List of Indonesian snacks explained

This is a list of Indonesian snacks. In Indonesian, snacks are called kudapan, makanan kecil (lit. "small food") or makanan ringan (lit. "light food"). They might taste savoury or sweet, snack foods are a significant aspect of Indonesian cuisine which is very diverse. Traditional kue snacks — a collection of steamed or fried snacks with rice-flour and coconut sugar-based ingredients, exist in many forms. While traditional crackers of krupuk and kripik chips were also a popular crispy choice.

Crackers, chips and crisps

See main article: Krupuk and Kripik.

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
AmplangJava and KalimantanSavoury fish cracker snack, made from wahoo or any type of Spanish mackerel.
AmpoCentral Java and East JavaA snack made by soil. The snack consists of pure clay, without any mixture of ingredients.
EmpingNationwideCrackers made from flattened Gnemon/Belinjo seeds.
IntipJavaSimilar to rengginang but larger. A traditional thick scorched rice cracker, made from cooked rice that stuck in the inner part of rice pot, seasoned with salt.
KemplangMalay and PalembangeseSavoury fish cracker snack, made from wahoo or any type of Spanish mackerel. This dish similar to amplang.
KeripikNationwide A traditional chips or crisps, bite-size snack crackers that can be savoury or sweet.
Keripik pisangNationwide Crispy banana chips.
Keripik teripangSurabaya, Gresik, and Lamongan in East JavaA traditional chips or crisps made of dried sea cucumber.
KerupukNationwideDeep fried crisps made from mainly tapioca flour, with added ingredients, such as prawn, fish, or garlic, and even ox/cow skin. It comes in different shapes and colours.
Kerupuk kulit babiChinese Indonesian and BalinesePork skin crackers.
Kerupuk kulit sapi or kerbauNationwideCow or buffalo skin crackers.
Kerupuk ikanNationwideA deep fried snack made from starch and fish.
Kerupuk udangNationwideA deep fried snack made from starch and prawn.
RempeyekNationwide, but especially JavaneseA deep-fried savoury Javanese cracker, made from flour with other ingredients, bound or coated by crispy flour batter.
RengginangNationwideA traditional thick rice cracker, made from cooked glutinous sticky rice and seasoned with spices. This dish made into a flat and rounded-shape.

Fritters

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
BakwanNationwideA traditional fritter consisting of vegetables and batter. The ingredients are vegetables; usually beansprouts, shredded cabbages and carrots, battered and deep fried in cooking oil.
CakweJavaA long golden-brown deep-fried strip of dough and commonly chopped or thinly sliced and then eaten for breakfast with bubur ayam.
CimolBandung, West JavaA small snack made from rounded tapioca flour doughs which are then fried. Cimol comes from Bandung, West Java.
CirengWest Java
CombroSundaneseA fritter made from grated cassava with round or oval-shape. This dish is filled of oncom and chilli.
Jemput-jemputMalayA traditional Malay fritter snack made from flour before frying. It is usually round in shape and tends to vary in size.
MendoanCentral JavaDeep fried battered tempeh, cooked lightly in a short time resulting in a limp texture.
PerkedelNationwideMade of ground potatoes, minced meat, peeled and ground corn or tofu, or minced fish. Most common perkedel are made from mashed potatoes, yet there are other popular variants which includes perkedel jagung.
Perkedel jagungNationwideCorn fritters.
Perkedel tahuNationwideDutch-Indonesian food based on tofu and inspired by frikadeller.
Pisang cokelatJavaA savoury snack made of slices of banana with melted chocolate or chocolate syrup, wrapped inside thin crepe-like pastry skin and being deep fried.
Pisang gorengNationwideA battered and deep-fried banana or plantain.
Pisang molenNationwideBanana wrapped around in tape-shaped thin pastry dough prior to frying, creating crunchy textures of pastry skin, while the banana inside remains moist and soft.

