List of Indigenous Australian politicians explained

This list of Indigenous Australian politicians includes Indigenous Australians who have been members of Australian legislaturesfederal, state or territory. It does not include those elected to local councils (including mayors), Governors/Governors-General, leaders of political parties (outside of parliament), Indigenous Australians actively involved in political institutions and those who have run unsuccessfully for office.

There have been 53 Indigenous members of the ten Australian legislatures, beginning when Neville Bonner entered the Australian Senate on 15 August 1971. Of these, 23 have been elected to the Northern Territory assembly, eleven to the Australian Federal Parliament, six to the parliament of Western Australia, five to the parliament of Queensland, two each to the parliaments of Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales, and one each to the parliament of South Australia and the Australian Capital Territory assembly. Three have served in multiple parliaments.

, Indigenous Australians make up 10.5% of the Senate and 1.9% of the House of Representatives. The total representation is at 4.8%, which is above their representation in the total population (3.3%).[1]

Out of the 53 Indigenous Australians elected or appointed to any Australian parliament, 24 have been women.

Nobody of acknowledged Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander ancestry has yet been a member of the Norfolk Island assembly.

Note: There is considerable debate surrounding the complexity of Indigenous identity. Therefore, this list only includes those who identify themselves as Indigenous Australian. Also note that "origin" or "ancestry" refers to the Indigenous groups, communities, countries, place names or languages which that person identifies with. Some individuals do not have any specific Indigenous group identity and some have multiple identities.

Federal Parliament

Fifteen Indigenous Australian people have been members of the Parliament of Australia (the Federal Parliament), eleven in the Senate and four in the House of Representatives. Ten of them are in it today.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Origin Term start Term end Term length class=unsortableRef
1   15 August 1971 4 February 1983 [2]
2   1 July 1999 30 June 2005 [3]
3   Hasluck (WA) 21 August 2010 21 May 2022 [4]
4   Gija (WA)
Iwaidja
Yawuru (WA) 		7 September 2013 9 May 2016 [5]
5   21 May 2015 2 July 2016 [6]
6   28 April 2016 26 January 2024 [7]
7   Barton (NSW) 2 July 2016 incumbent
8   2 July 2016 incumbent
align=center rowspan=29   4 September 2020 6 February 2023 align=center rowspan=2 [8] [9]
  6 February 2023 incumbent
10   Yamatji
Noongar		14 September 2021 incumbent [10]
11   Muthi Muthi
Wemba-Wemba		6 April 2022 incumbent [11]
12   Senate Northern Territory 21 May 2022 incumbent [12]
13   House Robertson (NSW) 21 May 2022 incumbent
14   House Lingiari (NT) 21 May 2022 incumbent
15   LiberalSenate South Australia 1 July 2022 incumbent

At least four other members of the Federal Parliament have acknowledged Indigenous ancestry, but are or were not generally regarded as Indigenous themselves.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Ancestry Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   Bendigo (Vic.) 7 June 1969 2 December 1972 [13]
2   Longman (Qld) unknown (WA) 2 March 1996 24 November 2007 [14]
  Fisher (Qld) 7 September 2013 9 May 2016
3   Bonner (Qld) not stated 24 November 2007 21 August 2010 [15]
4   1 July 2014 24 November 2014 [16]
  24 November 2014 14 May 2015
  14 May 2015 14 November 2017
1 July 2019incumbent

Timeline

ImageSize = width:1000 height:auto barincrement:13PlotArea = top:10 bottom:80 right:130 left:20AlignBars = late

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyyPeriod = from:1971 till:31/12/2024TimeAxis = orientation:horizontalScaleMajor = unit:year increment:2 start:1971

Colors = id:LIB value:darkblue legend: Liberal id:NAT value:teal legend: National id:ALP value:red legend: Labor id:DEM value:yellow legend: Democrats id:GRN value:green legend: Greens id:IND value:gray(0.8) legend: Independent

Legend = columns:3 left:150 top:50 columnwidth:75

TextData = pos:(20,55) textcolor:black fontsize:M text:"Political parties:"

