List of Israeli Ashkenazi Jews explained

This is a list of notable Israeli Ashkenazi Jews, including both original immigrants who obtained Israeli citizenship and their Israeli descendants.

Although traditionally the term "Ashkenazi Jews" was used as an all-encompassing term referring to the Jews descended from the Jewish communities of Europe, due to the melting pot effect of Israeli society the term "Ashkenazi Jews" gradually becomes more vague as many of the Israeli descendants of the Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants gradually adopted the characteristics of Israeli culture and as more descendants intermarry with descendants of other Jewish communities.

The list is ordered by category of human endeavor. Persons with significant contributions in two of these are listed in both of them, to facilitate easy lookup.

Politicians

• Shulamit Aloni – former minister^[1]
• Ehud Barak – prime minister (1999–01)^[2]
• Menachem Begin – prime minister (1977–83); Nobel Peace Prize (1978)^[3]
• Yossi Beilin – leader of the Meretz-Yachad party and peace negotiator^[4]
• David Ben-Gurion – first Prime Minister of Israel (1948–54, 1955–63)^[5]
• Yitzhak Ben-Zvi – first elected/second president President of Israel (1952–63)^[6]
• Gilad Erdan^[7]
• Levi Eshkol – prime minister (1963–69)^[8]
• Miriam Feirberg^[9]
• Yael German^[10]
• Teddy Kollek – former mayor of Jerusalem^[11]
• Yosef Lapid – former leader of the Shinui party^{[12] [13]}
• Golda Meir – prime minister (1969–74)^[14]
• Benjamin Netanyahu – prime minister (1996–99, 2009–2021); was minister of finance; Likud party chairman^[15]
• Ehud Olmert – prime minister (2006–09); former mayor of Jerusalem^[16]
• Shimon Peres – President of Israel (2007–); prime minister (1984–86, 1995–96); Nobel Peace Prize (1994)^[17]
• Yitzhak Rabin – prime minister (1974–77, 1992–95); Nobel Peace Prize (1994) (assassinated November 1995)^[18]
• Yitzhak Shamir – prime minister (1983–84, 1986–92)^[19]
• Moshe Sharett – prime minister (1954–55)^[20]
• Ariel Sharon – prime minister (2001–06)^[21]
• Chaim Weizmann – first President of Israel (1949–52)^[22]
• Rehavam Zeevi – founder of the Moledet party (assassinated October 2001)^[23]
• Shelly Yachimovich – former leader of the opposition.^[24]

Military

• Yigal Allon – politician, a commander of the Palmach, and a general in the IDF^[25]
• Haim Bar-Lev – former Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces
• Moshe Dayan – military leader^[26]
• Giora Epstein – combat pilot, modern-day "ace of aces"^[27]
• Uziel Gal – designer of the Uzi submachine gun^[28]
• Benny Gantz – former Chief of General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces^[29]
• Wolfgang Lotz – spy^[30]
• Tzvi Malkhin – Mossad agent, captured Adolf Eichmann^[31]
• Yonatan Netanyahu – Sayeret Matkal commando, leader of Operation Entebbe
• Yitzhak Rabin – military leader and fifth Prime Minister of Israel^[32]
• Ilan Ramon – astronaut on Columbia flight STS-107^[33]
• Gilad Shalit – kidnapped soldier held in Gaza^[34]
• Yael Rom – first female to graduate from a full military flight course in the Western world; first woman to graduate from the Israeli Air Force^[35]

Religious figures

Religious-rabbis

• David Hartman^[36]
• Avraham Yitzchak Kook (1865–1935) – pre-state Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi of the Land of Israel,^[37]
• Israel Meir Lau – Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi of Israel (1993–2003), Chief Rabbi of Netanya (1978–88), (1937–)^[38]
• Aharon Lichtenstein^[39]
• Yona Metzger – Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi of Israel^[40]
• Shlomo Riskin – Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi of Efrat^[41]

Haredi rabbis

• Yaakov Aryeh Alter – Gerrer Rebbe^[42]
• Shlomo Zalman Auerbach^[43]
• Yaakov Blau^[44]
• Yisroel Moshe Dushinsky – second Dushinsky rebbe and Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem (Edah HaChareidis)
• Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky – first Dushinsky rebbe and Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem (Edah HaChareidis)
• Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky – third Dushinsky rebbe^[45]
• Yosef Sholom Eliashiv^[46]
• Issamar Ginzberg – Nadvorna-Kechnia Rebbe ^{[47] [48]}
• Chaim Kanievsky^[49]
• Avraham Yeshayeh Karelitz (1878–1953) – Chazon Ish^[50]
• Nissim Karelitz – Head Justice of Rabbinical Court of Bnei Brak^{[51] [52]}
• Meir Kessler – Chief Rabbi of Modi'in Illit
• Zundel Kroizer (1924–2014) – author of Ohr Hachamah
• Dov Landau – rosh yeshiva of the Slabodka yeshiva of Bnei Brak
• Yissachar Dov Rokeach – Belzer rebbe^[53]
• Yitzchok Scheiner (born 1922) – rosh yeshiva of the Kamenitz yeshiva of Jerusalem^{[54] [55]}
• Elazar Menachem Shach (1899–2001) – Rav Shach^[56]
• Moshe Shmuel Shapira – rosh yeshiva of Beer Yaakov
• Dovid Shmidel – Chairman of Asra Kadisha^[57]
• Yosef Chaim Sonnenfeld – Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem (Edah HaChareidis)^[58]
• Yitzchok Tuvia Weiss – Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem (Edah HaChareidis)^[59]
• Amram Zaks (1926–2012) – rosh yeshiva of the Slabodka yeshiva of Bnei Brak^[60]
• Uri Zohar – former film director, actor, and comedian who left the entertainment world to become a rabbi^[61]

Activists

• Uri Avnery – peace activist, Gush Shalom^[62]
• Yael Dayan – writer, politician, activist^[63]
• Michael Dorfman – Russian-Israeli essayist and human rights activist^[64]
• Uzi Even – gay rights activist^[65]
• Yehuda Glick – Israeli activist and rabbi who campaigned for expanding Jewish access to the Temple Mount^[66]
• Daphni Leef – Israeli activist; in 2011 sparked one of the largest waves of mass protest in Israel's history^[67]
• Rudy Rochman – Jewish, Zionist activist
• Uri Savir – peace negotiator, Peres Center for Peace^[68]
• Israel Shahak – political activist^[69]
• Natan Sharansky – Soviet-era human rights activist^[70]

Cultural and entertainment figures

Film, TV, and stage

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Gila Almagor – actress^[71] Anat Atzmon – actress Mili Avital – actress Aki Avni – actor Mike Burstyn – actor Assi Dayan – actor, director Ya'akov Eilon – news anchorman Oded Fehr – actor Ari Folman – director Eytan Fox – director Tal Friedman – comedian, actor and musician Uri Geller – TV personality, self-proclaimed psychic Avri Gilad – media personality Amos Gitai – director Menahem Golan – director and producer Arnon Goldfinger – director Zvika Hadar – comedian, actor Miki Haimovich – news anchorwoman Rami Heuberger – actor, comedian Moti Kirschenbaum – media personality and documentarian Eyal Kitzis – actor, comedian and TV host Ephraim Kishon – director, writer Amos Kollek – director, writer Mikhail Kozakov – director, actor Avi Kushnir – comedian, actor and host Hanna Laslo – actress Yonit Levi – news anchorwoman