Dumplings

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
Arem-aremJavaSimilar like lontong, but flavoured with coconut milk, and stuffed with cooked ground meat, or tofu and tempeh.
BakcangChinese IndonesianRice cake filled with meats, sometimes beans, mushroom, and salty egg, wrapped in bamboo leaves.
Chai kueWest KalimantanA traditional dumpling that must be steamed before served. Filled of yam, taro, or chives. This food is similar to croquette and pastel.
CilokBandung, West JavaBall-shaped dumpling made from aci (tapioca starch), cilok is an abbreviation of aci dicolok or "poked tapioca", served with peanut sauce, kecap manis (sweet soy sauce), sambal, bottled chili sauce, or served in soup.
JalangkoteMakassareseFried pastry with an empanada-shape and stuffed with vegetables, potatoes and eggs. Spicy, sweet and sour sauce will be dipped into prior to be eaten.
Nyonya changPeranakanA type of zongzi that filled of minced pork with candied winter melon, ground roasted peanuts, and a spice mix.
LemperJavaA traditional rice cake, made from glutinous rice and filled usually with chicken.
LepetJavanese, Malay, and SundaneseSticky rice dumpling mixed with peanuts cooked with coconut milk packed inside janur (young coconut leaf or palm leaf). It is similar to lontong, but with stickier texture and richer flavour acquired from coconut milk and peanuts.
Otak-otakNationwideUsually made from Spanish mackarel fish paste or Milkfish, spiced and wrapped in banana leaves, then grilled and served with peanut sauce.
Pai tiPeranakan and MalayA thin and crispy pastry tart shell filled with a spicy, sweet mixture of thinly sliced vegetables and prawns.
Pangsit basahChinese IndonesianWonton served in gravy with noodle or other gravy-dishes.
Pangsit gorengChinese IndonesianFried wonton filled with chicken or shrimp with sweet and sour sauce.
PastelNationwideFried flour dumpling filled with vegetables and meat.
Semar mendemJavaA variant snack almost identical to lemper that made of glutinous rice filled with shredded seasoned chicken. Instead of banana leaf wrapping, semar mendem uses a thin omelette as wrapper, hence rendering the whole package edible.

Savoury snacks

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
AsinanJavaA pickled (through brined or vinegared) vegetable or fruit dish.
BakmiNationwideBakmi is normally boiled for serving. When bakmi is intended for use in soup, it is usually boiled separately from the broth. The noodles are usually mixed with either pork fat, chicken fat or beef fat.
Bakso bakarNationwideGrilled and skewered bakso, prepared in a similar fashion to satay.
Bakso gorengJavaFried bakso with a rather hard texture, usually consumed solely as a snack.
BatagorWest JavaBatagor is actually an abbreviation of bakso tahu goreng (which literally means fried tofu and meatballs), it's a variant of the siomay in which the siomay was deep-fried.
Belalang gorengCentral Java, Yogyakarta, and East JavaFried grasshopper.
Be urutanBaliA Balinese traditional pork (mostly) sausage.
BitterballenNationwideA meat-based snack with round-shape, almost similar to kroket.
BurgoPalembang, South SumatraA folded rice pancake served in savoury whitish coconut milk-based soup.
Kerak telorJakartaIt is made from chicken or duck egg made into omelette which is mixed with glutinous rice and spice, it is served with coconut granules.
KroketNationwide A type of croquette, made of mashed potato filled with minced chicken.
LaksaNationwideA spicy noodle soup derived from Peranakan cuisine which has various types. It consists of thick wheat noodles or rice vermicelli with chicken, prawn or fish, served in spicy soup based on either rich and spicy curry coconut milk or on sour asam.
LaksanPalembangeseDish made from sago and fish. This dish made in an oval shape with almost pempek flavor, but served with coconut milk sauce.
LumpiaNationwideA spring roll, made of thin paper-like or crepe-like pastry skin called "lumpia wrapper" enveloping savory or sweet fillings. It is often served as an appetizer or snack, and might be served deep fried or fresh (unfried).
Lumpia basahJavaUnfried lumpia spring roll, served with sweet tauco sauce.
Lumpia semarangSemarang, Central JavaSemarang style spring roll, made mainly from cooked bamboo shoots and chicken/prawn. Sometimes boiled quail egg is added. It is eaten with a dipping sauce made from coconut sugar, vinegar and garlic.
MaamoulArab IndonesianFilled pastry or cookie made with dates, nuts such as pistachios or walnuts and occasionally almonds, or figs.
Makaroni schotelNationwideA type of macaroni casserole that usually made with cheese, potato and meat (smoked beef, sausage or tuna).
MartabakNationwideIndonesian's version of Murtabak, sometimes filled with beef and scallions, or shreds of peanut and chocolate.
Martabak acehAcehneseA type of Indonesian martabak, that shaped like roti canai and served with curries.
Martabak kubangWest SumatraMinangkabau-style of Indonesian martabak. It is Arab–Indian–Minangkabau fusion dish.
Martabak miNationwideNoodles mixed with eggs then fried, shaped like martabak generally.
Ngo hiangChinese IndonesianA deep-fried dish that consisting of vegetables with meat or shrimp seasoned with five-spice powder in a thin egg crêpe.
Orak-arik tempeJavaDry tempeh with more soft and moist texture, also sweet taste. The sweet taste is due to generous addition of kecap manis (sweet soy sauce).
Pastel tutupNationwideA type of shepherd's pie that made with chicken and several vegetables.
PopiahChinese IndonesianA spring roll with Chinese origin and Fujian-style. This dish almost equal to lumpia.
RisolesNationwideFried rolls with breadcrumbs filled with vegetables and meat.
SamosaNationwideIt is a fried or baked dish with a savoury filling, such as spiced potatoes, onions, peas, or lentils.
SeblakBandung, West JavaA savoury and spicy dish made of wet krupuk (traditional Indonesian crackers) cooked with scrambled egg, vegetables, and other protein sources; either chicken, seafood, or slices of beef sausages, stir-fried with spicy sauces including garlic, shallot, sweet soy sauce, and chili sauce.
SiomaySundanese and Chinese IndonesianA light meal which has a similar form to Chinese Dim Sum, shaped like ice cream cone except the bottom is flat and made traditionally from mackerel fish meat served with peanut sauce, sometimes added with key lime and/or soy sauce.
Sosis soloJavaneseA Javanese sausages made from beef or chicken and coated by egg.
Sotong pangkongPontianak, West KalimantanDried squid food that burned using charcoal. Usually served during Ramadan.
SumpiaNationwideMuch smaller and drier lumpia with similar beef or prawn floss filling

