Economy of Mumbai explained

Mumbai, is the financial centre and the most populous city of India with an estimated city proper population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore).[1] The city is the entertainment, fashion, and commercial centre of India. Mumbai hosts the largest urban economy of any city in India as it is the financial capital of an almost US$ 4 trillion Indian economy in nominal terms. According to recent estimates Mumbai Metro's nominal GDP is estimated to be US$277.98 billion,[2] [3] [4] [5] and GDP (PPP) is estimated to be US400 billion,[6] [7] [8] [9] Mumbai's GDP (PPP) per capita rounds up to around US$23,000.[10] [11] It is the richest Indian city and 12th richest city in the world with a net wealth of around US$1 trillion with 46,000 millionaires and 92 billionaires.[12] [13] [14] [15] Mumbai accounts for slightly more than 6.16% of India's economy, contributing 10% of factory employment, 30% of income tax collections, 45% of entertainment tax, 60% of customs duty collections, 20% of central excise tax collections, 40% of foreign trade, 100% of stock market assets and rupees 1,60,000 crore (US$20 billion) in corporate taxes to the Indian economy.[16]

The headquarters of several Indian financial institutions, such as the Bombay Stock Exchange, the Reserve Bank of India, the National Stock Exchange, the Mumbai Mint, as well as numerous Indian companies such as the Tata Group, Essel Group and Reliance Industries, are located in Mumbai. Most of these offices are located in downtown South Mumbai, which is the nerve centre of the Indian economy. Dalal Street, nicknamed the Wall Street of Mumbai,[17] is home to the Bombay Stock Exchange and several financial institutions. Many foreign corporations also have their branch headquarters in the South Bombay area. Mumbai is also home to some of India's richest people, including Mukesh Ambani.[18]

Mumbai is the world's 17th largest city by GDP.[19] Mumbai was ranked among the fastest cities in India for business startup in 2009.[20] Mumbai has a nominal GDP per capita of around US$11,200.[21]

Occupations

Mumbai has traditionally owed its prosperity largely to its textile mills and its seaport until the 1980s. These are now mostly replaced by industries employing more skilled labour such as engineering, diamond polishing, healthcare, pharmaceutical marketing and information technology. Mumbai is today India's primary financial centre, housing both major Indian stock exchanges (the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange, which are the 9th and 10th largest stock exchanges in the world by market capitalization),[22] [23] brokerages, asset management companies (including the majority of Indian mutual funds), the headquarters of most Indian state-owned and commercial banks, as well as the financial and monetary regulatory authorities of India (the Securities and Exchange Board of India and the Reserve Bank of India) and many other institutions.[24] [25]

As Mumbai is the capital of Maharashtra, government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large semi-skilled labour population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics and other such proletarian professions. The port of Mumbai and shipping industry too employs many residents directly and indirectly. Like most other metropolitan cities, Mumbai also has a large influx of people from rural areas looking for employment.[26]

The entertainment industry is Mumbai's other major employer. Most of India's television and satellite networks are located in Mumbai, as well as the major publishing houses. A large number of the Hindi and English television shows are produced in Mumbai. The Hindi movie industry, also known as Bollywood, is also located in Mumbai, along with the largest studios and production houses.[27] To add to this, most major advertising companies operating in India also have their primary office in Mumbai.

Industries

See also: List of Indian companies.

Mumbai is one of the top ten largest trading centres in the world in terms of global financial flows, generating ca. 6.16% of the Indian GDP and accounting for 25% of industrial production, 70% of Indian maritime trade and 70% of capital transactions to the Indian economy.[28]

Several major Indian companies are headquartered in Mumbai. The three largest private companies in India, Tata Group, Reliance Industries, and Aditya Birla Group, are based in Mumbai. Below is a list of some of these major companies:

Company Revenue (billion US$)
103[29]
75[30]
43.5[31]
34.44[32]
39.45[33]
47.9[34]
402.86[35]
13.52[36]
16.0[37]
15.4[38]
39.0[39]
12.48[40]
9.42[41]
5.51[42]
5.44)[43]
4.61[44]
4.12[45]
14.0[46]
6.69[47]
3.7[48]
15.9[49]
7[50]
4.01[51]

Consumer goods industries

Mumbai is home to some of India's largest consumer packaged goods companies, such as Tata Consumer Products, Colgate-Palmolive,[52] Godrej Consumer Products,[53] and many much more.