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Yaron London – media personality, journalist, actor and songwriter Hanna Maron – actress Adir Miller – comedian, actor Keren Mor – actress, comedian Zachi Noy – actor Shaike Ophir – comedian, actor Yisrael Poliakov – comedian, actor Natalie Portman – actress Odeya Rush – actress Yuval Semo – comedian, actor Tzipi Shavit – comedian, actress Dan Shilon – television host, director, and producer Alona Tal – actress Chaim Topol – actor Dudu Topaz – TV personality, comedian, actor, screenwriter, playwright, author, radio and television host Tuvia Tzafir – comedian, actor Samuel Vilozny – comedian, actor Orly Weinerman Michal Yannai – actress Haim Yavin – long-serving TV anchor Alma Zack – comedian, actress Uri Zohar – former film director, actor, and comedian who left the entertainment world to become a rabbi Ayelet Zurer – actress

Popular musicians

Chava Alberstein – singer-songwriter Yardena Arazi – singer and TV host Meir Ariel – singer Shlomo Artzi – singer-songwriter Izhar Ashdot – singer Miri Ben-Ari – jazz and hip hop violinist Dana Berger – singer Yoni Bloch – rock singer-songwriter and composer Mike Brant – French-language singer David Broza – singer-songwriter Matti Caspi – singer, multi-instrumentalist and composer Arik Einstein – singer, actor, writer Aviv Geffen – singer-songwriter Gidi Gov – singer Danny Sanderson – musician, singer-songwriter and guitarist Yoni Rechter – composer and arranger – musician, rock singer Meir Fenigstein – musician, rock singer and drummer – musician, singer-songwriter and bassist Yitzhak Klepter – musician, singer, composer and guitarist Shlomo Gronich – singer and composer Arkadi Duchin – singer-songwriter and musical producer Ehud Manor – songwriter and translator Esther Ofarim – singer Svika Pick – pop singer and composer Idan Raichel – Israeli music "Idan Raichel project" Naomi Shemer – songwriter Gene Simmons – rock singer, bassist and co-vocalist of the band Kiss Hillel Slovak – guitarist Uzi Hitman – singer-songwriter, composer and television personality Yaffa Yarkoni – singer Rami Kleinstein – singer Rami Fortis – singer-songwriter Anna Zak – online personality, model and singer

Classical musicians

Yardena Arazi – solo singer Moshe Atzmon – conductor Rami Bar-Niv – pianist and composer Daniel Barenboim – conductor and pianist Paul Ben-Haim – composer Bart Berman – pianist Gary Bertini – conductor Natan Brand – pianist Nir Brand – conductor Yefim Bronfman – pianist Avner Dorman – composer Dror Elimelech – composer Giora Feidman – clarinetist Ivry Gitlis – violinist Matt Haimovitz – cellist Ofra Harnoy – cellist Eliahu Inbal – conductor Sharon Kam – clarinetist Amir Katz – pianist

Yoel Levi – conductor Mischa Maisky – cellist Shlomo Mintz – violinist Yael Naïm – solo singer/musician Itzhak Perlman – violinist Shulamit Ran – composer Leon Schidlowsky – composer Inbal Segev – cellist Gil Shaham – violinist Hagai Shaham – violinist Michael Shani – conductor Noam Sheriff – composer Gil Shohat – composer Josef Tal – composer Yoav Talmi – conductor Arie Vardi – pianist Ilana Vered – pianist Pinchas Zukerman – violinist

Writers

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Shmuel Yosef Agnon (Shmuel Yosef Halevi Czaczkes) – author, Nobel Prize in Literature (1966) Nathan Alterman – poet Yehuda Amichai (Ludwig Pfeuffer) – poet Aharon Appelfeld – author, Prix Médicis étranger (2004) Dahn Ben-Amotz – author Ron Ben-Yishai – journalist Nahum Benari – author and playwright Max Brod – author, composer and friend of Kafka Orly Castel-Bloom – author Yehonatan Geffen – author, poet and lyricist Leah Goldberg – poet Uri Zvi Greenberg – poet David Grossman – writer Batya Gur – author Amira Hass – journalist and author Haim Hefer – songwriter, poet and writer Shmuel Katz – author and journalist Etgar Keret – author Ephraim Kishon – satirist Hanoch Levin – playwright

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Julius Margolin – writer Aharon Megged – author – novelist Uri Orlev – author, Hans Christian Andersen Award (1996) Amos Oz (Amos Klausner) – author and journalist, Goethe Prize (2005) Dahlia Ravikovich – poet Ruchoma Shain – author Meir Shalev – author and journalist Zeruya Shalev – author Moshe Shamir – author, poet Naomi Shemer – songwriter and lyricist Mati Shemoelof – poet, editor and journalist Avraham Shlonsky – poet Avraham Stern – poet Abraham Sutzkever – Yiddish poet A.B. Yehoshua – author Nathan Zach – poet Zelda – poet Benny Ziffer – author, journalist and translator

Artists

• Yaacov Agam – kinetic artist
• Yitzhak Danziger – sculptor
• Uri Fink – comic book artist and writer
• Dudu Geva – artist and comic-strip illustrator
• Nachum Gutman – painter
• Israel Hershberg – realist painter
• Shimshon Holzman – painter

Models

• Yael Bar Zohar – model
• Michaela Bercu – model
• Nina Brosh – model
• Anat Elimelech – model and actress; murdered in 1997 by her partner
• Gal Gadot – model and actress
• Esti Ginzborg – model
• Heli Goldenberg – former model and actress
• Yael Goldman – model
• Galit Gutmann – model
• Adi Himmelbleu – model
• Mor Katzir
• Rina Mor – model
• Hilla Nachshon – model
• Bar Refaeli – model
• Shiraz Tal – model
• Pnina Rosenblum – former model

Academic figures

Physics and chemistry

• Albert Einstein – physicist; Nobel Prize winner, discoverer of the special theory of relativity
• Yakir Aharonov – physicist, Aharonov–Bohm effect and winner of the 1998 Wolf Prize in Physics
• Jacob Bekenstein – black hole thermodynamics
• David Deutsch – quantum computing pioneer; 1998 Paul Dirac Prize winner
• Richard Feynman – path integral formation, quantum theory, superfluidity; winner of 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics
• Josef Imry – physicist
• Joshua Jortner – molecular energy; 1988 winner of the Wolf Prize in Chemistry
• Aaron Katzir – physical chemistry
• Ephraim Katzir – immobilized enzymes; Japan Prize (1985) and the fourth President of Israel
• Rafi Levine – molecular energy; 1988 winner of the Wolf Prize in Chemistry
• Zvi Lipkin – physicist
• Mordehai Milgrom – modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND)
• Yuval Ne'eman – the "Eightfold way"
• Asher Peres – quantum theory
• Alexander Pines – nuclear magnetic resonance; Wolf Prize in Chemistry Laureate (1991)
• Giulio Racah – spectroscopy
• Nathan Rosen – EPR paradox
• Nathan Seiberg – string theory
• Dan Shechtman – chemist; winner of the 1999 Wolf Prize in Physics and Winner of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for "the discovery of quasicrystals"^[72]
• Igal Talmi – particle physics
• Reshef Tenne – discovered inorganic fullerenes and non-carbon nanotubes
• Arieh Warshel – chemist, winner of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry and contributed to the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"^{[73] [74]}
• Chaim Weizmann – acetone production