BarData = bar:Bonner bar:Ridgeway bar:Wyatt bar:Peris bar:Lindgren bar:Dodson bar:Burney bar:McCarthy bar:Thorpe bar:Cox bar:Stewart bar:Price bar:Reid bar:Scrymgour bar:LiddlePlotData= width:5 align:left fontsize:9 shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Bonner from: 15/08/1971 till: 04/02/1983 color:LIB text:"Senator Neville Bonner" bar:Ridgeway from: 01/07/1999 till: 30/06/2005 color:DEM text:"Senator Aden Ridgeway" bar:Wyatt from: 21/08/2010 till: 21/05/2022 color:LIB text:"Ken Wyatt MP" bar:Peris from: 07/09/2013 till: 09/05/2016 color:ALP text:"Senator Nova Peris" bar:Lindgren from: 21/05/2015 till: 02/07/2016 color:LIB text:"Senator Joanna Lindgren" bar:Dodson from: 28/04/2016 till: 26/01/2024 color:ALP text:"Senator Pat Dodson" bar:Burney from: 02/07/2016 till: end color:ALP text:"Linda Burney MP" bar:McCarthy from: 02/07/2016 till: end color:ALP text:"Senator Malarndirri McCarthy" bar:Thorpe from: 04/09/2020 till: 06/02/2023 color:GRN from: 06/02/2023 till: end color:IND text:"Senator Lidia Thorpe" bar:Cox from: 14/09/2021 till: end color:GRN text:"Senator Dorinda Cox" bar:Stewart from: 06/04/2022 till: end color:ALP text:"Senator Jana Stewart" bar:Price from: 21/05/2022 till: end color:NAT text:"Senator Jacinta Nampijinpa Price" bar:Reid from: 21/05/2022 till: end color:ALP text:"Gordon Reid MP" bar:Scrymgour from: 21/05/2022 till: end color:ALP text:"Marion Scrymgour MP" bar:Liddle from: 01/07/2022 till: end color:LIB text:"Senator Kerrynne Liddle"

Parliament of the Australian Capital Territory

One Indigenous Australian person has been a member of the unicameral Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly.

No. Name Party Constituency Origin Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   1 June 2011 15 October 2016 [17]

Parliament of New South Wales

Four Indigenous Australians have been a members of the Parliament of New South Wales.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Origin Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   22 March 2003 6 May 2016 [18]
2   LaborLegislative Council24 March 2007 28 February 2019 [19]
  23 March 2019 incumbent [20]
3   26 March 2011 17 December 2018 [21]
4   CampbelltownYuin28 March 2015 incumbent [22]

Parliament of the Northern Territory

Twenty-four Indigenous Australian people have been members of the unicameral Parliament of the Northern Territory.

No. Name Party Constituency Origin Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   19 October 1974 13 August 1977 [23]
2   13 August 1977 6 March 1981
3   3 December 1983 25 August 1995
4   7 March 1987 20 September 1992
5   7 November 1992 17 August 2001
6   7 October 1995 18 June 2005
7   18 August 2001 8 August 2008
8   18 August 2001 8 August 2008
9   18 August 2001 4 June 2009 [24]
  4 June 2009 4 August 2009
  4 August 2009 6 August 2012
10   18 June 2005 4 August 2009
  4 August 2009 9 September 2011
  9 September 2011 25 August 2012
25 August 2012 4 April 2014
  4 April 2014 27 April 2014
  27 April 2014 29 November 2014
  29 November 2014 8 August 2016
11   18 June 2005 6 August 2012 [25]
12   Warlpiri, Ngulikan and Mara 23 September 2006 6 August 2012
13   Kamilaroi (NSW) 9 August 2008 27 August 2016
14   25 August 2012 4 April 2014
  4 April 2014 27 April 2014
  27 April 2014 8 September 2014
  8 September 2014 27 August 2016
15   25 August 2012 4 April 2014
  4 April 2014 27 April 2014
  27 April 2014 29 November 2014
  29 November 2014 27 August 2016
16   25 August 2012 31 January 2020
17   25 August 2012 27 August 2016
18   27 August 2016 17 December 2022
19   Nunggubuyu, Warnindhilyagwa[26] 27 August 2016 incumbent
20   27 August 2016 incumbent
21   27 August 2016 incumbent
22   27 August 2016 incumbent
23   Yaegl (NSW)[27] 11 September 2021 incumbent
24   18 March 2023 incumbent [28]

Parliament of Queensland

Five Indigenous Australian people have been members of the unicameral Parliament of Queensland.