Transport

Another key contributor to Mumbai's economy is the transport sector. The city has been investing in and developing various transport related infrastructure projects. Mumbai Suburban Railway, popularly referred to as Locals forms the backbone of the city's transport system.[54] It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the Indian Railways.[55] Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 63 lakh (6.3 million) passengers every day in 2007.[56] Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours.[57] The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes (train-sets) of 9 car and 12 car composition are utilized to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.[58]

The Mumbai Monorail and Mumbai Metro have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014.[59] The first line of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.[60]

Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the Indian Railways: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered at Churchgate. Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Long-distance trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra Terminus, Andheri and Borivali.[61]

Bus

Mumbai's bus services carried over 55 lakh (5.5 million) passengers per day in 2008, which dropped to 28 lakh (2.8 million) in 2015.[62] Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar and Thane.[63] The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses[64] with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 45 lakh (4.5 million) passengers daily[65] over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and Euro III compliant diesel and compressed natural gas powered buses.[66] BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998.[67] BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on the Routemaster buses of London.[68] Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC, also known as ST)[69] buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states.[70] [71] The Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) and Thane Municipal Transport (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.[72] [73]

Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.[74]

The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai.[75] Bus Rapid Transit System lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai.[76] Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with traffic congestion.[77] Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world.

Road

Mumbai is served by National Highway 48, National Highway 66, National Highway 160 and National Highway 61.[78] The Mumbai–Chennai and Mumbai–Delhi prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral system of National Highways start from the city. The Mumbai–Pune Expressway was the first expressway built in India.[79] The Eastern Freeway was opened in 2013. The Mumbai–Nashik Expressway, Mumbai–Vadodara Expressway,[80] are under construction. The Bandra–Worli Sea Link bridge, along with Mahim Causeway, links the island city to the western suburbs.[81] The three major road arteries of the city are the Eastern Express Highway from Sion to Thane, the Sion Panvel Expressway from Sion to Panvel and the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Bhayandar. Mumbai has approximately of roads.[82] There are five tolled entry points to the city by road.[83]

Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014,[84] 56,459 black and yellow taxis, and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.[85]

Air

The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second-busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic.[86] It handled 3.66 crore (36.6 million) passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during FY 2014–2015.[87] An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 4 crore (40 million) passengers annually[88] and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.[89]

The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.[90]

The Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts the Bombay Flying Club and a heliport operated by state-owned Pawan Hans.[91]

Services

Tourism

The World Travel & Tourism Council calculated that tourism generated US$3.9 billion or 3.2% of the city's GDP in 2016 and supported 637,900 jobs, 7.3% of its total employment. The sector is predicted to grow at an average annual rate of 8.8% to US$9 billion by 2026 (3.1% of GDP). Mumbai's tourism industry accounted for 5.4% of India's total travel and tourism-related GDP in 2016, and employed 2.4% of the country's total workforce.[92]

Foreign tourists accounted for 35.7% of all tourism-related spending in Mumbai in 2016. Nearly one-fifth of foreign tourists visiting the city come from the United Arab Emirates.

Other

Below is a list of major industries located in Mumbai:

See also

References

Works cited

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf . 7 May 2012 . 26 March 2012 . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India.
  2. Web site: Global Wealth GDP Nominal Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size. 2023-04-26. www.visualcapitalist.com.
  3. Web site: Mumbai-C40 cities. 2024-07-16. C40.org.
  4. Web site: Worlds richest cities by GDP Nominal . Rankingroyals.com . 2024-04-19.
  5. Web site: Gross domestic product (GDP) of major cities in India in 2022 . 2023-04-26. statista.com.
  6. Web site: 3 June 2017 . Mumbai 17th in global GDP list, says survey .
  7. News: Lewis. Clara. Delhi, not Mumbai, India's economic capital. The Times of India. 28 November 2016. 11 September 2023.
  8. Web site: Global Wealth PPP Distribution: Who Are The Leaders Of The Global Economy? – Full Size. 2022-11-24. www.visualcapitalist.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20211013080238/http://www.visualcapitalist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Global-Wealth-PPP-Distribution.html. 13 Oct 2021.
  9. News: India needs its own $1 trillion states; Is Mumbai the answer? . financialexpress.com . 2022-09-18.
  10. News: Why Mumbai . Indiachem.in . 2022-04-08.
  11. News: Mumbai 12th wealthiest city in the world, New York number one with 65 billionaires . BusinessToday.in . 2021-01-28.
  12. Web site: Hurun Global Rich List 2024 . 19 April 2024 . Hurun Research Institute.
  13. News: Mumbai is the 12th wealthiest city in the world, leaving Paris and Toronto behind . 2021-09-16 . GQ India . en-IN . 14 October 2019 .
  14. Web site: Mumbai among the world's top cities with most Billionaires . 8 June 2021 . 7 November 2021.
  15. News: Mumbai 12th richest city globally; total wealth at USD 1050 billion . The Economic Times . 2021-09-16.
  16. Web site: Mumbai, Mumbai city, Mumbai tourism, Mumbai tour, Maharashtra Capital Mumbai, Commercial Capital Mumbai, Bollywood Mumbai, Mumbai Transport . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071011200913/http://mapsofindia.com/maps/maharashtra/mumbai-city.html . 11 October 2007 . 12 October 2007.
  17. Web site: What Is Dalal Street?. James Chen. Dotdash Meredith.
  18. Web site: 2018-05-18 . Here are the 10 richest people in Mumbai . 2022-03-02 . cnbctv18.com . en.
  19. http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/richest-cities-2005.html The 150 richest cities in the world by GDP in 2005
  20. Web site: Doing Business in India 2009 . 2010-06-08 . World Bank.
  21. Web site: What is Mumbai's economic composition . Metroverse.cid.Harvard.edu . 2023-04-16.
  22. Web site: Monthly Reports-World Federation of Exchanges . 29 December 2021.
  23. Web site: Market Statistics-October 2021 . 29 December 2021.
  24. Web site: About SEBI . https://web.archive.org/web/20101003235606/http://www.sebi.gov.in/sebiweb/stpages/about_sebi.jsp . 3 October 2010 . 26 September 2012 . SEBI.
  25. Web site: Reserve Bank of India - About Us .
  26. News: Explained: Here's what Census data show about migrations to Mumbai . The Indian Express . 2021-12-30.
  27. Web site: Bollywood-Hindi Film Industry Mumbai . 30 December 2021.
  28. Web site: My Latest Information . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070222110220/http://www.indianmarinefederation.org/ . 22 February 2007.
  29. Web site: Investors - Tata Group . tata.com . 2021-12-31.
  30. Web site: Reliance Industries Ltd - Financial Statements . moneycontrol.com . 2021-12-31.
  31. News: Aditya Birla Capital reports strong results for year ended 31st March, 2021 . adityabirla.com . 2021-12-31.
  32. Web site: Hindustan Petroleum Annual Report 2021 . moneycontrol.com . 2021-12-31.
  33. News: Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. . moneycontrol.com . 2021-12-31.
  34. News: State Bank of India . moneycontrol.com . 2021-12-31.
  35. News: Annual Report - Reserve Bank of India . Rbi.org . 2022-01-10.
  36. News: ICICI Bank Ltd. . moneycontrol.com . 2022-01-10.
  37. News: Larsen & Toubro Ltd. . moneycontrol.com . 2022-01-10.
  38. News: About Anil Dhirubhai Ambani - Reliance Group . relianceada.com . 2022-01-14.
  39. Web site: 23 June 2020 . Corporate profile - About us - Essar . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130810135051/http://www.essar.com/section_level1.aspx?cont_id=SD7sjPUVBkw= . 10 August 2013 . 10 January 2022 . Essar Group.
  40. News: HDFC Bank Ltd. . moneycontrol.com . 2022-01-11.
  41. News: Axis Bank Ltd. . moneycontrol.com . 2022-01-12.
  42. News: Bank of Baroda . moneycontrol.com . 2022-01-12.
  43. Web site: Annual Report of Bank of India . 14 January 2022 . 20 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210720055834/https://www.bankofindia.co.in/pdf/BOIAnnualREPORT-20-21_01072021.pdf . dead .
  44. News: IDBI Bank Yearly results, Financial Summary . The Economic Times . 2022-01-17.
  45. News: Union Bank of India's consolidated net profit jumps 183% to Rs 1,510 crore . Business Standard .
  46. News: Hindalco Industries Ltd. . moneycontrol.com . 2022-01-18.
  47. News: Revenue of Bajaj Auto from financial year 2011 to 2021 . Statista.com . 2022-01-21.
  48. Web site: 26 March 2013 . Godrej Group Profile . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160225130223/http://www.godrej.com/godrej/godrej/who-we-are.html . 25 February 2016 . 22 January 2022 . Godrej . dmy.
  49. Web site: Corporate overview . 2022-02-05.
  50. Web site: JSW - About Groups. 2022-11-07 .
  51. News: RPG Group Revenue . 2022-02-11.