Biology and medicine

• Ruth Arnon – developed Copaxone; Wolf Prize in Medicine (1998)
• Aaron Ciechanover – ubiquitin system; Lasker Award (2000), Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2004)
• Moshe Feldenkrais – invented Feldenkrais method used in movement therapy
• Lior Gepstein – received American College of Cardiology's Zipes Award for his development of heart cells and pacemakers from stem cells^[75]
• Eyal Gur – selected by Newsweek as one of the world's top microsurgeons^[75]
• Avram Hershko – ubiquitin system; Lasker Award (2000), Nobel Prize in Chemistry (2004)
• Gavriel Iddan – inventor of capsule endoscopy
• Benjamin Kahn – marine biologist, defender of the Red Sea reef
• Yona Kosashvili – orthopedic surgeon and Chess Grandmaster
• Andy Lehrer – entomologist
• Shulamit Levenberg – inventor of a muscle tissue which isn't rejected by the body after transplant; selected by Scientific American as one of the 50 leading scientists in the world^[75]
• Alexander Levitzki – cancer research; Wolf Prize in Medicine (2005)
• Gideon Mer – malaria control
• Saul Merin – ophthalmologist, author of Inherited Eye Diseases
• Leo Sachs – blood cell research; Wolf Prize in Medicine (1980)
• Michael Sela – developed Copaxone; Wolf Prize in Medicine (1998)
• Joel Sussman – 3D structure of acetylcholinesterase, Elkeles Prize for Research in Medicine (2005)
• Meir Wilchek – affinity chromatography; Wolf Prize in Medicine (1987)
• Ada Yonath – structure of ribosome; 2009 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
• Amotz Zahavi – proposed the Handicap Principle

Social sciences

• Yehuda Bauer – historian^[76]
• Daniel Elazar – political scientist^[77]
• Haim Ginott – psychologist, child psychology^[78]
• Eliyahu Goldratt – business consultant, Theory of Constraints^[79]
• Louis Guttman – sociologist^[80]
• Elhanan Helpman – economist, international trade^[81]
• Daniel Kahneman – behavioural scientist, prospect theory; Nobel Prize in Economics (2002)^[82]
• Smadar Lavie – anthropologist^[83]
• Amihai Mazar – archaeologist^[84]
• Benjamin Mazar – archaeologist^[85]
• Eilat Mazar – archaeologist^[86]
• Benny Morris – historians, New Historians^[87]
• Erich Neumann – analytical psychologist, development, consciousness
• Nurit Peled-Elhanan – educator
• Renee Rabinowitz – psychologist and lawyer^[88]
• Anat Rafaeli – organisational behaviour researcher.^[89]
• Ariel Rubinstein – economist^[90]
• Amos Tversky – behavioral scientist, prospect theory with Daniel Kahneman^[91]
• Yigael Yadin – archaeologist^[92]

Computing and mathematics

• Ron Aharoni – mathematician, working in finite and infinite combinatorics
• Noga Alon – mathematician, computer scientist, winner of the Gödel Prize (2005)
• Shimshon Amitsur – mathematician, ring theory abstract algebra^[93]
• Robert Aumann – mathematical game theory; Nobel Prize in Economics (2005)^[94]
• Amir Ban – computer programmer; one of the main programmers of the Junior chess program^[95]
• Moshe Bar – computer programmer and creator and main developer of openMosix
• Yehoshua Bar-Hillel – philosopher, mathematician, and linguist, best known for his pioneering work in machine translation and formal linguistics
• Joseph Bernstein – mathematician; works in algebraic geometry, representation theory, and number theory
• Eli Biham – cryptographer and cryptanalyst, specializing in differential cryptanalysis
• Shay Bushinsky – computer programmer; one of the main programmers of the Junior chess program
• Aryeh Dvoretzky – mathematician, eighth president of the Weizmann Institute of Science
• Uriel Feige – computer scientist, winner of the Gödel Prize (2001)
• Abraham Fraenkel – mathematician, known for his contributions to axiomatic set theory and the ZF set theory
• Hillel Furstenberg – mathematician; Wolf Prize in Mathematics (2006/7)
• Shafi Goldwasser – computer scientist, winner of the Gödel Prize (1993 and 2001)
• David Harel – computer scientist; Israel Prize (2004)
• Abraham Lempel – LZW compression; IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal (2007 and 1995)
• Elon Lindenstrauss – mathematician; known in the area of dynamics, particularly in the area of ergodic theory and its applications in number theory; Fields Medal recipient (2010)
• Joram Lindenstrauss – mathematician, known for the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma
• Michel Loève – probabilist
• Joel Moses – MIT provost and writer of Macsyma
• Yoram Moses – computer scientist, winner of the 2000 Gödel Prize in theoretical computer science and the 2009 Dijkstra Prize in distributed computing
• Judea Pearl – computer scientist and philosopher; known for championing the probabilistic approach to artificial intelligence and the development of Bayesian networks (see the article on belief propagation); Turing Award winner (2011)
• Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro – mathematician; representation theory; Wolf Prize in Mathematics winner (1990)
• Amir Pnueli – temporal logic; Turing Award (1996)
• Michael O. Rabin – nondeterminism, primality testing; Turing Award (1976)
• Sheizaf Rafaeli – computer scientist, scholar of computer-mediated communication
• Shmuel Safra – computer scientist, winner of the (2001) Gödel Prize
• Adi Shamir – computer scientist; RSA encryption, differential cryptanalysis; Turing Award winner (2002)
• Nir Shavit – computer scientist, winner of the (2001) Gödel Prize
• Saharon Shelah – mathematician, well known for logic; Wolf Prize in Mathematics winner (2001)
• Ehud Shapiro – computer scientist; Concurrent Prolog, DNA computing pioneer
• Moshe Y. Vardi – computer scientist; Godel Prize winner (2000)
• Avi Wigderson – mathematician, known for randomized algorithms; Nevanlinna Prize winner (1994)
• Doron Zeilberger – mathematician, known for his contributions to combinatorics
• Jacob Ziv – LZW compression; IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal (2007 and 1995)

Engineering

• David Faiman – solar engineer and director of the National Solar Energy Center^[96]
• Liviu Librescu – Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Virginia Tech; killed in the Virginia Tech massacre^[97]
• Moshe Zakai – electrical engineering^[98]
• Jacob Ziv – electrical engineering^[99]

Philosophy

• Martin Buber – philosopher
• Yeshayahu Leibowitz – philosopher^[100]
• Avishai Margalit – philosopher^[101]
• Joseph Raz – philosopher
• Gershom Scholem (1897–1982) – philosopher, historian^[102]

