List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites explained

The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a major early civilisation, existing from 3300–1300 BCE. It covered much of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India, as well as possessing at least one trading colony in northeast Afghanistan.[1] Over 1022 Indus Valley civilisation sites have been discovered, of which 616 sites are in India and 406 in Pakistan.[2] Only 40 sites on the Indus valley had been discovered in the pre-Partition era[3] by archaeologists.The most widely known Indus Valley sites are Mohenjo-daro and Harappa; Mohenjo-daro is located in modern-day Sindh, while Harappa is in Pakistani Punjab.[4] in British India, around 1,100 (80%) sites are located on the plains between the rivers Ganges and Indus.[2] The oldest-known site of the Indus Valley Civilization, Bhirrana,[5] and the largest site, Rakhigarhi,[6] are located in the Indian state of Haryana. More than 90% of the inscribed objects and seals that were discovered were found at ancient urban centres along the Indus river in Pakistan, mainly in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.[7] [8] More than 50 IVC burial sites have been found, including at Rakhigarhi (first site with genetic testing), Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, Farmana, Kalibangan, Lothal, Dholavira, Mehrgarh, Banawali, Alamgirpur and Chanhudaro .[9]

List of Indus Valley sites

Indus Valley Civilisation discoveries
YearSiteDistrictProvince/stateCountryImageExcavations/findings
AlamgirpurMeerut DistrictUttar PradeshIndiaImpression of cloth on trough
AllahdinoKarachi districtSindhPakistanFloor tiles of a house have been discovered at this site[10]
Amri, SindhDadu DistrictSindhPakistanRemains of rhinoceros
Babar KotSaurashtra, RajulaGujaratIndiaA stone fortification wall,[11] plant remains of millets and gram.[12]
Balu, HaryanaKaithalHaryanaIndiaEarliest evidence of garlic.[13] Several plant remains were found here include various types of barley, wheat, rice, horse gram, green gram, various types of a pea, sesamum, melon, watermelon, grapes, dates, garlic, etc. (Saraswat and Pokharia - 2001-2) which is comparable to a nearby IVC site Kunal, Haryana revealed remains of rice (probably wild).
1974[14] BanawaliFatehabad DistrictHaryanaIndiaExcavated in 1973 by RS Bisht. Located alongside the Saraswati River. This area contains evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture as well as high-quality barley. Barley, terracotta figure of plough
BargaonSaharanpur District[15] Uttar PradeshIndia
BarorSri Ganganagar districtRajasthanIndiaHuman skeleton, ornaments, five-meter-long and three-meter clay oven, a pitcher filled with 8,000 pearls[16]
Bet DwarkaDevbhoomi Dwarka districtGujaratIndiaLate Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook[17] [18]
BhagatravBharuch DistrictGujaratIndia
BhirranaFatehabad DistrictHaryanaIndiaGraffiti of a dancing girl on pottery, which resembles a dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-Daro
1931[19] ChanhudaroNawabshah DistrictSindhPakistan1931; excavated by NG MajumdarLocated in Sindh, Pakistan, on the banks of the Indus River. With no citadel, it is merely an Indus site. Excavated items include bronze statues of bullock carts and ekkas as well as a small jar that appears to be a kink well.Bead making factory, use of lipstick,[20] only Indus site without a citadel
ChapuwalaCholistanPunjabPakistanunexcavated 9.6 hectares[21]
Ahmadnagar DistrictMaharashtraA sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures.[22] Southernmost IVC site in India, Late Harappan Phase
Desalpur in Nakhtrana Taluka,Kutch DistrictGujaratMassive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, three script bearing seals; one of steatite, one of copper and one of terracotta.[23]
1985DholaviraKutch DistrictGujaratIndiaExcavated in 1967–1968 by JP Joshi. Located in the Gujarati district of Kachchh on the banks of the Luni River. Here are traces of a stadium, a special water management system, and the Harappan inscription. Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions, wooden "signboard" with Indus characters found in a gatehouse
FarmanaRohtak DistrictHaryanaIndiaLargest burial site of IVC, with 65 burials, found in India
GanweriwalaPunjabPakistanEquidistant from both Harappa and Mohenjodaro, it is near a dry bed of the former Ghaggar River. It is a site of almost the same size as Mahenjo-daro. It may have been the third major center in the IVC as it is near to the copper-rich mines in Rajasthan.
kutch districtGujaratIndiaProduction of shell bangles, semi-precious beads, etc.
1921HarappaSahiwal DistrictPunjabPakistan1921–1923, Daya Ram Sahni conducted the excavation. Located in Punjab's Montgomery district on the banks of the Ravi River (Pakistan). Excavations have been done at Cemetry-37 and Stone Dancing Natraja. The first town to be thoroughly excavated and examined is a major Indus Valley Civilisation settlement with granaries, coffin burials, and a plethora of artefacts.