No. Name Party Constituency Origin Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   7 December 1974 12 November 1977 [29]
2   31 January 2015 incumbent [30]
3   31 January 2015 29 March 2015 [31]
  29 March 2015 25 November 2017
4   25 November 2017 incumbent [32]
5   28 March 2020 incumbent [33]

Parliament of South Australia

One Indigenous Australian person has been a member of the Parliament of South Australia.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Origin Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   Statewide 17 October 2012 incumbent [34]

Parliament of Tasmania

Two Indigenous Australian people have been a member of the Parliament of Tasmania.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Origin Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   Noongar (WA) 20 July 2002 18 March 2006 [35]
2   3 March 2018 13 May 2021 [36] [37] [38]

At least one other member of the Parliament of Tasmania has acknowledged Indigenous ancestry, but is not generally regarded as Indigenous themself.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Ancestry Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   25 May 1996 24 February 2014 [39]
  15 March 2014 18 February 2016

Parliament of Victoria

Two Indigenous Australian people have been members of the Parliament of Victoria.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Origin Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   18 November 2017 24 November 2018 [40]
2   Labor13 October 2020 incumbent [41]

At least two members have had acknowledged Indigenous ancestry, but were not generally regarded as Indigenous themselves.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Ancestry Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   5 May 1979 2 October 1992 [42]
2   3 April 1982 1 March 1985
  1 March 1985 2 October 1992

Parliament of Western Australia

Four Indigenous Australian people have been members of the Parliament of Western Australia, all of whom were elected to the Legislative Assembly until Rosetta Sahanna was elected to the Legislative Council in 2021.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Origin Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   23 February 1980 27 July 1996 [43]
  27 July 1996 10 February 2001
2   10 February 2001 9 March 2013 [44]
3   11 March 2006 13 March 2021 [45]
4   9 March 2013 13 March 2021
5   13 March 2021 incumbent align=center [46]
6   22 May 2021 incumbent align=center [47]

At least one other member of the Parliament of Western Australia has acknowledged Indigenous ancestry, but is not generally regarded as Indigenous themself.

No. Name Party Chamber Constituency Ancestry Term start Term end class=unsortableRef
1   11 March 2017 13 March 2021 https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2021/mar/02/wa-election-zak-kirkup-hopes-to-save-at-least-one-piece-of-the-libs-furniture-his-seat

Notable unsuccessful candidates

Many Indigenous Australians have also stood unsuccessfully for office. This is a list of other notable Indigenous Australians to have run in state, territory or federal elections.

Name Party Constituency Election Origin class=unsortableRef
  [48]
  align=center rowspan="2" [49]
  1983 Queensland
  Northern Territory (HoR division) [50]
  Australian Capital Territory (HoR division) [51] [52]
  New South Wales (Senate) align=center rowspan="2" [53]
  2022 federal
  [54]
  align=center rowspan="3" [55] [56]
1981 MacDonnell by-election (Northern Territory)
  Northern Territory (Senate) 2013 federal
  Northern Territory (HoR division) [57]
  New South Wales (Senate) align=center rowspan="3" [58]
1984 federal
  1988 North Shore by-election (New South Wales)
  Northern Territory (Senate) align=center rowspan="4" [59]
1987 Northern Territory
2005 Northern Territory
  2016 Northern Territory
  Tasmania (Senate)
  1988 Port Adelaide by-election (federal) [60]
  align=center rowspan="2" [61] [62]
Queensland (Senate) 1993 federal
  align=center rowspan="3" [63] [64]
Racism No! 1996 Western Australia
  Western Australia (Senate) 2001 federal
  align=center rowspan="8" [65]
Queensland (Senate) 1996 federal
  2001 federal
  2004 federal
  2006 Queensland
  Queensland (Senate) 2007 federal
  2009 Queensland
  Queensland (Senate) 2010 federal
  [66]
  align=center rowspan="4" [67] [68] [69]
New South Wales (Senate) 2001 federal
Legislative Council (statewide) 2003 New South Wales
  2019 federal
  1999 Victoria (supplementary) [70]
  align=center rowspan="2" [71] [72] [73]
South Australia (Senate) 2004 federal
  Independent No Empty Promises Just Results Legislative Council (statewide) align=center rowspan="3" [74] [75]
  2010 South Australia
2010 federal
  [76]
  align=center rowspan="4" [77]
2005 Western Australia
Western Australia (Senate) 2010 federal
2013 Western Australia
  Western Australia (Senate) 2016 federal
  [78]
  New South Wales (Senate) [79] [80]
  Northern Territory (Senate) align=center rowspan="3" [81] [82]
  2012 Northern Territory
  Northern Territory (Senate) 2013 federal
  [83]
  [84]
  [85]
  align=center rowspan="2" [86] [87]
Western Australia (Senate) 2014 special Western Australia Senate (federal)
  Western Australia (Senate) [88] [89]
  New South Wales (Senate) [90]
  [91]
 