Humanities

• Shmuel Ben-Artzi – Bible scholar; father of psychologist Sara Netanyahu and father-in-law of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu^[103]
• Noam Chomsky – linguist^{[104] [105]}
• Aharon Dolgopolsky – linguist, Nostratic^[106]
• Moshe Goshen-Gottstein – Bible scholar^[107]
• Michael Oren – historian, educator, writer, and Israeli ambassador to the US>^[108]
• Hans Jakob Polotsky – linguist^[109]
• Chaim Rabin – Bible scholar^[110]
• Alice Shalvi – English literature, educator.^[111]
• Gershon Shaked – Hebrew literature^[112]
• Shemaryahu Talmon – Bible scholar^[113]
• Emanuel Tov – Bible scholar

Architecture

• Richard Kauffmann – architect
• Neri Oxman – architect^[114]

Entrepreneurs and businesspeople

Technology

• Amnon Amir – co-founder of Mirabilis (developer of ICQ)^[115]
• Moshe Bar – founder of XenSource, Qumranet^[116]
• Naftali Bennett – founder of Cyota, current Member of the Knesset and leader of The Jewish Home political party^[117]
• Safra Catz – president of Oracle^[118]
• Yair Goldfinger – co-founder of Mirabilis (developer of ICQ)^[115]
• Yossi Gross – recipient of almost 600 patents; founder of 27 medical technology companies in Israel; Chief Technology Office officer of Rainbow Medical^[119]
• Andi Gutmans – co-founder of Zend Technologies (developer of PHP)^[120]
• Daniel M. Lewin – founder of Akamai Technologies^[121]
• Bob Rosenschein – founder of Kivun Computers, Accent Software, GuruNet, Answers.com, Curiyo (Israeli-based)^[122]
• Gil Schwed – founder of Check Point^[123]
• Zeev Suraski – co-founder of Zend Technologies (developer of PHP)^[124]
• Ariki and Yossi Vardi – co-founder of Mirabilis (developer of ICQ)
• Sefi Vigiser – co-founder of Mirabilis (developer of ICQ)^[115]

Other industries

• Ted, Micky and Shari Arison – founder and owners of Carnival Corporation
• Amir Gal-Or^[125]
• Jamie Geller – celebrity chef and founder of the Kosher Media Network^[126]
• Eival Gilady^[127]
• Eli Hurvitz – head of Teva Pharmaceuticals
• Mordecai Meirowitz – inventor of the Mastermind board game^[128]
• Arnon Milchan – Hollywood film producer & founder of Regency Enterprises.^[129]
• Sammy Ofer – shipping magnate^[130]
• Yuli Ofer – real estate mogul^[131]
• Guy Oseary – talent agent, businessman, investor, and music manager; founder of Maverick Records; personal music manager of American entertainer Madonna^[132]
• Stef Wertheimer – manufacturing industrialist^[133]
• Josh Reinstein – director of the Knesset Christian Allies Caucus^[134]
• Eyal Ofer – real estate and shipping magnate
• Moris Kahn – billionaire, entrepreneur

Sports

Association football

• Eyal Berkovic – midfielder (national team), Maccabi Haifa, Southampton, West Ham United, Celtic, Manchester City, Portsmouth^[135]
• Ronnie Rosenthal – left winger/striker (national team), Maccabi Haifa, Liverpool, Tottenham, Watford^[136]
• Giora Spiegel – midfielder (national team), Maccabi Tel Aviv^[137]
• Mordechai Spiegler – Soviet Union/Israel – striker (Israel national team), manager^{[138] [139]}
• Nahum Stelmach – striker (national team)^[140]
• Yochanan Vollach – defender (national team), Maccabi Haifa, Hapoel Haifa, HKFC; current president of Maccabi Haifa^[141]

Basketball

• Miki Berkovich – Maccabi Tel Aviv
• David Blu (formerly "Bluthenthal") – US and Israel, Euroleague 6' 7" forward (Maccabi Tel Aviv)^[142]
• Tal Brody – US and Israel, Euroleague 6' 2" shooting guard, Maccabi Tel Aviv
• Tal Burstein – Maccabi Tel Aviv
• Tanhum Cohen-Mintz – Latvian-born Israeli, 6' 8" center; two-time Euroleague All-Star
• Shay Doron – Israel and US, WNBA 5' 9" guard, University of Maryland (New York Liberty)^[143]
• Tamir Goodman – US and Israel, 6' 3" shooting guard^[144]
• Yotam Halperin – 6' 5" guard, drafted in 2006 NBA draft by Seattle SuperSonics (Olympiacos)
• Gal Mekel – former point guard in NBA team Dallas Mavericks
• Amit Tamir – 6' 10" center/forward, University of California, PAOK Thessaloniki (Hapoel Jerusalem)^{[145] [146]}

Boxing

• Hagar Finer – WIBF bantamweight champion^[147]
• Yuri Foreman – Belarusian-born Israeli US middleweight and World Boxing Association super welterweight champion^[148]
• Roman Greenberg – International Boxing Organization's Intercontinental heavyweight champion; "The Lion from Zion"^[149]

Fencing

• Boaz Ellis – foil, five-time Israeli champion
• Lydia Hatoel-Zuckerman – foil, six-time Israeli champion^{[150] [151]}
• Andre Spitzer – killed by terrorists^[152]

Figure skating

• Alexei Beletski – Ukrainian-born Israeli ice dancer, Olympian^[153]
• Galit Chait – ice dancer; World Championship bronze 2002^[154]
• Natalia Gudina – Ukrainian-born Israeli figure skater, Olympian^[155]
• Tamar Katz – US-born Israeli figure skater^[156]
• Lionel Rumi – ice dancer^[157]
• Sergei Sakhnovsky – ice dancer, World Championship bronze 2002^[154]
• Michael Shmerkin – Soviet-born Israeli figure skater^[158]
• Alexandra Zaretski – Belarusian-born Israeli; ice dancer, Olympian^[159]
• Roman Zaretski – Belarusian-born Israeli ice dancer, Olympian^[160]

Sailing

• Zefania Carmel – yachtsman, world champion (420 class)^[161]
• Gal Fridman – windsurfer (Olympic gold: 2004 (Israel's first gold medalist), bronze: 1996 (Mistral class); world champion: 2002)^[162]
• Lydia Lazarov – yachting world champion (420 class)^[161]

Swimming

• Vadim Alexeev – Kazakhstan-born Israeli swimmer, breaststroke^[163]
• Guy Barnea – swimmer who participated in the 2008 Summer Olympics
• Adi Bichman – 400-m and 800-m freestyle, 400-m medley^[164]
• Yoav Bruck – 50-m freestyle and 100-m freestyle
• Eran Groumi – 100 and 200 m backstroke, 100-m butterfly
• Judith Haspel (born "Judith Deutsch") – Austrian-born Israeli; held every Austrian women's middle- and long-distance freestyle record in 1935; refused to represent Austria at the 1936 Summer Olympics, protesting Hitler, stating, "I refuse to enter a contest in a land which so shamefully persecutes my people"^[165]
• Dan Kutler – US-born Israeli; 100-m butterfly, 4×100-m medley relay^[166]
• Keren Leibovitch – Paralympic swimmer, four-time gold medal-winner, 100-m backstroke, 50- and 100-m freestyle, 200-m individual medley
• Tal Stricker – 100- and 200-m breaststroke, 4×100-m medley relay^[167]
• Eithan Urbach – backstroke swimmer, European championship silver and bronze; 100-m backstroke^[168]