Tofu-based snacks

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
Kembang tahuChinese IndonesianSoft tofu with warm sweet ginger soup.
Tahu aciTegal, Central JavaA small snack made from tofu and flour. Its come from Tegal, Central Java.
Tahu gorengNationwideDeep fried tofu.
Tahu gejrotCirebon, West JavaDeep fried tofu, served with a sauce made from coconut sugar, sweet soy sauce/kecap manis, chili, garlic and shallot.
Tahu campurSurabaya and Lamongan, East JavaSliced fried tofu, rice cakes, potato patty, bean sprouts, lettuce, noodles, and krupuk crackers, served in savoury beef stew.
Tahu guntingSurabaya, East JavaDeep fried tofu cut with scissors, served with a sauce made from rice flour, peanuts and chili.
Tahu isiNationwideDeef fried tofu filled with vegetables such as bean sprouts and julienned carrot, and sometimes a few minced meat.
Tahu sumedangSumedang, West JavaDeep fried tofu, served with sweet soy sauce/kecap manis and chili.
Tahu taucoNationwideTofu in tauco sauce.
Tahu tekLamongan, East JavaDeep fried tofu served with julienned vegetables and peanut, soy sauce and petis sauce. The tahu tek variant with egg addition is called tahu telur.
Tahu telurSurabaya, East JavaDeep fried tofu and egg, served with julienned vegetables and peanut, soy sauce and petis sauce
Tauge gorengBogor, West JavaA savoury vegetarian dish made of stir fried tauge (bean sprouts) with slices of tofu, ketupat rice cake and yellow noodle, served in spicy oncom-based sauce.