  [92]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: FULL LIST: Record number of Indigenous MPs voted in... | NIT.
  2. Web site: CONDOLENCES Bonner, Mr Neville Thomas, AO. Parliament of Australia. 1999. 10 September 2011. 18 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121018195252/http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F1999-02-15%2F0038%22. live.
  3. Web site: Biography for RIDGEWAY, Aden Derek. Parliament of Australia. 2005. 10 September 2011. 18 October 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121018195329/http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:%22handbook%2Fallmps%2F8G6%22. live.
  4. Web site: Ken Wyatt makes Australian political history. Special Broadcasting Service. 2010. 10 September 2011. 22 April 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110422235008/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/1367552/Ken-Wyatt-makes-Australian-political-history. live.
  5. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-09-08/nova-peris-becomes-first-indigenous-woman-in-federal-parliament/4943820 Nova Peris elected as first Indigenous woman in Federal Parliament
  6. News: Neville Bonner's great-niece Joanna Lindgren appointed Queensland senator by LNP . The Sydney Morning Herald . 2015-05-21 . 21 May 2015 . 18 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150518231420/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/neville-bonners-greatniece-joanna-lindgren-appointed-queensland-senator-by-lnp-20150516-gh34le.html . live .
  7. News: Pat Dodson elected WA's newest senator . ABC News . 28 April 2016 . 29 April 2016 . 29 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160429120823/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-28/pat-dodson-endorsed-as-wa-senate-candidate/7366640 . live .
  8. https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6911014/vic-endorses-thorpe-as-new-greens-senator/?cs=9676 Vic confirms Thorpe as new Senator
  9. News: Senator Lidia Thorpe quits Greens over divisions on Voice to Parliament. ABC News. Evans. Jake. 6 February 2023. 6 February 2023.
  10. https://nit.com.au/motivated-to-make-change/ Motivated to make change
  11. News: Ilanbey . Sumeyya . 'History-making opportunity': Jana Stewart confirmed as Kitching's Senate replacement . 22 April 2022 . The Age . 6 April 2022 . en . 20 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220420051503/https://www.theage.com.au/politics/victoria/history-making-opportunity-jana-stewart-sworn-in-as-kitching-s-senate-replacement-20220406-p5ab7l.html . live .
  12. News: FULL LIST: Record number of Indigenous MPs voted in to serve the Australian people. Tom. Zaunmayr. National Indigenous Times. 23 May 2022. 26 May 2022. 23 May 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220523073635/https://www.nit.com.au/full-list-record-number-of-indigenous-mps-voted-in-to-serve-the-australian-people/. live.
  13. http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/re-member/bioregfull.cfm?mid=1198 Kennedy, (Andrew) David
  14. Mal Brough crashes through. The Monthly. Nick Bryant. September 2013. 22 August 2015. 11 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150911002241/https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2013/september/1377957600/nick-bryant/mal-brough-crashes-through. live.
  15. News: Kerry Rea. Women in Federal Parliament. Department of the Senate. 3 May 2020. In her first speech Rea referred to her Aboriginal great-grandmother and the importance and poignancy of the prime minister’s 2008 apology to the stolen generations. 18 March 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200318105148/http://wifp.senate.gov.au/parliamentarians/by_name/143/. live.
  16. Web site: Jacqui Lambie talks about Indigenous heritage. SBS. 5 September 2014. 22 August 2014. 7 September 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140907074330/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2014/09/05/jacqui-lambie-talks-about-indigenous-heritage. live.
  17. News: Bourke to be first indigenous MLA . . 2011 . 10 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110818074655/http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/bourke-to-be-first-indigenous-mla/2178930.aspx . 18 August 2011 .