Tennis

• Noam Behr^[169]
• Ilana Berger^[170]
• Gilad Bloom^[171]
• Jonathan Erlich – 6 doubles titles, 6 doubles finals; won 2008 Australian Open Men's Doubles (w/Andy Ram), highest world doubles ranking No. 5^[172]
• Shlomo Glickstein – highest world singles ranking No. 22, highest world doubles ranking No. 28
• Julia Glushko^[173]
• Amos Mansdorf – highest world singles ranking No. 18
• Shahar Pe'er – three WTA career titles; highest world singles ranking No. 11, highest world doubles ranking No. 21

Other

• Alex Averbukh – pole vaulter (European champion: 2002, 2006)^[174]
• Artem Dolgopyat - artistic gymnast, 2020 Olympic champion on floor exercise
• Boris Gelfand – chess Grandmaster; ~2700 peak Elo rating^[175]
• Michael Kolganov – Soviet-born Israeli, sprint canoer/kayak paddler, world champion, Olympic bronze 2000 (K-1 500-meter)^[176]
• Marina Kravchenko – Ukrainian-born Israeli table tennis player, Soviet and Israeli national teams^[177]
• Sofia Polgar – Hungarian-born Israeli chess Grandmaster; sister of chess grandmasters Susan Polgar and Judith Polgar^[178]
• Ilya Smirin – chess Grandmaster; ~2700 peak Elo rating^[179]
• Emil Sutovsky – chess Grandmaster; ~2700 peak Elo rating^[180]

Criminals

• Hanan Goldblatt – actor, comedian and singer; was convicted in 2008 of perpetrating acts of rape and other sex offenses against women in his acting class^{[181] [182]}
• Baruch Goldstein – massacred 29 Arabs in the Cave of the Patriarchs in 1994^[183]
• Avraham Hirschson – politician who was among other things the former Israeli Minister of Finance; convicted of stealing close to 2 million NIS from the National Workers Labor Federation while he was its chairman^[184]
• Zeev Rosenstein – mob boss and drug trafficker^[185]
• Gonen Segev – former Israeli member of Knesset and government minister; convicted for an attempt of drug smuggling, for forgery and electronic commerce fraud^[186]
• Ehud Tenenbaum – computer hacker also known as "The Analyzer" who became famous in 1998 when he was caught by the FBI after hacking into the computers of NASA, the Pentagon, the Knesset and the US Army, and after installing trojan horse software on some of those computers^[187]
• Dudu Topaz – TV personality, comedian, actor, screenwriter, playwright, author and radio and television host; committed suicide in August 2009 after being charged with inciting violence against national media figures^[188]

See also

• Israelis
• List of notable Israelis
• List of Ashkenazi Jews in central and eastern Europe
• List of Ashkenazi Jews in northern Europe
• List of Sephardic Jews in southern and western Europe
• List of Sephardic Jews in the Balkans

Notes and References

1. Web site: Official website . 2021-01-27 . 2013-07-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130725020800/http://www.shelly.org.il/node/2011 . dead .
2. News: Warrior, Military Strategist and Peacemaker . 3 April 2019 . Academy of Achievement . 4 May 2001.
3. Web site: Menachem Begin Biography . www.ibiblio.org.
4. Web site: Yossi Beilin . 2019-01-11 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160310144208/http://www.beilin.org.il/index_eng.asp . 2016-03-10 . dead .
5. [Shabtai Teveth|Teveth, Shabtai]
6. Book: Shlomo Nakdimon . Shaul Mayzlish . דה האן : הרצח הפוליטי הראשון בארץ ישראל Deh Han : ha-retsah ha-politi ha-rishon be-Erets Yisraʼel / De Haan: The first political assassination in Israel . 1985 . he . Modan Press . . 1st . 21528172 .