Kue basah or traditional cakes

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
Agar-agarNationwidePuddings flavoured jellies like almond tofu, as well as fruit aspics.
Nationwide, with Indian-influencedA steamed dough made of rice flour, coconut milk, yeast and palm sugar, usually served with grated coconut.
BageaMaluku IslandsA cake made of sago, has a round shape and creamy color. It has a hard consistency that can be softened in tea or water, to make it easier to chew.
BahuluMalayA Malay traditional cake with soft texture. Usually served for breakfast.
BakpiaNationwide, but especially in JavaA popular Indonesian bean-filled moon cake-like pastry.
Bakpia pathokYogyakartaA small patty of baked pastry filled with sweet mung bean paste.
BibingkaEastern IndonesiaA type of cake made with rice flour, sugar, clarified butter, and coconut milk. Usually served during Christmas.
Bika ambonMedan, North SumatraA type of cake made with as tapioca flour, eggs, sugar, yeast and coconut milk. The yeast creates bubbles, which creates sponge-like holes and gives it a unique spongy texture when it is baked. It is generally sold in pandan and banana flavor, but today it is also available in durian, cheese and chocolate flavour.
Brem (solid snack)Madiun, East JavaBrem is made from fermented tape. Brem is a special snack from Madiun, East Java. The liquid version is light alcoholic beverage also called Brem originated from Bali.
ClorotNationwide, but especially JavaneseSticky dough of glutinous rice flour sweetened with coconut sugar filled into the cone-shaped janur (young coconut leaf), and steamed until cooked.
Dadar gulungJavanese, today nationwideUsually has a green colour, which is acquired from daun suji or pandan leaves It is a green-coloured folded omelette or pancake made of rice flour, filled with grated coconut and palm sugar.
DodolJavaRice flour-based small glutinous sweets, sweetened with coconut sugar, moulded and coloured. Often add fruit scent and taste such as durian.
GeplakYogyakartaSweets made from sugar and grated coconut.
Idli kukusIndian IndonesianA type of Indian-based savoury rice cake, served as breakfast.
KleponNationwideBoiled rice cake, stuffed with coconut sugar, and rolled in fresh grated coconut. It is flavoured with pandan leaf juice.
Kue bugisMakassarese, Buginese, and JavaneseA traditional snack of soft glutinous rice flour cake, filled with sweet grated coconuts.
Kue cubitNationwideThis cake is called kue cubit because of its small size: To eat it one has to pinch it.
Kue cucurNationwidePancake made of fried rice, flour batter, and coconut sugar.
Kue kacang tanahNationwideA kind of pastry made from peanuts with various forms, such as round, heart, or crescents.
Kue keranjangChinese IndonesianA food prepared from glutinous rice. Usually served during Chinese New Year.
Kue kochiMalay, Javanese, and PeranakanA cake dumpling made from glutinous rice flour, and stuffed with coconut fillings with palm sugar.
Kue kuBetawi, Javanese, and Chinese IndonesianA small round or oval shaped Chinese pastry with soft sticky glutinous rice flour skin wrapped around a sweet filling in the centre.
Kue lapisNationwideA traditional snack of colourful layered soft rice flour pudding.
Kue pukisNationwideThis cake is made from a mixture of eggs, granulated sugar, flour, yeast and coconut milk. The mixture is then poured into a half-moon mold and baked on fire (not oven). Pukis is quite similar to waffles.
Kue putuNationwideSimilar to klepon, except that it's cylindrical in shape while the klepon is spherical.
Kue putu mangkokNationwideA round-shaped, traditional steamed rice flour kue or sweet snack filled with palm sugar. This dish similar to kue putu.
Kue rangiJakarta and West Java Traditional snack made of grated coconut and starch-based batter and cooked in a special molded pan akin to waffle.
MadumongsoJavaThis snack was made from black sticky rice as a basic ingredient. The taste is mixed with sweet because the black rice was previously processed before becoming tapai (through the fermentation process) and cooked to become dodol.
MakmurMalayA traditional Malay pastry, made from butter, ghee and flour. Usually served during special occasion of Eid ul-Fitr.
MochiNationwideRice flour based cake filled with peanuts paste, sometimes sprinkled with sesame seeds.
NagasariNationwideSteamed rice cake wrapped in banana leaves, and stuffed with banana.
Onde-ondeNationwideGlutinous rice cake balls, filled with sweet green beans paste, and rolled in sesame seed and then fried.
Pai susuBaliA type of custard tart that consisting of an outer pastry crust filled with egg custard as well as condensed milk and baked.
Pastel de nataJakarta and TimorAn egg tart pastry dusted with cinnamon, derived from Portuguese cuisine.
PoffertjesNationwideSimilar with kue cubit. This cake have a light and spongy texture.
Puding saguSumatra and Eastern IndonesiaA sweet pudding made by boiling sago with either water or milk and adding sugar and sometimes additional flavourings.
Putu mayangNationwide, but especially BetawiMade from starch or rice flour shaped like noodles, with a mixture of coconut milk, and served with kinca or liquid javanese sugar.
Kue talamNationwideTwo layered coconut milk soft cake made of rice flour, coconut milk and sugar with other additional ingredients; i.e. pandan leaf, palm sugar, yellow or purple yams, etc.
AcehA steamed banana dumpling that consists of glutinous rice flour, ground banana and coconut milk. It is quite similar to Javanese or Buginese nagasari.
WingkoSemarang, Central JavaA sweet baked coconut cake. This dish almost similar to bibingka.