Hisar mound inside Firoz Shah PalaceHisar DistrictHaryanaIndiaUnexcavated site
HulasSaharanpur DistrictUttar PradeshIndia
Juni KuranKutch DistrictGujaratIndiafortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area[24]
JognakheraKurukshetraHaryanaIndiaCopper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards[25]
KajGir Somnath DistrictGujaratIndiaCeramic artifacts, including bowls. Ancient port.[26]
KanjetarGir Somnath DistrictGujaratIndiaSingle phase Harapppan site.[27]
1953KalibanganHanumangarh DistrictRajasthanIndia1961 saw the excavation by BB Lal. Located alongside the Ghaggar River There has been evidence of a ploughed field, a wooden furrow, seven fire altars, camel bones, and two different kinds of burials (rectangular and circular graves).Baked/burnt bangles, fire altars, small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, bones of camel
Karanpura near Bhadra cityHanumangarh districtRajasthanIndiaSkeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites [28]
KhirasaraKutch districtGujaratIndiaWare House, Industrial area, gold, copper, semi-precious stone, shell objects, and weight hoards
Kerala-no-dhoro or PadriSaurashtraGujaratIndiaSalt production centre, by evaporating sea water
Kot Bala (also, Balakot)Lasbela DistrictBalochistanPakistanEarliest evidence of furnace, seaport
Kot DijiKhairpur DistrictSindhPakistan
Kotada BhadliKutch DistrictGujaratIndiaFortification bastion few houses foundations[29]
Kunal, HaryanaFatehabad DistrictHaryanaIndiaEarliest pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting.
KuntasiRajkot DistrictGujaratIndiaSmall port
Lakhan-jo-daroSukkur DistrictSindhPakistanmajor unexcavated site (greater than 300 hectares)
1922LarkanaLarkana DistrictSindhPakistan
LoteshwarPatan DistrictGujaratIndiaAncient archaeological site
1953LothalAhmedabad DistrictGujaratIndia1931; excavated by NG Majumdar. Located in Sindh, Pakistan, on the banks of the Indus River. With no citadel, it is merely an Indus site. Excavated items include bronze statues of bullock carts and ekkas as well as a small jar that appears to be a kink well.Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC)
Manda, JammuJammu DistrictJammu & KashmirIndiaNorthernmost Harappan site in Himalayan foothills[30]
MalwanSurat DistrictGujaratIndiaSouthernmost Harappan site in India[31]
MandiMuzaffarnagar districtUttar PradeshIndia
MehrgarhKachi DistrictBalochistanPakistanEarliest agricultural community (7000-5000 BC)
MitathalBhiwani DistrictHaryanaIndia
1922Mohenjo-DaroLarkana DistrictSindhPakistan1922; excavated by RD Bannerji Located in Punjab's Larkana district on the banks of the Indus River (Pakistan). The site's unique features are the Assembly Hall, Collegiate Building, and Great Bath. An excavated artifact includes a piece of woven cotton and the seal of Pashupati Mahadeva, or proto-Shiva.Great Bath (the biggest bath ghat), Great granary, Bronze dancing girl, Bearded man, terracotta toys, Bull seal, Pashupati seal, three cylindrical seals of the Mesopotamian type, a piece of woven cloth
MorodharoKutch DistrictGujaratIndiaFortified settlement. Mature and late Harappan phases of civilisation found. Harappan jar shards, burial cairns, boundary stones to mark graves found. Closely resembles Dholavira and has evidence of being an ancient seaport.
NageshwarKutch DistrictGujaratIndiaShell working site[32]
NavinalKutch districtGujaratIndia[33]
Nausharo near DadharKachi DistrictBalochistanPakistan
OngarSindhPakistan
PabumathKutch DistrictGujaratIndiaA large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc.[34]
Pathani DambMakranBalochistanPakistanAt 100 hectares, this has the potential to be another city.[35]
Pir Shah JurioKarachiSindhPakistan
PirakSibiBalochistanPakistan
RakhigarhiHisar DistrictHaryanaIndiaTerracotta wheels, toys, figurines, pottery. Large site, partially excavated
RangpurAhmedabad DistrictGujaratIndiaSeaport
Rehman DheriKhyber PakhtunkhwaPakistan
RojdiRajkot DistrictGujaratIndia
RuparRupnagar DistrictPunjabIndia
Sanauli[36] Baghpat DistrictUttar PradeshIndiaBurial site with 125 burials found, copper antenna sword with a hilt and first time chariots were discovered
Sheri Khan TarakaiBannu DistrictKhyber-PakhtunkhwaPakistanpottery, lithic artifact
Shikarpur, Gujarat[37] Kutch DistrictGujaratIndiaFood habit details of Harappans
ShortugaiDarqad DistrictTakhar ProvinceAfghanistan
SiswalHisar (district)HaryanaIndia
Sokhta KohMakranBalochistanPakistanPottery
Sothi near BarautBagpat districtUttar PradeshIndia
1964SurkotadaKutch DistrictGujaratIndiaExcavated in 1972 by JP Joshi. Located between the Sabarmati and Bhogavo rivers. Here, there is proof of a horse burial, an oval grave, and a pit burial.Bones of a horse (only site)
Sutkagan DorMakranBalochistanPakistanBangles of clay, westernmost-known site of IVC[38]
TigranaBhiwani districtHaryanaIndiaHouses, pottery, terracotta, seals with script, semi-precious stones, evidence of crop cultivation and anima; domestication.[39]
VejalkaBotad districtGujaratIndiapottery