   he:שלמה נקדימון

   .
7. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1075341.html Netanyahu sworn in as Israel's prime minister
8. Gal Perl Finkel, Wars are won by preparation and not by courage alone, The Jerusalem Post, 8 April 2017.
9. http://www.netanya.muni.il/?CategoryID=238&ArticleID=300&Page Biography on the website of Netanya municipality
10. http://www.timesofisrael.com/yair-lapids-sends-a-diverse-quality-slate-to-knesset/ All the kingmaker's men, and women
11. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1538399/Teddy-Kollek.html Obituary: Teddy Kollek, in The Telegraph, London, 3 January 2007
12. News: Straight talk . 24 March 2024 . . 4 September 2016.
13. Web site: Tenenbaum . Baruch . 3 June 2008 . Tommy Lapid . The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation.
14. Web site: Golda Meir's American Roots . unfit . https://web.archive.org/web/20110426080554/http://ajhs.org/scholarship/chapters/chapter.cfm?documentID=272 . April 26, 2011 . June 27, 2016 . Ajhs.org.
15. Itamar Eichner (25 May 2016) "Netanyahu: I have Sephardic roots as well", Ynetnews
16. Web site: Address by Prime Minister Ehud Olmert to Joint meeting of US Congress . Israel Embassy Washington, D.C. . 24 May 2006 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070817060550/http://www.israelemb.org/articles/2006/May/2006052400.htm . 17 August 2007 . 7 March 2017.
17. Web site: Location of Wiszniew on the map of the Second Polish Republic in the years 1921–1939 . jewishinstitute.org.pl . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110719024432/https://www.jewishinstitute.org.pl/pl/gminy/miasto/41.html . July 19, 2011 .
18. Web site: izrus.co.il. Доказано украинское происхождение Ицхака Рабина | Еврейские новости мира и Украины | ВЕК – Всеукраинский еврейский конгресс. Jewish.kiev.ua. 18 March 2010. 31 August 2011. 26 April 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050535/http://jewish.kiev.ua/news/3383/. dead.
19. .
20. Web site: 'We are living by the sword': The regrets of an Israel founder's son. Middle East Eye.
21. News: 11 March 2014. Subbotnik Jews to resume aliyah. Itamar Eichner. Israel Jewish Scene. 9 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140409152315/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4497612,00.html. live. 9 April 2014.
22. https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/1127.html Chaim Weizmann Of Israel Is Dead
23. News: Joffe. Lawrence. Rehavam Zeevi. 18 November 2012. The Guardian. 18 October 2001.
24. News: Israel's Internal Tumult. . CounterPunch. 22 September 2011 . 24 December 2012.
25. ISRAEL-Yigal Allon, Native Son: A Biography. Ylana. Miller. 1 July 2008. The Middle East Journal. 62. 3. 523. 27 January 2021. 13 June 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200613131549/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-1537333791/israel-yigal-allon-native-son-a-biography. dead.
26. Book: Morris, Benny. 2001. Righteous Victims. registration. Vintage Books. 684. 9780679744757.
27. Desert Aces . Dogfights . Dogfights (TV series) . . 2007-08-10 . 2 . 5 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071010045635/http://www.history.com/minisites/dogfights/ . 2007-10-10.
28. Book: Yenne, Bill . Tommy Gun: How General Thompson's Submachine Gun wrote History . 263 . Macmillan . 2009 . 9780312383268 .
29. News: Israel commemorates Holocaust Remembrance Day. Aderet. Ofer. 8 April 2013. Haaretz.
30. Book: The Mossad: Israel's Secret Intelligence Service: Inside Stories. registration. Wolfgang Lotz Helene.. 1979. Internet Archive. Paddington Press. 9780451158987. 2014-02-04.
31. News: Peter Zvi Malkin, Israeli Agent Who Captured Adolf Eichmann, Dies. Fox. Margalit. 2005-03-03. The New York Times. 2017-04-27. 0362-4331.
32. Book: Brian, Denis. The Seven Lives of Colonel Patterson: How an Irish Lion Hunter Led the Jewish Legion to Victory. June 26, 2008. Syracuse University Press. 9780815609278. Google Books.
33. Web site: Mike Campbell. Ilan. Behindthename.com. September 1, 2011.
34. • News: Spencer . Richard . 19 October 2011 . Israel: Gilad Shalit 'joked with military doctors over health' . live . London . https://web.archive.org/web/20111019192505/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/8836759/Israel-Gilad-Shalit-joked-with-military-doctors-over-health.html . 19 October 2011 . 19 October 2011 . The Daily Telegraph.
35. Book: Herzog, Hanna . Hanna Herzog . Gendering politics: women in Israel . University of Michigan . 1999 . 217–224 . 0-472-10945-6 .
36. http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4343247,00.html 2
37. Even though the State of Israel did not yet exist at the time of his death, he is commonly referred to as the first Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi of the State of Israel.
38. Rieder-Indursky, Estee. An Apple & Tree in Tel Aviv: Rabbis Yisrael Meir and Tzvi Yehuda Lau perpetuate a rabbinic chain. Mishpacha Special Supplement: A Father to Follow: Fathers, sons, and their intertwining paths. Pesach 5771 (April 2011), pp. 8–17.
39. Goldberg, Jeffrey. "A Bit of Good News on the Don't-Sell-to-the Arabs Controversy." The Atlantic. December 14, 2010. Accessed June 2, 2014.
40. Web site: Rabbi Yona Metzger . Jewish Virtual Library . 11 January 2014.
41. Book: Abramson, Edward . A Circle in the Square: Rabbi Shlomo Riskin reinvents the synagogue . Urim Publications. 2008. 978-965-524-014-6.
42. News: Gur Hassidic wedding of the year . Ynetnews . 28 February 2007 . 2011-02-04. Sela . Neta .
43. Book: Teller, Hanoch. Hanoch Teller. And From Jerusalem, His Word: Stories and insights of Rabbi Shlomo Zalman Auerbach, zt"l . 1995. N.Y.C. Publishing Co.. New York. 1-881939-05-7. 19 December 2010 .
44. News: September 16, 2013. Year in Review 5773. Hamodia. 31.
45. Web site: My Machberes: Dushinsky Rebbe Visits New York City. Rabbi Gershon. Tannenbaum. 15 February 2012. 15 February 2015. The Jewish Press.
46. Web site: Rabbi Elyashiv, 101, in critical condition. Judy. Siegel-Itzkovich. Jeremy. Shar. The Jerusalem Post. 8 February 2012. 18 July 2012.
47. News: Maruch Miller. Rochelle. Award-Winning Marketing Guru Rabbi Issamar Ginzberg. 15 May 2014. 5 Towns Jewish Times. There is even more to Rabbi Issamar Ginzberg than meets the eye; something about him that many find truly fascinating. “I am technically a Chassidic rebbe; this means that I have signed ‘hachtara’ letters from rebbes saying that I am expected to be the continuation of the dynasty of Nadvorna-Kechnia,”.
48. News: Hergig. Gur Aryeh. Rabbi Issamar Ginzberg Galvanizes Global Audiences. Hamodia. April 10, 2013. In it he gives Reb Issamar his blessing to continue in his role as Kechnier Rebbe in addition to succeeding in business, as many of the previous Nadvorna Rebbes.
49. Web site: Recommendations by the Gadol Hador, Rav Chaim Kanievsky, To Merit Children – Aish Haolam. 2021-01-26. 2019-10-22. https://web.archive.org/web/20191022024121/http://blog.aishhaolam.com/2016/11/recommendations-by-the-gadol-hador-rav-chaim-kanievsky-to-merit-children/. dead.
50. Shdeour, E. "Harav Yitzchak Karelitz of Kosova, Hy"d". Hamodia, 12 January 2012, p. C2.
51. Frankfurter. Yitzchok. 12 May 2013. Ami. 119. 75–76.
52. Web site: Rebitzen Leah Karelitz A"H. 22 February 2015. 24 February 2015. Yeshiva World News.
53. Cohen, Yitzchok. "Glimpses of Greatness: My Brother-in-Law, the Bilgorayer Rav". Hamodia Features, 12 November 2009, p. C4.
54. Hamodia. Dec/19/12. p. C10.