  18. Web site: The Hon. Linda Jean BURNEY, HonDEd, DipEd MP. Parliament of New South Wales. 2011. 9 September 2011. 26 October 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111026202630/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/parlment/members.nsf/0/8D837093FE30EC35CA256CFA0011AA15?Open&refNavID=ME3_1. live.
  19. Web site: Richards. Lisa. 15 June 2021. Indigenous Australian parliamentarians in federal and state/territory parliaments: a quick guide. live. 25 Nov 2021. Parliament of Australia. 25 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211125043702/https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp2021/Quick_Guides/IndigenousParliamentarians2021.
  20. News: Nilsson . Anton . Greens apologise for claiming candidate would be first Indigenous MP if elected . 23 October 2023 . News Corp Australia.
  21. Web site: Wollondilly MP Jai Rowell farewells NSW Parliament. The Daily Telegraph.
  22. News: Kontos . Eric . Labor MP Greg Warren makes his Aboriginality official . 23 October 2023 . South West Voice . 27 November 2017.
  23. Web site: First Aboriginal politician in NT dies. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2009. 9 September 2011. 20 December 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20091220112147/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/04/07/2537535.htm. live.
  24. Web site: Marion Scrymgour - Member for Arafura. Australian Labor Party. 2006. 10 September 2011. 18 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110318193653/http://www.nt.alp.org.au/01_cms/details.asp?ID=20. live.
  25. Web site: Malarndirri McCarthy - Member for Arnhem. Australian Labor Party. 2011. 10 September 2011. 18 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110318202013/http://www.nt.alp.org.au/01_cms/details.asp?ID=19. live.
  26. Web site: Meet the Indigenous candidates in the NT election . NITV . 23 August 2016 . 29 July 2021 . en . 29 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210729000656/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2016/08/23/meet-indigenous-candidates-nt-election . live .
  27. Web site: Green . Antony . Daly by-election 2021 . ABC Elections . ABC News . 11 September 2021 . 12 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210912000226/https://www.abc.net.au/news/elections/nt-daly-by-election-2021 . live .
  28. News: NT Labor candidate confirms involvement in fatal car crash that led to conviction of driving without due care . 7 April 2023 . ABC News . 2 March 2023 . en-AU.
  29. Web site: Biography of First Indigenous State Member. Queensland Parliament. 2008. 9 September 2011. 28 March 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120328010418/http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/documents/explore/education/factsheets/Factsheet_7.5_BioOfFirstIndigenousMember.pdf#xml=http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/internetsearch/isysquery/5d18baea-2bc9-434b-ab1a-4ad3e1904842/1/hilite/. live.
  30. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-31/leeanne-enoch-could-become-first-female-indigenous-qld-mp/6060060 Labor's Leeanne Enoch to become one of two Indigenous MPs
  31. News: Newman gone: Labor surges in Queensland . Yahoo! 7 News . 2015-02-01 . 1 February 2015 . 6 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160106003920/https://au.news.yahoo.com/qld/a/26164443/my-political-career-is-over-campbell-newman/ . live .
  32. News: Moore. Tony. Labor one seat closer as first Torres Strait Islander woman elected to Parliament. 28 November 2017. The Age. 28 November 2017. 2 December 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171202175345/http://www.theage.com.au/queensland/first-torres-strait-islander-woman-elected-to-queensland-s-parliament-20171128-p4yx9p. live.
  33. News: Smith. Douglas. Three Indigenous Queensland MP's hold seats at the same time in historical milestone. 1 June 2020. NITV News. 20 May 2020. 28 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200528222336/https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/2020/05/20/three-indigenous-queensland-mps-hold-seats-same-time-historical-milestone. live.
  34. Web site: Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation Minister Kyam Maher starting to reconnect with indigenous heritage. Sunday Mail (SA). 2017. 4 September 2020.
  35. Hay, Kathryn Isobel . hayk728 . 24 July 2022.
  36. News: Baker. Emily. Bass Labor MP Jennifer Houston says representation matters. 30 July 2020. The Mercury. 22 June 2019.