  52. Web site: Colgate-Palmolive Investor . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140518030252/http://www.colgate.co.in/app/Colgate/IN/Corp/Investor/RegdOffice.cvsp . 18 May 2014.
  53. Web site: Godrej | Consumer Products - Contact Us .
  54. Book: Outlook . July 2008 . Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd . 8 July 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130527054807/http://books.google.com/books?id=5zhWAAAAYAAJ . 27 May 2013 . live.
  55. Making Rail Commuting Easier in Mumbai . Press Information Bureau (Government of India) . Kumar . Akshey . 29 August 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110805142529/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2001/fsep2001/f240920011.html . 5 August 2011.
  56. Web site: Overview of existing Mumbai suburban railway . https://web.archive.org/web/20080620033027/http://www.mrvc.indianrail.gov.in/overview.htm . 20 June 2008 . 7 July 2008 . Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation.
  57. Book: Environment and Urbanization . 2002 . International Institute for Environment & Development . 978-1-84369-223-2 . en . 160.
  58. Web site: 6 March 2010 . Welcome to Official Website of Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation Ltd. . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100306161840/http://203.176.113.182/MRVC/intr.html . 6 March 2010.
  59. News: Gupta . Saurabh . 30 January 2014 . Mumbai monorail to be inaugurated on Saturday . . live . 30 January 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140131061547/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/mumbai-monorail-to-be-inaugurated-on-saturday-477248 . 31 January 2014.
  60. News: Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro . The Times of India . live . 28 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160213001656/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms . 13 February 2016.
  61. Web site: Terminal Facilities in Metropolitanc Cities . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110529070718/http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/Railways/21streport.pdf . 29 May 2011 . 28 August 2009 . . 14 . The port city of Mumbai is served by 5 passenger terminals namely Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminal (CST), Mumbai Central, Dadar, Bandra and Lokmanya Tilak Terminal..
  62. News: Shaikh . Ateeq . 27 September 2015 . Mumbai: BEST ridership falls further . DNA . Mumbai . live . 6 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151003232953/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-best-ridership-falls-further-2129038 . 3 October 2015.
  63. Web site: Organisational Setup . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090604204123/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_func.asp . 4 June 2009 . 14 June 2009 . Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST).
  64. Web site: 16 May 2011 . Times of India Publications . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120406013750/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&edlabel=TOIM&mydateHid=16-05-2011&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00403&format=&publabel=TOI . 6 April 2012 . 22 July 2011 . Lite.epaper.timesofindia.com.
  65. Web site: Development of Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) in Mumbai . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927192943/http://www.mmrdamumbai.org/docs/BRTS%20Note%20for%20web%20Page.doc . 27 September 2013 . 28 August 2009 . Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) . DOC.
  66. Web site: Composition of Bus Fleet . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060718003152/http://www.bestundertaking.com/trans_engg.asp . 18 July 2006 . 12 October 2006 . BEST.
  67. News: 29 June 2013 . A timeline of BEST buses in Mumbai . . Mumbai . live . 11 March 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111419/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-a-timeline-of-best-buses-in-mumbai-1854866 . 2 April 2015.
  68. News: 4 June 2012 . BEST buses, the new killer on the prowl? . . live . 8 July 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150709175844/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-best-buses-the-new-killer-on-the-prowl-1697804 . 9 July 2015.
  69. News: Sitaram . Mewati . 29 December 2014 . Soon, computer-aided training for MSRTC drivers . . Mumbai . live . 31 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150531164905/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-soon-computer-aided-training-for-msrtc-drivers-2047712 . 31 May 2015.
  70. News: Tembhekar . Chittaranjan . 4 August 2008 . MSRTC to make long distance travel easier . The Times of India . live . 14 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140804104904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/MSRTC-to-make-long-distance-travel-easier/articleshow/3322572.cms?referral=PM . 4 August 2014.
  71. News: 29 December 2002 . MSRTC adds Volvo luxury to Mumbai trip . The Times of India . live . 14 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150514185925/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/MSRTC-adds-Volvo-luxury-to-Mumbai-trip/articleshow/32792301.cms?referral=PM . 14 May 2015.
  72. News: Sitaram . Mewati . 2 February 2015 . NNMT gains from BEST's plan to discontinue AC bus services . . Mumbai . live . 13 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150430053240/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-nnmt-gains-from-best-s-plan-to-discontinue-ac-bus-services-2057399 . 30 April 2015.