55. Web site: http://www.jdn.co.il/%d7%a7%d7%94%d7%99%d7%9c%d7%95%d7%aa/647701. Feb 2016. jdn.co.il. he. he:שמחת נישואי נינת ראש ישיבת קמניץ ונכדת חבר הבד"ץ העדה החרדית. Apr 20, 2016.
56. Rabbi Eliezer Schach, Torah giant, dies at age 103 Ilan, Shahar. Canadian Jewish News. Nov 8, 2001. Vol. 31, Iss. 46; pg. 41
57. Horovitz. Isaac. December 9, 2015. The Cave and the King. Ami. 246. 111–120.
58. http://www.hakirah.org/Vol%2010%20Landerer.pdf 1
59. Web site: Head of hardline Eda Haredit, initially resistant on virus rules, is infected. Sokol. Sam. staff. T. O. I.. www.timesofisrael.com. en-US. 20 April 2020.
60. News: none. Hamodia. December 5, 2012. D40.
61. Book: Being Israeli. Gershon Shafir. Yoav Peled . 148. 2002. Cambridge University Press . 0-521-79672-5.
62. News: Uri Avnery at 90: Still Leftist, After All These Years . Karpel . Dalia . . 25 April 2014.
63. Web site: Alan Chartock...In Conversation with Yael Dayan. https://archive.today/20120908070506/http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/wamc/news.newsmain/article/3566/0/1723561/WAMC.Speakers.Corner/Alan.Chartock...In.Conversation.with.Yael.Dayan. dead. September 8, 2012.
64. Web site: Michael Dorfman in "The New Russia" Moscow, Russia.
65. News: Eli Senyor . 24 March 2006 . First gay MK picks Labor's way . . 17 August 2015.
66. News: Gheert-Zand. Rene. Yehudah Glick 'was a marked person,' father says. 6 June 2017. Times of Israel. en.
67. News: Ben Zeev. Noam. ינעם ליף, אבא של דפני, מספר על גישתו המוסיקלית והחינוכית. הארץ.
68. https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=224 Uri Savir: Particulars
69. News: Israel Shahak . Adams . Michael . . https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090906/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article35445.ece . 26 July 2001 . 1 October 2007.
70. News: Christopher Lehmann-Haupt . May 3, 2002. Ida Milgrom, 94, Dies; Helped Free a Son Held by Soviets. The New York Times.
71. Web site: 2010-12-29. Little girl's story that resonates. 2021-01-16. archive.shine.cn.
72. Web site: Dan Shechtman – Biographical . Nobelprize.org . 2011-10-05.
73. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 . Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . October 9, 2013 . October 9, 2013.
74. News: Chang . Kenneth . 3 Researchers Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry . October 9, 2013 . . October 9, 2013 .
75. News: The World Salutes Four Israeli Scientists . Ynetnews . 5 May 2007 . 2007-05-05. Shir-Raz . Yaffa .
76. Dalia Karpel 'History professor Yehuda Bauer: 'Netanyahu doesn't know history' at Haaretz 21 February 2013.
77. Schechter, Stephen L. 1999. "In Memoriam: Daniel J. Elazar." Publius: The Journal of Federalism 29 (Autumn): 3-10.
78. News: 1973-11-06. Dr. Haim Ginott, Psychologist, 51. en-US. The New York Times. 2020-07-19. 0362-4331.
79. "Eliyahu M. Goldratt, Renowned Business 'Guru' and Author of International Best-Selling Business Novel 'The Goal,' Dies at Age 64", "PR Newswire", June 14, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
80. Book: Shye, S. . Johnson . Norman L. . Kotz . Samuel . Leading Personalities in Statistical Sciences . New York: Wiley . 1997 . 112–117 . Guttman, Louis . 0-471-16381-3.
81. Daniel Trefler (1999). "An Interview with Elhanan Helpman". Macroeconomic Dynamics. 3 (4): 571–601. doi:10.1017/S1365100599013061.
82. Book: Lewis, Michael . . New York . Penguin Random House . 1st pub. in the USA by W.W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2016 . 978-0-14-198304-2 . 2017.
83. Book: Lavie, Smadar. Prof. Smadar Lavie - CV 9 February 2020. en.
84. Dever, William G. "Archaeology, Ideology, and the Quest for an 'Ancient' or 'Biblical' Israel", Near Eastern Archaeology (1998), pg. 42
85. Web site: Office of the President | האוניברסיטה העברית בירושלים | The Hebrew University of Jerusalem . New.huji.ac.il . 2017-09-01 . 2020-02-18.
86. News: The once and future city . Rena. Rossner. The Jerusalem Post . January 26, 2006. November 15, 2009 . Mazar, a senior fellow at the Shalem Center, a Jerusalem-based conservative think tank, is a graduate of the Hebrew University, and granddaughter of the famous archeologist Binyamin Mazar..
87. Web site: About Miko. mikopeled.com.
88. News: El Al Can No Longer Ask Passengers to Change Seats to Accommodate ultra-Orthodox Men, Israeli Court Rules. Sommer. Allison Kaplan. June 22, 2017. Haaretz. September 15, 2018. en.
89. Web site: Anat Rafaeli Papers. The William Davidson Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management at the Technion. 2021-01-24. 2018-03-01. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301224847/https://web.iem.technion.ac.il/en/anat-rafaeli-papers/484-anat-rafaeli-papers.html. dead.
90. Rubinstein, Ariel . 1982 . Perfect Equilibrium in a Bargaining Model . . 50 . 1 . 97–109 . 10.2307/1912531 . 1912531. 10.1.1.295.1434 . 14827857 .
91. Book: Lewis, Michael. The Undoing Project. W. W. Norton & Company. 2017. 978-0-393-35610-6. New York.
92. Web site: Hasya Sukenik-Feinsod | Jewish Women's Archive.
93. Web site: Israel Prize recipients in 1953 (in Hebrew) . Israel Prize Official Site . https://web.archive.org/web/20110819115026/http://cms.education.gov.il/educationcms/units/prasisrael/tashyag/tashkab_tashyag_rikuz.htm?dictionarykey=tashyag . August 19, 2011 . dead .
94. Web site: CV (Robert J. Aumann). Einstein Institute of Mathematics. 4 June 2017.
95. Book: Maccorduck , Pamela . Machines Who Think: A Personal Inquiry Into the History and Prospects of Artificial Intelligence. 482. 2004. A K Peters, Ltd.. 1-56881-205-1.
96. Web site: Faculty biography . . December 22, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131026105407/http://cmsprod.bgu.ac.il/Eng/Units/bidr/Faculty_Members/Faiman.htm . October 26, 2013.
97. Friedman, Matti. "Holocaust survivor killed in Va shooting", Associated Press, April 17, 2007. Accessed February 20, 2008.
98. Web site: Obituary: Moshe Zakai, 1926–2015. IMS Bullentin. 5 January 2016.
99. Web site: Israel Prize Official Site - Recipients in 1993 . 2012-08-15 . he . 2014-10-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141012053504/http://cms.education.gov.il/educationcms/units/prasisrael/tashnagtashsab/tasnag_tasnat_rikuz.htm?dictionarykey=tashnag . 2014-10-12.
100. Web site: Confessions of a litigation commando – Haaretz – Israel News.
101. http://news.stanford.edu/pr/2005/pr-tanner-050405.html News Release
102. Green, Kenneth Hart (1997). "Leo Strauss as a Modern Jewish Thinker" [editor's introduction], in: Leo Strauss, Jewish Philosophy and the Crisis of Modernity, ed. Green. Albany: State University of New York Press. . p. 55.
103. https://archive.today/20120911231609/http://www.stljewishlight.com/news/nation/article_d1ac5c9f-6752-56c1-b5eb-e3767cb50896.html Shmuel Ben Artzi, father of Sara Netanyahu, dies - St. Louis Jewish Light: Nation - Shmuel Ben Artzi, father of Sara Netanyahu, dies: Nation
104. Book: Barsky, Robert F. . Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent . Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent . 1997 . Robert Barsky . . Cambridge, Massachusetts . 978-0-262-02418-1 . 9–10.
105. Book: Sperlich, Wolfgang B. . Noam Chomsky . 2006 . Reaktion Books . 978-1-86189-269-0 . 11.
106. News: the secret code of 'proto-World'. https://archive.today/20130124154342/http://news.google.com/?id=r0JHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dvgMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2429,5309917&dq=aharon+dolgopolsky&hl=en. dead. 24 January 2013. Selvin. Paul. 26 August 1990. The Day. G7, G8. 21 February 2011.