Kue kering or cookies and biscuits

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
KaasstengelsNationwideIt is made from dough flour, eggs, margarine, and grated cheese. This cake shaped rectangular. Usually served during Eid ul-Fitr, Christmas, and Chinese New Year.
Kembang goyangBetawi and JavaneseMade of rice flour which is mixed with eggs, sugar, a pinch of salt, and coconut milk. The dough can be fried after heating the oil and the ‘’kembang goyang’’ mold.
Kue gapitCirebonese and JavaneseA waffle-cracker snack that grilled between iron molds like a waffle generally.
Kue kaakArab IndonesianA small circular biscuit as result of acculturation between Arabs and Indonesian.
Kue putri saljuNationwideA type of cookie which is crescent-shaped and coated with powdered sugar covered like snow.
Kue satuJavaWhite-colored traditional cookie with sweet mung beans powder that is crumbled when being bitten.
Kue sempritNationwideA type of cookie made of wheat flour, corn flour, custard powder, sugar and margarine. These ingredients are mixed together to become a dough and then fried.
Kukis jagungNationwideA type of cookie prepared with corn products.
LadyfingerNationwideA low density, dry, egg-based, sweet sponge biscuits roughly shaped like a large finger.
Lidah kucingNationwideCat tongue-shaped cookie or biscuit of European origin. Popular snack during Lebaran and Christmas.
NastarNationwideIt has round shape with a diameter of about 2 centimetres. The pineapple jam is filled inside instead of spread on top. The cookie is often decorated with small pieces of cloves or raisins on top of it.
Sale pisangJava Bananas which are combed thin and then dried in the sun. After dried in the sun, it can be directly eaten or fried first.
SemprongNationwideA wafer snack made by clasping egg batter using an iron mold which is heated up on a charcoal stove.
SpeculaasNationwideA thin, very crunchy, caramelized, and slightly browned cookie, derived from Dutch cuisine.
StroopwafelNationwideA wafer cookie made from two thin layers of baked dough joined by a caramel filling.
Untir-untirJavaDough twist that is fried in peanut oil. It has a shiny and golden look with crispy taste.

Pastry, bread and cake

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
BakpauNationwideA type of baozi that very typical in Indonesia, filled with chocolate, strawberry, cheese, mung bean, read bean, minced beef, diced chicken, or minced pork.
BollenBandungLayered pastry filled with sweet fillings, such as banana, cheese and durian.
Bolu berasTimorRice muffin, derived from Portuguese cuisine.
Bolu kukusNationwideSteamed sponge cake.
Bolu pandanNationwideA light, fluffy, green-coloured sponge cake flavoured with the juices of pandan leaves.
Donat jawaJavaneseA Javanese-style of ring-shaped fritter made from cassava with savoury taste.
Donat kentangNationwideA ring-shaped fritter made from flour and mashed potatoes, coated in powder sugar or icing sugar.
KaripapMalayA dumpling snack usually filled with chicken and potato with a dried curry inside.
KlappertaartManado, North SulawesiCoconut tart or coconut custard of Dutch-Indonesian origin, which is made from flour, sugar, milk, butter, as well as coconut flesh and juice, topped with coconut flesh and raisins.
Kue bulanChinese Indonesian and PeranakanIndonesian traditional mooncake that shaped circular like a moon, white and thinner than regular mooncake.
Kue busa or schuimpjeNationwideA sweet pastry made of eggs that are beaten until foamy with fine sugar until stiff. Formed using triangular plastic and baked in the oven.
Kue soesNationwideA baked pastry filled with soft and moist cream made from the mixture of milk, sugar and flour.
OliebolNationwideFried dumpling bread or cake, filled with raisins or apple.
PanadaManado, North SulawesiFried bread filled with spicy tuna.
Roti bakar or roti panggangNationwideToast that served with jam, chocolate, or cheese, commonly known as street food.
Roti gambang or ganjel relJakarta and Semarang, Central JavaA rectangular shaped brown bread with sesame seeds, flavored with cinnamon and palm sugar.[1] Usually served during Dugderan and Ramadhan.
Roti jalaMalay and MinangkabauA pretty dish that looks like a lace doily due to the way it is made. Usually served with kari daging kambing.
Roti johnMalayA Malay omelette sandwich, a European-influenced dish.
Roti tisuMalayA thinner version of the traditional roti canai, as thin as a piece of 40–50 cm round-shaped tissue.
Terang bulanNationwideOriginally a Chinese snack, but nowadays it is labelled as murtabak.
Terang bulan miniNationwideSmaller version of terang bulan.