Context of IVC sites and cultures

Wider context of the IVC includes the following:

See also

References

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. [Henri-Paul Francfort]
  2. Book: Malik, Malti Dr . History of India . 2016 . New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd . 978-81-7335-498-4 . 12 . en.
  3. Book: History of India. 978-81-7335-498-4. Malik. Dr Malti. New Saraswati House India Pvt.
  4. Web site: Indus River Valley civilizations (Article) .
  5. Excavation Bhirrana . Excavation Branch-I Nagpur . Archaeological Survey of India.
  6. News: Subramanian . T. S. . 2014-03-27 . Rakhigarhi, the biggest Harappan site . en-IN . The Hindu . 2020-11-12 . 0971-751X.
  7. [Iravatham Mahadevan]
  8. [Upinder Singh]
  9. Astha Dibyopama, Yong Jun Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Dong Hoon Shin, Vasant Shinde, 2015,https://e-aba.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0107KJPA/kjpa-28-1.pdf, Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-9.
  10. Book: Indian History. kalibangan tiles.. 1930. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 978-1-259-06323-7. en.
  11. Book: Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. 2008. Pearson Education. New Delhi. 978-81-317-1120-0. 222.
  12. Book: Agnihotri. V.K.. Indian History. 1981. Allied Publishers. Mumbai. A–82. 978-81-8424-568-4.
  13. Book: Singh, Upinder. A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. 2008. Pearson Education. New Delhi. 978-81-317-1120-0. 137, 157.
  14. Web site: Indus Valley Civilization - Major Sites years .
  15. Archaeological Survey of India Publication:Indian Archaeology 1963-64 A Reviewhttp://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201963-64%20A%20Review.pdf
  16. News: Baror near Ramsinghpur. Rajasthan patrika newspaper . 19 June 2006 .
  17. Rao . S. R. . Gaur. A. S. . July 1992 . Excavations at Bet Dwarka. Marine Archaeology. Marine Archaeological Centre, Goa. 3 . 42–. 1 January 2015.
  18. Gaur . A. S. . 25 February 2004 . A unique Late Bronze Age copper fish-hook from Bet Dwarka Island, Gujarat, west coast of India: Evidence on the advance fishing technology in ancient India . Current Science . IISc . 86 . 4 . 512–514 . 1 January 2015 . 4 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150104035659/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb252004/512.pdf .
  19. Web site: List of Archaeological Sites of Indus Valley Civilisation .
  20. Web site: Indus Valley Civilization. https://web.archive.org/web/20120620201957/http://www.osmanian.com/2011/06/indus-valley-harappan-civilization.html. 20 June 2012. dmy-all.
  21. Web site: Hidden agenda testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley tradition.
  22. Book: Dhavalikar, M.K. . 35. Daimabad Bronzes . http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/121/1218186467.pdf . rhinoresourcecenter.com . Harappan civilization: a recent perspective . 1993 . American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford & IBH Publishing Company . Gregory L. . Possehl . 978-81-204-0779-4 . 2027/heb.03098.0001.001.
  23. Ghosh, A.. Explorations, and excavations: Gujarat: 19. Excavation at Desalpur (Gunthli), District Kutch . Indian Archaeology 1963-64, A Review. 1967. Indian Archaeology. 1963–64. 10–12. 19 July 2012.
  24. Web site: Was the Rann of Kachchh navigable during the Harappan times (Mid-Holocene)? An archaeological perspective . Gaur, A. S. . K. H. Vora . Sundaresh . R. Manimurali . S. Jayakumar . 2013 . ResearchGate.