107. Web site: Israel Prize Official Site - Recipients in 1988 (in Hebrew).
108. Book: Turk Rosenblatt, Judith. Who's Who in World Jewry: A Biographical Dictionary of Outstanding Jews. Who's Who in World Jewry. 1987. 64. 0961827203.
109. Book: History of HUJI's department of linguistics.
110. Utz Maas: Verfolgung und Auswanderung deutschsprachiger Sprachforscher 1933-1945. entry for Chaim Rabin
111. http://www.jpost.com/Magazine/Features/Article.aspx?id=58571 One on One with Alice Shalvi, A Woman's Work
112. Lev-Ari, Shiri. "Israel Prize winner literary critic Gershon Shaked dies, aged 77." Haaretz. December 29, 2006. Par. 1-3 http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/literary-critic-gershon-shaked-dead-at-77-1.208583.
113. Web site: Hartman Institute Mourns Passing of Prof. Shemaryahu Talmon. Hartman Institute. 22 May 2012. 2010-11-30.
114. News: Top 50 Hottest Jewish Women (10–1) – Page2. April 12, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20160107055137/http://www.shalomlife.com/culture/16982/top-50-hottest-jewish-women-10-1--page2/. January 7, 2016. Shalom Life. Ashley Baylen. May 2, 2013.
115. http://company.icq.com/info/icqstory.html The ICQ Story
116. http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=2760474&privcapId=23941978&previousCapId=2263527&previousTitle=Qlusters,%20Inc Moshe Bar Ph.D.
117. News: Deconstructing Naftali Bennett: Growing up to be a leader . Haaretz . 18 January 2013 . 26 February 2013 . Revital Hovel.
118. Web site: Oracle CFO Safra Catz announces expansion outside Bucharest, reveals Romanian origins . Andrei . Chirileasa . Romania-Insider.com. May 20, 2014 . March 10, 2015 .
119. Web site: Abigail K. Leichman "I thought I could do it better", Israel21c, August 10, 2009.
120. Web site: 2008 . Andi Gutmans Zend corporate biography . 2008-10-07 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080913054146/http://www.zend.com/en/company/management/#andi . 2008-09-13.
121. News: Daniel was a very special man . Efrat . Weiss . 12 September 2001 . 12 September 2011. Yedioth Ahronoth. Ynet!. he.
122. Web site: Martin Rosenschein (1919-1991), My Father . 2021-01-24 . 2021-01-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210120232834/http://bobr.com/2016/04/05/9-martin-rosenschein-1919-1991-my-father/ . dead .
123. Web site: Gil Shwed. www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
124. News: Suraski, coautor de PHP: "Youtube o Yahoo! usan este lenguaje para su 'web" | Edición impresa | EL PAÍS . El País . Elpais.com . 2007-04-26 . 2013-08-06.
125. Web site: Bacani, Cesar. "To infinity and Beyond China is developing a local private-equity industry partly at the expense of foreign investment firms. But one Israeli fund has discovered an unlikely path to success", CFO Asia, June 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100626074746/http://prasad.aem.cornell.edu/doc/media/CFOAsia.June2008.pdf . June 26, 2010 .
126. Web site: Account Suspended. www.jewocity.com.
127. Web site: Northern Goals Association.
128. http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/road/gbd76/toys.htm Invicta Toys and Games
129. Web site: The world's 50 Richest Jews: 41–50. The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com. 15 November 2010 .
130. John Reed, Idan Ofer: fleeing Israel’s new populism, The Financial Times, 12 April 2013
131. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/yehuda-ofer-2354173.html Yehuda Ofer - Obituaries, News - The Independent
132. Web site: Sex, Drugs and…Lots of Jews? . 9 November 2000 . jewishjournal.com . The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles . 22 December 2014.
133. Web site: Israeli Billionaire Creates Industrial Jobs to Foster Peace Between Jews and Arabs. Algemeiner.com.
134. Book: Westbrook. Matt. Broadcasting Jesus' Return: Televangelism and the Appropriation of Israel through Israeli-Granted Broadcasting Rights; a Chapter in Comprehending Christian Zionism. 2014. Augsburg Fortress Publishers. 9781451472264. 61.
135. Book: Jewish Jocks: An Unorthodox Hall of Fame. Franklin. Foer. Marc. Tracy. 30 October 2012. Grand Central Publishing. 9781455516117. Google Books.
136. Book: Welcome to the Terrordome: the pain, politics, and promise of sports. Dave Zirin, Chuck D. Haymarket Books . 978-1-931859-41-7 . 2007. December 24, 2010.
137. https://newspapers.library.in.gov/cgi-bin/indiana?a=d&d=JPOST19680816-01.1.6 "ISRAEL LOSES PLAYERS TEL AVIV"
138. https://books.google.com/books?id=dAq4TGQsWwwC&q=Mordechai%25Shpigler+jewish&pg=PA77 Day by Day in Jewish Sports History – Bob Wechsler
139. https://books.google.com/books?id=Yw-DAAAAMAAJ&q=Mordechai+Shpigler+jewish Great Jews in Sports – Robert Slater
140. Web site: Sporting Heroes: No. 49 Nahum Stelmach. 13 March 2008 .
141. Yossef Glazer, Hapoel Haifa's Hall of fame 2006,
142. News: Eskenazi . Joe . 10 September 2004 . Jewish shooting star aims to make his mark in NBA . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160516151549/http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/23643/jewish-shooting-star-aims-to-make-his-mark-in-nba/ . 16 May 2016 . J. The Jewish News of Northern California.
143. Web site: Doron Named Jewish Sports Review All-America; Doron continues to excel at the next level in the WNBA . University of Maryland Official Athletic Site . May 10, 2007 . May 25, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120509193529/http://www.umterps.com/sports/w-baskbl/spec-rel/051007aaa.html . May 9, 2012 .
144. Book: Read & Understand Celebrating Diversity Grades 3–4 . Martha Cheney . 1-55799-783-7 . Evan-Moor . 2000 . May 31, 2010 .
145. News: Pennington . Bill . College Basketball–Unrest Worries an Israeli at Cal . . March 17, 2002 . May 31, 2010.
146. News: Popper . Nathaniel . Hoop Dreams: Israeli High-scorer Shoots for the NBA . The Forward. June 11, 2004 . May 31, 2010.
147. Web site: Boxing Champ from Tel Aviv . Jeremy Fine . The Great Rabbino . November 6, 2009 . June 3, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100610102513/http://www.thegreatrabbino.com/2009_11_01_archive.html . June 10, 2010 .
148. News: Gray . Geoffrey . Jewish Boxers Are Looking to Make a Comeback . . December 27, 2003 . May 25, 2010.
149. Web site: Boxing - USA Headlines - USA Boxing News . 2008-05-31 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080505074615/http://www.romangreenberg.tv/USA/news.cfm?ccs=229&cs=21597 . 2008-05-05 .
150. Book: Yiddishe Mamas: The Truth About the Jewish Mother. Andrews McMeel Publishing. Marnie Winston-Macauley. 978-0-7407-6376-2. 2007 . December 20, 2010.
151. Book: Football for Peace?: The Challenges of Using Sport for Co-Existence in Israel . John Sugden, James Wallis. Meyer & Meyer Verlag. 978-1-84126-181-2. 2007 . December 20, 2010.
152. Book: The Jewish athlete: a nostalgic view. Leible Hershfield. 1980 . June 3, 2010.
153. Web site: Elfman . Lois . Jewish Ice Skaters . The Jewish Ledger . December 8, 2004 . July 1, 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120406184654/http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2004/12/08/news/on_the_cover/news03.txt . April 6, 2012 .
154. Web site: Galit Chait and Sergei Sakhnovsky . J. Barry . Mittan . 1996 . 1998 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120514175133/http://www.jbmittan.com/articles/a-chait.htm . May 14, 2012 . unfit .
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156. http://tamarkatz.com/articles/Jewish%20advocate%20article.pdf "Israeli skates rings around Boston"
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