  37. Web site: Jennifer Houston MP - Inaugural Speech . Parliament of Tasmania . 2 May 2018 . 30 July 2020 . 12 March 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200312221848/http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/History/tasparl/Inaugural/ISHoustonJMP.htm . live .
  38. Web site: Bass results - 2021 State election Tasmania. 17 June 2021. 19 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210619164403/https://www.tec.tas.gov.au/House_of_Assembly_Elections/StateElection2021/results/bass/index.html. live.
  39. http://www.parliament.tas.gov.au/tpl/InfoSheets/ParlHistFAQ.htm Tasmanian Parliamentary History - FAQ
  40. News: Greens' Lidia Thorpe makes history after Northcote by-election win. 18 November 2017. NITV. 18 November 2017. en. 19 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171119045518/http://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/nitv-news/article/2017/11/18/greens-lidia-thorpe-takes-early-lead-northcote-byelection. live.
  41. News: Kolovos . Benita . Sheena Watt makes Victorian Labor history . 13 October 2020 . The Canberra Times . 13 October 2020 . en . 2 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210402215601/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6965638/sheena-watt-makes-victorian-labor-history/?cs=14231 . live .
  42. http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/re-member/bioregfull.cfm?mid=1199 Kennedy, Cyril James
  43. Web site: Hon. Ernest Francis Bridge OAM, MLA JP . . 2005 . 10 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110831124259/http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/web/newwebparl.nsf/iframewebpages/Legislative%20Assembly%20-%20Current%20Members . 31 August 2011 .
  44. Web site: Mrs Carol Anne Martin MLA BA . . 2005 . 10 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110831124259/http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/web/newwebparl.nsf/iframewebpages/Legislative%20Assembly%20-%20Current%20Members . 31 August 2011 .
  45. Web site: Mr Benjamin (Ben) Sana Wyatt MLA LLB, MSc . . 2011 . 10 September 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110831124259/http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/web/newwebparl.nsf/iframewebpages/Legislative%20Assembly%20-%20Current%20Members . 31 August 2011 .
  46. Web site: 2021 Western Australia Election Candidates. 2021-03-13. EMILY's List Australia. 10 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210310045601/https://www.emilyslist.org.au/2021_wa_election_candidates. live.
  47. News: Massive swing to Labor delivers first Indigenous member to WA's Upper House . 2 April 2021 . ABC News . 16 March 2021 . en-AU . 28 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210328153524/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-03-16/red-wave-across-regional-wa-sees-second-kimberley-mp-elected/13249734 . live .
  48. News: Aborigine To Be Labour Candidate. The Canberra Times. 38. 10,660. 7 October 1963. 15 February 2023. 1. National Library of Australia.
  49. Web site: Noonuccal, Oodgeroo (1920–1993). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Abbey. Sue. 2017. 14 February 2023.
  50. Web site: Briscoe, Gordon (1938–). Indigenous Australia. 21 February 2023.
  51. News: Aboriginal Control of Aboriginal Affairs. Green Left Weekly. Eatock. Pat. Pat Eatock. 20 June 2008. 10 February 2023.
  52. News: A.C.T. CANDIDATES — 4. The Canberra Times. 25 November 1972. 10 February 2023. 10.
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  55. Web site: Kunoth-Monks, Rosalie Lynette (1937–2022). Obituaries Australia. Dye. Josh. 16 February 2023.
  56. News: Aboriginal activist, Jedda actor and politician Rosalie Kunoth-Monks dies, aged 85. The Courier-Mail. Robinson. Lee. 27 January 2022. 16 February 2023.
  57. Enhancing Aboriginal Political Representation: Inquiry Into Dedicated Seats in the New South Wales Parliament. Parliament of New South Wales Legislative Council Standing Committee on Social Issues. November 1998. Aboriginal Representation: A Brief Overview. https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lcdocs/inquiries/1728/chapt2.pdf. 21 February 2023.
  58. Web site: Burnum Burnum (1936–1997). Australian Dictionary of Biography. Ramsland. John. 2022. 21 February 2023.
  59. News: Meet the Indigenous candidates in the NT election. NITV. 23 August 2016. 16 February 2023.