  25. News: Indus Valley site ravaged by floods . https://web.archive.org/web/20110811093449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-11/india/28284466_1_furnaces-site-floods . 2011-08-11 . Vijay . Sabharwal . . 2010-07-11.
  26. Farooqui . Anjum . Gaur . A.S. . Prasad . Vandana . Climate, vegetation and ecology during Harappan period: excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj, mid-Saurashtra coast, Gujarat . Journal of Archaeological Science . Elsevier BV . 40 . 6 . 2013 . 0305-4403 . 10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.005 . 2631–2647. 2013JArSc..40.2631F .
  27. Web site: Gaur . A.S. . Sundaresh . Abhayan . G.S. . Joglekar . P.P. . Excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj on the Saurashtra Coast, Gujarat . AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology . 2017-05-28 . 13 June 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234339/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=AV2012095098 .
  28. News: seals found at Karanpura. dainik bhaskar Hindi newspaper. 22 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923091700/http://m.bhaskar.com/article/referer/521/t/240/MAT-RAJ-OTH-c-194-161415-NOR.html?1722. 23 September 2015.
  29. SHIRVALKAR. PRABODH. A Preliminary Report of Excavations at Kotada Bhadli, Gujarat: 2010-11. 2012. Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute. 72/73. 55–68. 43610688.
  30. India Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archaeological Survey of India.Page 19.
  31. Book: Singh, Upinder. A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century. 2008. Pearson Education. New Delhi. 978-81-317-1120-0. 137.
  32. Web site: Nageswara: a Mature Harappan Shell Working Site on the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat. harappa.com. en. 2018-08-16.
  33. Fish Otoliths from Navinal, Kachchh, Gujarat: Identification of Taxa and Its Implications . Joglekar . Pramod . Gopan . Aswathy . Chase . Brad . Ajithprasad . P . Patel . Ambika . Rawat . Yadubirsingh . Gadekar . Charusmita . Sharma . Bhanu . Kumar . Ajit . Uesugi . Akinori . Gs . Abhayan . Sukumaran . Prabhin . Rajesh . S.V. . Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology . 4 . 2016 . 218–227 . ResearchGate.
  34. Government of India, Archaeological Survey of India. Debala. Mittra. Indian Archaeology 1980-81 A Review. Indian Archaeology 1980-81 a Review. 1983. 14. Calcutta .
  35. Web site: What have been the most interesting findings about the Harappan Civilization during the last two decades?. harappa.com. en. 2018-08-16.
  36. Web site: Archaeological Survey of India . 28 June 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120510215204/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_sanauli.asp . 10 May 2012 .
  37. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Maharaja Sayyajirao University, Baroda. Excavations at Shikarpur, Gujarat 2008-2009.Web site: Archived copy . 2012-06-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120921233909/http://www.harappa.com/goladhoro/Shikarpur-2008-2009.pdf . 21 September 2012 . dmy-all .
  38. Book: Possehl, Gregory L.. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary perspective. 2003. Vistaar Publications. New Delhi. 978-81-7829-291-5. 79–80. [3rd printing]..
  39. https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-harappan-period-evidence-found-in-tigdana-of-bhiwani-many-revelations-in-research-jagran-special-22064156.html भिवानी में मिले हड़प्पा काल के साक्ष्य, तिगड़ाना में होती थी खेती, शोध में हुए कई खुलासे, देखें तस्वीरें

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