Liquid snacks, porridges and beverages

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
Bubur cha chaBetawi and MalayA traditional Betawi and Malay dessert, prepared using pearled sago, sweet potatoes, yams, bananas, coconut milk, pandan leaves, sugar and salt. It can be served hot or cold.
Bubur kacang hijauNationwideGreen beans porridge, sweetened with sugar, and served with thick coconut milk.
Bubur ketan hitamNationwideBlack glutinous rice porridge, sweetened with sugar, and served with thick coconut milk.
Bubur sumsumNationwideWhite congee made from rice flour and eaten with brown sugar sauce.
CincauNationwideA jelly-like dessert, made using the Platostoma palustre and has a mild, slightly bitter taste. It is served chilled, with other toppings such as fruit, or in bubble tea or other drinks.
CendolNationwideSweet jelly drink, rice flour jelly with green natural coloring from pandan leaf, mixed with coconut milk, shaved ice and palm/brown sugar.
DadiahWest SumatraTraditional West Sumatran water buffalo milk yoghurt.[2]
Dali ni horboNorth SumatraA cheese-like traditional dish, with a yellowish white appearance with tofu-like texture and milky flavor. Dali is made by boiling buffalo milk coagulated with papaya leaf or unripe pineapple juice.
DangkeSouth SulawesiA traditional cheese that made from buffalo or cow milk. This dish is processed by boiling fresh milk with sliced papaya leaves, stems, or unripe papaya fruits. Dangke is typically soaked in a brine solution overnight before being wrapped with banana leaves for masking the bitter taste caused by the addition of papaya leaves.
Es dogerBandung, West JavaCold and sweet coconut ice dessert with syrup and various fillings.
Es campurNationwide Shaved ice with coconut pieces, various fruits (usually jackfruit), grass jelly, syrup and condensed milk.
Es telerNationwideA mixed of avocado, young coconut, jack fruit, shredded iced with sweet condensed milk.

Seeds, beans and peanuts

NameImageRegion/PopularityDescription
Beton or biji nangka rebusJava and SumatraBoiled jackfruit seeds seasoned with salt.
Jagung gorengNationwide but more common in East Nusa TenggaraCrispy deep fried crispy corn kernels, consumed in similar fashion as fried peanuts. The type of corn used is the one that do not explode in the heat like popcorns.
Kacang disko or kacang BaliBaliDeep fried peanuts coated with crispy batter and seasoned with flavourings; sugar and salt, a popular accompaniment for beer.
Kacang goreng or kacang bawangNationwide Deep fried peanuts with garlic.
Kacang mede or kacang meteNationwide Deep fried cashew nuts
Kacang tolo or roayNationwide Deep fried peas with salt.
KuaciNationwide A baked plant seeds, it can be sunflower or pumpkin seeds.
Pilus, kacang pilus, kacang sukro or kacang atomNationwide Pilus is deep fried tapioca balls, while kacang pilus or kacang sukro is peanut coated with tapioca.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Roti Gambang dan Roti Ganjel Rel, Adakah Perbedaannya? Halaman all. Media. Kompas Cyber. KOMPAS.com. id. 2020-05-02.
  2. Akuzawa R, Surono IS. 2002. Fermented milks of Asia. In: Encyclopaedia of dairy science. London: Academic Press. p 1045–1048