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  61. Web site: Uncle Darby McCarthy one of the best Jockey's to come out of Australia.. Our Dreamtime. 20 April 2015 . 19 February 2023.
  62. News: Indigenous Peoples Party fields candidates in Queensland. Green Left. Sibelle. Maurice. 9 September 1992. 19 February 2023.
  63. Web site: 2009 Fremantle By-election. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 May 2009. 21 February 2023.
  64. Web site: Western Australian State Election 1996. Parliament of Western Australia. Green. Antony. Antony Green. June 2001. 21 February 2023.
  65. News: From high school rebel to Socialist Alliance leader: Talking with Sam Watson. Freedom Socialist Party. Thorne. Alison. Summer–Autumn 2002. 19 February 2023.
  66. MEDIA RELEASE. Wyatt. Cedric. Cedric Wyatt. 21 February 1996. 26 February 2023.
  67. News: Why everyone is talking about Warren Mundine all of a sudden. ABC News. Macmillan. Jade. Gothe-Snape. Jackson. 23 January 2019. 11 February 2023.
  68. 1999. Dubbo. 11 February 2023.
  69. Web site: New South Wales Legislative Council Elections 2003. Background Paper No. 08/2003. Green. Antony. Antony Green. October 2003. 11 February 2023.
  70. Web site: 1999 Victorian State Election Results. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Green. Antony. Antony Green. June 2001. 15 February 2023.
  71. Web site: Ms Andrea Mason OAM. Royal Commission into Violence, Abuse, Neglect and Exploitation of People with Disability. 11 February 2023.
  72. Web site: Adelaide. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. https://web.archive.org/web/20020210051053/http://www.abc.net.au/public/elections/2002sa/results/adel.htm. 10 February 2002. 11 February 2023.
  73. News: The battle goes down to the wire for prize seat. The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 October 2004. 11 February 2023.
  74. News: Social justice advocate Tauto Sansbury remembered as a 'true warrior for his people'. ABC News. Radford. Luke. Smallacombe. Angela. Coggan. Michael. Michael Coggan. 24 September 2019. 24 October 2023.
  75. Web site: 2002 Legislative Council Candidates. South Australia State Electoral Office. 26 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20030322184248/http://www.seo.sa.gov.au/archive/2002/legislative.phtml. 22 March 2003. 24 October 2023.
  76. News: Thespians aim to take Your Voice to parliamentary stage. The Age. 18 September 2004. 15 February 2022.
  77. News: Kado Muir ready to follow Pat Dodson's Senate lead for Nats. subscription. The Australian. 5 May 2016. 17 February 2023.
  78. News: Fraternal divide runs deep in politics. The Age. 1 October 2004. 15 February 2022.
  79. Web site: Marcia Ella. National Portrait Gallery. 2006. 2 November 2022.
  80. Web site: FIRST PREFERENCES BY CANDIDATE - NSW. Australian Electoral Commission. 21 February 2023.
  81. News: Aboriginal musician for Greens NT Senate. Nine News. 26 June 2013. 16 February 2023.
  82. News: Polling day: Backing family, dad Warren H and aunty Alison. Alice Springs News. Finnane. Kieran. 25 August 2012. 17 February 2023.
  83. Web site: Brennan (Key Seat). ABC News. Green. Antony. Antony Green. 31 August 2012. 16 February 2022.
  84. News: Federal funding not yet sought for Tassie stadium; Rioli joins Dons board, Cats-Swans opener not ruled out. The Age. Pierik. Jon. Ryan. Peter. Vinall. Marnie. 12 November 2022. 16 February 2022.
  85. Web site: Vote 1 Eileen Cummings for the House of Representatives in seat of Solomon. Australia's First Nations Political Party. 15 February 2023.
  86. News: Fremantle great and Indigenous leader Des Headland responds to West Coast coach Adam Simpson's private school draft comments. The West Australian. McArdle. Jordan. 23 July 2021. 19 February 2023.
  87. News: Dio Wang again leads PUP ticket for WA Senate. WAtoday. 28 February 2014. 19 February 2023.
  88. Web site: David Wirrpanda. Business News. 19 February 2023.
  89. News: Wirrpanda nominates for Nationals. West Coast Eagles. 12 June 2013. 19 February 2023.
  90. News: Election 2016: Ken Canning. NITV News. 20 May 2016. 19 February 2023.
  91. Web site: Meet the Indigenous candidates vying for your vote. NITV. Collard. Sarah. 15 February 2022. 15 February 2023.
  92. News: Celeste Liddle to run for Greens in Victorian seat of Cooper. NITV. Perry. Jodan. 14 May 2021. 11 February 2023.

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