fisher's Religion? . August 31, 2015 . Politics Daily.
48. Web site: That Was The Jewish Year That Was: 2012 – University Synagogue . December 16, 2016.
49. Book: Who's Who In The East – 1993–1994 . 1992 . 24 . Marquis Who's Who.
50. Web site: State Republican Officials to Watch in 2013 . Governing.com. 2010 . April 21, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150424182315/http://www.governing.com/blogs/politics/gov-state-republican-officials-watch-2013.html. April 24, 2015 . dead. mdy-all.
51. Web site: Hawaii's Jewish lieutenant governor chosen for US Senate seat . The Times of Israel . 2012-12-27 . 2018-06-26.
52. Web site: 2010 "Jewish Movers & Shakers" Announced . Hartford Courant. 2013 .
53. Web site: Lt. Gov. Abramson says he won't seek Kentucky governor's office in 2015 . August 31, 2015 . Lexington Herald-Leader . August 6, 2013.
54. Web site: Meet Carlos Lopez-Cantera: Florida's First Jewish Governor (for Five Days) – JNS . August 19, 2019 . JNS . November 19, 2018.
55. News: Vermont state senator whose grandfather died in Holocaust wins congressional primary. 10 August 2022.
56. Web site: Klug . Lisa . A small island of Judaism in Hawaiian politics . . 20 July 2016 .
57. Encyclopedia: . Simon W. Rosendale . 1906 . American lawyer; born at Albany, N. Y., June 23, 1842; graduated from Barre Academy, Vermont. He was admittedto the bar in 1863, and shortly thereafter became assistant district attorney of Albany county. In 1868 he was elected recorder of Albany, which judicial position he held for four years. ... . 2012-10-10.
58. Web site: Jewish Senators in the United States . May 10, 2019.
59. Web site: Directory of Jewish organizations, at AJC archives.
60. Web site: Marshall Rebukes 'nation' for Asserting Ottinger Was Sop to Jewish Voters . October 28, 1928 . August 21, 2018.
61. Web site: Wilentz, Father Of Chief Justice And Lindbergh Prosecutor, Dead At 93 . July 6, 1988 . August 20, 2019 . AP.
62. Web site: Reflections on our Predecessors: Some Judges and Lawyers Who Helped Make the Delaware Bar and Bench What it is Today.
63. Book: Larry Tye . Home Lands: Portraits of the New Jewish Diaspora . September 2002 . Picador . 978-0-8050-6591-6 . 118–.
64. Web site: No Jews on AG Ballot. The Jewish Week. August 28, 2018.
65. https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/poritz-deborah-t Deborah Poritz
66. http://njjewishnews.com/article/21047/jewish-figures-on-all-sides-of-bridgegate#.WSBHL9j7XmI New Jersey Jewish News: "Jewish figures on all sides of ‘Bridgegate’ – Christie friends, foes include a schoolmate, attorney, and mayor"
67. Web site: We're Very Proud of our Hometown Boy . Jewish Standard . Lipowsky . Josh . June 8, 2007 . August 20, 2019.
68. Web site: Jewish Politicians in Maryland Speak Out for Obama . Ron . Kampeas . February 11, 2008 . JTA.
69. Web site: The Napoleon in the Napoleonic Code: Jeff Landry, Louisiana's Attorney General. Chapter 1. . January 6, 2017.
70. http://www.timesofisrael.com/ny-state-attorney-says-he-was-target-of-anti-semitic-trump-supporters/ Times of Israel: "NY state attorney says he was target of anti-Semitic Trump supporters"
71. Web site: Tom Horn Visits Yeshiva High School . Kevin . Schlanger . November 27, 2013 . August 20, 2019 . JewishAZ.
72. Web site: Best Jewish Atlanta Current Elected Official . June 23, 2016 . August 20, 2019 . Atlanta Jewish Times.
73. Web site: AG Ellen Rosenblum 'Confused,' 'Shocked' By Trump Comments On Anti-Jewish Threats . Corey . Pein . February 28, 2017 . Willamette Week.
74. Web site: Motkina . Alyona . For Maryland, Brown and Frosh . . October 30, 2014 . February 28, 2019.
75. Web site: A Conversation with NC Senator Josh Stein – Kol Haskalah . November 11, 2013.
76. Web site: Josh Shapiro Ready for Next Phase of Career – Jewish Exponent . jcohen . January 20, 2016.
77. Web site: How Judaism Inspires the First Openly Gay Politician in Michigan State Office . Josefin . Dolsten . . February 22, 2019.
78. Web site: Five Things to Know about Phil Weiser, One of Two Democratic Candidates for Colorado Attorney General . Jesse . Paul . May 30, 2018 . The Denver Post.
79. Web site: Caroline Klein Simon | Jewish Women's Archive . jwa.org.
80. Web site: Senate candidate influenced by Jewish upbringing . . Fleisher . Gabe . October 13, 2016.
81. News: Lubitz . Rachel . On Love: Jena Griswold and Mohamed Enab . The Washington Post . June 21, 2014 . November 7, 2018.
82. Web site: AIPACs Steve Grossman takes Democratic Party post – J Weekly . January 17, 1997 . August 20, 2019.
83. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQqnm0yaJUg "Mandel speech before Republican Jewish Coalition"
84. Web site: Congratulations to the Jewish Republican Winners of 2014!. Republican Jewish Coalition.
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86. Web site: State Treasurer Deborah Goldberg pledges to grow rainy day fund, upgrade lottery as she takes office . Shira . Schoenberg . January 21, 2015 . masslive.
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