  73. News: Badgeri . Manoj . 3 November 2014 . TMT rakes in moolah on new AC bus routes . . Thane . live . 13 May 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141103160736/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/TMT-rakes-in-moolah-on-new-AC-bus-routes/articleshow/45015246.cms . 3 November 2014.
  74. Book: Metropolitan Planning and Management in the Developing World . 1993 . UN-HABITAT . 978-92-1-131233-1 . 49 . en.
  75. News: Seth . Urvashi . 31 March 2009 . Traffic claims Mumbai darshan hot spots . . dead . 14 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180929062537/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2009/mar/310309-Mumbai-News-Mumbai-Darshan-popular-tourist-spots-traffic-congestion-Tourist.htm . 29 September 2018.
  76. Web site: Bus Routes Under Bus Rapid Transit System . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090126235306/http://bestundertaking.com/TravelAsYouLike-Ticket.pdf . 26 January 2009 . 23 March 2009 . BEST . 5.
  77. News: Khanna . Gaurav . 7 Questions You Wanted to Ask About the Mumbai Metro . . dead . 28 August 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090625151715/http://www.businessworld.in/index.php/7-Questions-You-Wanted-to-Ask.html . 25 June 2009 . Road congestion has worsened, though 88 per cent of journeys are made by public transport..
  78. Web site: NH wise Details of NH in respect of Stretches entrusted to NHAI . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090225142615/http://www.nhai.org/Doc/project-offer/Highways.pdf . 25 February 2009 . 4 July 2008 . National Highways Authority of India (NHAI).
  79. News: Dalal . Sucheta . 1 April 2000 . India's first international-class expressway is just a month away . The Indian Express . live . 14 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140116132018/http://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/inaccessible-maya-throws-open-doors-to-her-mlas/ . 16 January 2014.
  80. News: Kumar . K. P. Narayana . Chandran . Rahul . 6 March 2008 . NHAI starts work on Rs 6,672 cr expressway . . live . 14 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130117111028/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/NxqWRhBOMqO8P6x3Hra5eO/NHAI-starts-work-on-Rs6672-cr-expressway.html . 17 January 2013.
  81. Web site: MSRDC – Project – Bandra Worli Sea Link . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090415171242/http://www.msrdc.org/Projects/Bandra_worli.aspx . 15 April 2009 . 2 July 2009 . Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC).
  82. Web site: 3 May 2013 . 28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets – Mumbai – DNA . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 . 15 April 2014 . 8 July 2013 . Daily News and Analysis.
  83. News: Kulkarni . Dhaval . 31 May 2015 . Mumbai's five gateways may become toll-free . . Mumbai . live . 1 June 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150602000054/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-s-five-gateways-may-become-toll-free-2090781 . 2 June 2015.
  84. News: Somit Sen . Manthan K Mehta . 12 April 2014 . Only 10 public transport services for every 90 private vehicles in Mumbai . The Times of India . TNN . live . 12 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140412125904/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Only-10-public-transport-services-for-every-90-private-vehicles-in-Mumbai/articleshow/33624790.cms . 12 April 2014.
  85. Web site: 3 May 2013 . 28,000 more autos to run riot on MMR streets . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140415045359/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-28000-more-autos-to-run-riot-on-mmr-streets-1830027 . 15 April 2014 . dna.
  86. Web site: AAI traffic figures . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130116110757/http://www.aai.aero/traffic_news/nov2k10annex3.pdf . 16 January 2013 . 14 March 2013.
  87. Web site: Statistics: Mumbai International Airport Limited . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172617/http://www.apaoindia.com/?page_id=923 . 23 September 2015 . 29 June 2015 . Association of Private Airport Operators.
  88. Web site: Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (CSIA)- Masterplan . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111221021450/http://www.csia.in/knowyourairport/aboutcsia.aspx . 21 December 2011 . 19 January 2012 . Csia.in.
  89. News: 13 February 2014 . With maiden Air India flight, T2 opens to public . . live . 28 July 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115312/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-with-maiden-air-india-flight-t2-opens-to-public-1961614 . 6 October 2014.
  90. News: 19 December 2006 . Work on Navi Mumbai airport may start next year . The Hindu . live . 16 May 2009 . https://archive.today/20150103114405/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-logistics/article1755254.ece . 3 January 2015.
  91. News: 7 June 2007 . MIAL eyes Juhu airport . MiD DAY . dead . 14 June 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140802194057/http://archive.mid-day.com/news/2007/jun/194964.htm . 2 August 2014.
  92. Web site: CITY TRAVEL & TOURISM IMPACT 2017 Mumbai . 19 March 2018 . World Travel and Tourism Council.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Economy of Mumbai".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.